tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18737581648084867182024-03-13T13:17:17.120+00:00Energy & other topicsThis blog is mostly about energy and other topics.Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-81530284445707146692007-09-22T14:25:00.000+01:002007-11-13T10:44:55.874+00:00google search<!-- Search Google --><br /><center><br /><form method="get" action="http://www.google.co.uk/custom" target="_top"><br /><table bgcolor="#ffffff"><br /><tr><td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" align="left" height="32"><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/"><br /><img src="http://www.google.com/logos/Logo_25wht.gif" border="0" alt="Google" align="middle"></img></a><br /><label for="sbi" style="display: none">Enter your search terms</label><br /><input type="text" name="q" size="31" maxlength="255" value="" id="sbi"></input><br /><label for="sbb" style="display: none">Submit search form</label><br /><input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search" id="sbb"></input><br /><input type="hidden" name="client" value="pub-9659759080884328"></input><br /><input type="hidden" name="forid" value="1"></input><br /><input type="hidden" name="ie" value="ISO-8859-1"></input><br /><input type="hidden" name="oe" value="ISO-8859-1"></input><br /><input type="hidden" name="cof" value="GALT:#008000;GL:1;DIV:#336699;VLC:663399;AH:center;BGC:FFFFFF;LBGC:336699;ALC:0000FF;LC:0000FF;T:000000;GFNT:0000FF;GIMP:0000FF;FORID:1"></input><br /><input type="hidden" name="hl" value="en"></input><br /></td></tr></table><br /></form><br /></center><br /><!-- Search Google -->Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-22173036423480747372007-09-05T18:37:00.000+01:002007-09-05T19:12:43.751+01:009Usage ,first telsa physics infomation for engineers9. Usage<br />I f t h e newly discovered vortex phenomenon of the vortex of the electric field exists, then<br />it will be possible to practically use it. Whereas we still think about possibilities for<br />technical usage, there by all means exists the possibility, that nature already is successfully<br />using the vortex for a long time. We should look precise at things. We can only learn of<br />nature!<br />Remarkable about the passage of Plato (fig. 9.0) is not only the fact, that the potential vortex<br />already was known for two and a half thousand years and was taken into consideration<br />for an interpretation, but also the realization of Plato, that during the described transition<br />the smells form. Smell thus would be a vortex property!<br />After all vortices are able to bind information as can be inferred from the basic principle of<br />cybernetics. With this vortex property and the statement of Plato smell obviously would be<br />nothing else than pure information which by potential vortices is stored, distributed and<br />eventually is caught by the hair cells for smell of the nose.<br />If now a dog takes up a track, does it then run after vortices which remained behind or<br />does it analyse, according to the encyclopaedia, the chemistry left behind, or does it<br />combine both? Does the bloodhound for instance interpret the vortical oscillations of<br />chemical substances like lattice oscillations or the movements of the electrons in the<br />atomic hull? A lot of work awaits the research scientist of vortices here. The seminar will<br />offer opportunity, to deepen this topic<i>.<br />Only if technicians exist, who put an electronic box on the table with a button, at which<br />they adjust the wanted scent of rotten eggs to lavender, we honestly can claim to have<br />understood the phenomenon of the smell.<br />For the majority of the people a theory only wins its sense by the practical applicability,<br />and therefore we'll have to develop and present a technical usage on the basis of the<br />vortex theory.<br /><br />9.1 Longitudinal electric waves<br />It is important, that experts struggle for problem solutions. Only if the discussion about<br />limits doesn't come to a result which can be grasped and verified, then also in the<br />environmental compatibility the willingness will grow, to accept a not yet known<br />phenomenon as a further and possibly crucial influential factor.<br />Already for a hundred years there has been a dispute of experts. At that time scientists all<br />over the world were trying to verify the experiments of Heinrich Hertz. Then from<br />America the message came, Hertz had been mistaken and the electromagnetic wave would<br />have completely other properties. The scientists in Europe were indignant, but they had to<br />take the message seriously, because it after all came from the important experimental<br />physicist Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), who with his inventions of the rotary field and of the<br />asynchronous motor has stamped today's electric energy technology as no other.<br />As a result Lord Kelvin boarded a steamship as a mediator and sailed 1897 to New York<br />to convince Tesla from the opposite. But the experiments, which Tesla presented his<br />Lordship, didn't give rise to any doubts<i>, and thus Kelvin returned to Europe with the<br />message: "Both are right, Tesla as well as Hertz! Whereas the electromagnetic wave which<br />Hertz has detected, is a transverse wave, does Tesla work with a longitudinal wave"!<br />Lord Kelvin as a result started to draw most different vortex models, because it was clear<br />to him, that a propagation as a longitudinal standing wave analogous to the sound wave<br />only is conceivable, if quantized structures exist, which knock each other mutually. Kelvin<br />therefore assumed vortex structures of the electromagnetic field. His vortex models were<br />published and landed in the curiosity box of orthodox science.<br />Heinrich Hertz did have a big advantage. He could refer to Maxwell and calculate his<br />wave with the field equations. For modern technology the mathematical calculability is<br />almost an indispensable prerequisite!<br />For Tesla wave there however neither was a mathematical nor a physical theory. The only<br />thing Tesla had, were presentable experiments.<br />In Colorado Springs he had build a 10 kW transmitting installation and lighted 200 fluorescent<br />lamps of 50 Watt each on a mountain in the Rocky Mountains in a distance of 25<br />miles. With that he had completely transmitted the transmission power of 10 kW, as can<br />be inferred from the press reports at that time. With Hertzian waves, which propagate<br />spatially, this experiment even today, after over 100 years, wouldn't be realizable technologically.<br />According to the law of the square of the distance one isn't even able to let glow<br />a tiny little lamp in such a distance.<br />For sure his rotary field theory was a big help for Tesla in all experiments. Actually a<br />rotary field can be seen as the special case of a planar vortex.<br />Thus Tesla obviously was able, to use the potential vortex without even knowing it. Tesla<br />has stimulated a loosely coupled high tension coil wound like a spiral to self-resonant<br />oscillations and emitted the produced vortices over an antenna (fig. 9.1). On the receiver<br />side the process was then reversed.<br /><br />9.2 Medical technical usage<br />Nikola Tesla at his time was extremely popular in the area of medicine. With his inventions<br />injuries were cured and pain eased. Modern diathermy goes back to his work. But<br />Tesla at that time has treated the patients with vortices, whereas today, possibly out of<br />ignorance, electromagnetic waves are used. These however have in contrast to potential<br />vortices only a small penetration depth. Today in addition only the effect of heat is considered<br />and in no way the information technical effect of electric vortices. Here we are<br />missing the comparison, to be able to say. if the treatment with a Tesla apparatus was<br />more successful than with modem microwave radiators.<br />The experiments of Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957) aimed in the same direction. Exactly as<br />Tesla 55 years before also Reich emigrated to America in 1939. He had specialized in<br />catching and collecting vortices, which he called "orgone", from the air. In this way he<br />could store up high energies over time and then use them purposeful. With his "orgone<br />accumulator" he was able to cure wounds faster and to ease pain. He also treated cancer<br />and a lot of forms of anaemia. Technically Reich could demonstrate, that charged<br />capacitor plates discharge faster under the influence of his apparatus. His orgone<br />accumulator for instance is a wooden box, filled with wool of steel and wood, which<br />alternate in layers. He said that the reason for this construction is, that metals repel the<br />orgone energy, whereas organic materials become charged and accumulate it. That holds<br />in his opinion to a particularly high degree for water.<br />Reich concludes that no material and no device are known, with which the orgone energy<br />could be shielded. This with regard to the environmental compatibility of the vortex<br />phenomenon should make us thoughtful.<br />As a supplement it should be mentioned, that Reich already at the end of the forties has<br />pointed to the dying of the forests and he has made a direct connection to the orgone<br />energy. Reich was slandered and mocked and died in the prison of Connecticut, while his<br />writings were burned publicly.<br />Not much better fared the Austrian forester Viktor Schauberger (1885-1958), who also<br />can be described as visionary. He was able to produce water with a particularly good<br />conductivity. His water in addition goes for medicinal and healthy. Also to him travelled<br />cancer patients of far away to get this water.<br />Schauberger spoke of the natural treatment of the water, whatever he meant with that. In<br />any case he build with great success installations to transport wood by floating it and even<br />installations to mine ore with so-called double twist pipes, which made possible a<br />transport without friction even of materials, which are heavier than the "means of<br />transport" water. It could be proven that no contact with the pipe took place. This was<br />scientifically investigated and confirmed at the university of Stuttgart 1952 by Prof. Popel.<br />Quite obviously in the double twist pipe vortices have formed, which have bound the<br />material to be transported (see phenomenon of transport).<br />Today you can buy levitated water at over 100 selling points in Europe, of which is<br />claimed, that it is prepared according to instructions of Schauberger. Unfortunately we<br />aren't able to ask him anymore, if he agrees with such a "centrifuged" water. Thus the test<br />of the effectiveness has to be left to everyone himself or herself.<br /><br />9.3 Flying objects<br />The medium of Viktor Schauberger always was the water. He could produce light effects<br />and very high temperatures with it with only minimal excitation in the form of impulses.<br />An installation, which had been built according to his plans at the company of Siemens,<br />eventually melted at 4000°C by improper operation, as he himself stated. According to<br />that the machine would have released more energy than used, thus a perpetuum mobile.<br />The authorities of the state in the Third Reich were impressed and put Schauberger in a<br />concentration camp, where he was instructed to build a "flying saucer" under permanent<br />supervision together with fellow prisoners. For him it's all about the concentration effect<br />and the usage of the as a result occurring implosion in contrast to our today's " technology<br />of explosion and fire" as Schauberger was accustomed to express himself.<br />It is not known, if Schaubergers "repulsine" ever has took off.<br />A disc, which has proven its suitability to fly, was constructed and built by the english<br />technician John R. R. Searl, although he said he can't explain the effect. He also had big<br />difficulties, to get the apparatus under control. A disc broke through the ceiling and the<br />roof of his laboratory and disappeared to never be seen again. Five other flying discs,<br />which he after this experience started in the open, went lost in the same manner.<br />Without knowing the effect, he of course neither could assess the dangers. His<br />experiments have claimed serious injuries and a casualty. While he 1985 was put in prison<br />under a pretext, his laboratory and his house were burned down and all documents<br />destroyed. Now he works on a technical usage. According to the principle it concerns a<br />Faraday machine. Thereby a permanent magnet, magnetized in axial direction, is turned.<br />Now the magnetic induction B for a relative velocity v is measured as an electric field<br />strength E according to equation 6.10: E = v x B . (6.10)<br />Because the vectors are arranged as standing perpendicular to each other, will arise a<br />tension voltage in radial direction (direction of E-field) which can be taken off. Apart from<br />the friction no further force of reaction occurs in the case of the Faraday generator.<br />Because of the small gain of energy until today no application ready for the market exists.<br />But this principle, to convert magnetic field energy into electric, already has moved the<br />nature of many inventors. Professor Searl has reversed this old principle. Whereas<br />normally the component of the velocity towards the centre of rotation decreases, it<br />increases in Searls case. For that he works with roller pivoted concentric rings, which he<br />drives by a small electric motor (fig. 9.3). Doing so something inexplicable for him<br />happens: After switching off the motor the revolutions per minute don't decrease again,<br />but increase audibly and increase further, until the produced electric field shows the wellknown<br />high tension phenomena: corona discharges, formation of ozone, ionisation of the<br />air and production of a vacuum in the inside of the disc.<br />The rings and rollers consist of several layers, which are built up similar to a bi-metal. The<br />only explanation I can think of is that a change in structure would occur as a result of the<br />physical length contraction which is caused by the increase of the E-field in the direction<br />of the centre of rotation. The bi-metals try to withdraw themselves from this change by an<br />increase of their rotation of their own (fig. 6.5). To compensate the field the disc builds up<br />a spin, as also the elementary particles do (fig. 6.13). While the formation of vacuum prevents<br />sparking in the inside of the flying disc, and the revolutions per minute further increase<br />because there is no air friction whatsoever, the disc weighing 5 tons all of a sudden<br />lakes off the ground and according to reports of eyewitnesses shoots vertically upwards.<br /><br />9.4 Electro gravitation?<br />Wild speculations circulate about the mechanism of the flight of a "flying saucer", which<br />should function without sound and without combustion, and for which no sound barrier<br />exists, as pilots have observed. The talk is about cancelling gravitation or about an<br />"electro gravitation".<br />Reproducible in any case is an experiment, which has been systematically investigated by<br />the american professor Biefeld and his pupil T. Brown from 1925. Accordingly does a<br />body charged to high tension show a force effect in the direction of its positively charged<br />note. As a check for oneself a capacitor can be suspended on its connection wires and it<br />can be observed, how it moves visibly in the direction of the positive pole in case it is<br />charged (fig. 9.4).<br />Because the Biefeld-Brown effect depends on direction, it actually can't concern gravitation<br />at all but merely a not understood electromagnetic interaction. In the neighbourhood<br />of the capacitor pole air molecules are found, and their negatively charged atomic hull is<br />attracted by the positive pole. At the same time the atomic nucleus is repelled. By that the<br />air atoms in the presence of the high tension capacitor become unsymmetrical, causing the<br />force of attraction due to the smaller distance to exceed the force of repulsion. At the<br />negatively charged end the conditions are exactly reversed. There a repulsion occurs.<br />Because the polarized air atoms and molecules are sucked in, no pressure can build up and<br />as a result no sound barrier can occur. Experiments with charged and uncharged rockets<br />have brought the interesting result, that the electrically charged rockets flew many times as<br />far as the uncharged ones (5-6 times as high)<i>.<br />Many a person now perhaps starts to dream of the flying carpet but, as said, it isn't an<br />"effect of antigravitation". Does "free energy" actually exist, we have to ask ourselves?<br />From the gravitation the soviet physicist Landau calculates an energy density of 16<br />megawatt hours per cubic meter for the earth's surface. Immediately inventors are found,<br />who want to use this gravitational energy.<br />Nikola Tesla in his laboratory in Manhattan has incidentally built resonators, of which he<br />could bring all electric, magnetic and mechanic factors in resonance. On an evening stroll<br />he fastened a battery operated vibrator to the tubular steel scaffolding of a new building<br />and let everything shake and wobble. In his laboratory such a device once got out of<br />control by inattentiveness and triggered an earthquake. In that way the road surfacing and<br />pipes were burst and window panes got broken. The police penetrating his laboratory only<br />could see, how Tesla forcible finished the experiment with a sledge-hammer.<br />The experiments which got out of control of Tesla, Searl and Schauberger have one thing<br />in common: it concerns constructions with an unipolar arrangement of the field.<br />Tesla had arranged the magnetic field in a unipolar way, as he has reported himself, Searl<br />had realized electric unipolar fields in a construction similar to the electron, and Viktor<br />Schauberger had specialized in producing unipolar structures with water vortices.<br />In the case of the corresponding technical usage, which can be interpreted as making use<br />of the occurring "spin coupling", therefore in principle utmost caution is imperative.<br /><br />9.5 Free energy?<br />Furthermore is reported of Tesla, he would have developed a "converter for space<br />energy" and 1931 have built it in a luxury car (Pierce Arrow)<i>. The car was a 145 km/h<br />fast, doing so the asynchronous motor (presumably built by Westinghouse) furnished 80<br />HP at 1800 Rpm. The "free energy" the converter, build by Tesla himself, got from a 1.8<br />m long antenna. Because the motor ran without adaptation of frequency in slipping<br />operation, it had to be cooled correspondingly. It was on the way in trial run for over a<br />week. Now we of course want to know, of what this "free energy" consists, which Tesla<br />will have used and of which he already 1891 had spoken in the American Institute of<br />Electrical Engineers.<br />For the electron as a spherical vortex we have calculated an electric tension voltage of 511<br />kV between its surface and its centre respectively infinity (equation 6.31*, fig. 7.1). The<br />highest level of tension voltage normally used for the high tension transmission lies at 380<br />kV (effective value); for a direct current transmission it is 500 kV. Although still higher<br />tension voltages would be desirable, they are avoided. This is no accident. Experiments<br />with higher tension voltages namely have resulted in inexplicable high losses.<br />We have an explanation: the electrons are taken apart on the way! Their inner energy<br />amounts with the outer energy to zero. The charge carrier, which in the power station as<br />result of an energy conversion has been sent on a journey, is in danger to vanish into thin<br />air (e.g. corona) for tension voltages above 511 kV. The transmitter of Nikola Tesla however<br />(fig. 9.1 and 9.5) worked with 600 kV and more. He said, with his experiments he<br />had destroyed billions of particles without being able to observe an emission of energy<br />and made fun of the misinterpretation of Einstein of the already at that time well-known<br />mass-energy relation E = mc2.<br />For the purpose of a one wire or a wireless energy transmission the tension voltage therefore<br />has to be higher than 511 kV. With Teslas equipment however the electrons shouldn't<br />be destroyed, but merely be pulled apart to plane circular vortices with help of the today<br />is Tesla coil known winding. These then could be sent on a journey over the antenna, to<br />aga i n be caught and formed back in spherical electrons by the receiver antenna. As long as<br />the electrons don't fall apart, they keep their structure and quantum property. Quanta pass<br />on an excitation, for instance a bump, in form of a longitudinal standing wave, by one<br />particle bumping the neighbouring particle, analogous to sound waves, where one gas<br />molecule passes the bump on to the neighbour. The transmission hence takes place as<br />longitudinal scalar wave.<br />Electrons pulled apart to planar vortices in addition haven't got a closed vortex centre<br />anymore on their journey. For the by Tesla in his laboratory used and publicly presented<br />one wire energy transmission (1897, Patent Nr. 593,138) the transmission hence doesn't<br />take place in the wire, but as vortices around the -wire. That explains, why only a<br />relatively thin conductor, which normally should have melted, was necessary for a<br />demonstrated power transmission of 10 kW. Tesla however could show, that the wire<br />stayed cold and virtually no heating losses were measurable<ii> (fig. 9.5).<br />He himself said, that this one wire transmission technology is much better than the alternating<br />current technology full of losses, which stems from him as well. Tesla must have<br />known the limit of 511 kV very exactly, because on several photographs one can see, that<br />he changed the coiling technique off this value!<br /><br />9.6 Nerve conduction and action potential<br />Technical solutions often are only a suboptimum and many times they are anything but an<br />optimum. In many cases the feasibility stands in the foreground. In the question of the<br />current distribution at that time the decision was made for the worse system, the full of<br />losses three phase system, because no current meters were available for the free of losses<br />one wire technology. Without being able to collect money from the consumer, it wouldn't<br />have been possible for the energy distribution installations to pay for themselves.<br />Compared to that is nature with its selection principle merciless and without compromises.<br />Only the most efficient system has a chance to survive and to spread. If it's about transmittining<br />information in an electric way and two different principles present themselves,<br />then in nature only the better one will be brought into action.<br />Let's take a look at the nerve conduction in the human body. In the synapses ion concentrations<br />and electric potentials of 70 to 90 mV arise. Here with conventional gauges the<br />activity of a nerve can be detected. From a measurement of the transmission time of<br />synapse to synapse the velocity of the signal is determined. If we however want to<br />measure between the switch points on the line, then we have to find out, that for instance<br />with an ammeter actually nothing is measurable. In addition the nerve fibre has a<br />miserable conductivity.<br />The biologist calls the electric signal just "action potential" and draws a vortex-like ring<br />around the nerve fibre and speaks of a mixed digital and analogue information<br />transmission.<br />The doctor on the other hand knows two different types, fast and slow nerves. In the inside<br />both are built up virtually identical. A characteristic difference consists of the fact, that the<br />fast nerves are jacketed with a thick fat layer.<br />The technician would say, they are better isolated, but why they therefore should be faster,<br />he hardly would be able to answer. If we however assume, that the action potentials or OUT<br />potential vortices oscillate around the conductor, thus exactly in the isolation layer and are<br />forwarded there, then possibly an explanation would have been found.<br />The nerve conduction moreover has much in common with the one wire system of Tesla:<br />1. Charges and electric potentials are transmitted<br />2. Doing so a transport of charge carriers, thus an electric current on the<br />line, isn 't detectable.<br />3. Consequently no losses worth mentioning occur.<br />4. Decisive for the functioning is the dielectric insulator material which surrounds<br />the conductor and not the electric resistance of the conductor.<br />5. In contrast to electric circuits a draining conductor is unnecessary.<br />It looks as if the one wire system is not new at all, as would nature use it already for ages<br />in the highest perfection. We realize immediately, why our head does without a ventilator<br />and how the high of signal processing density can be explained. Compared with our brain<br />modern personal computer (PC) with their backward cable technology are far less than a<br />suboptimum.<br />With regard to the pressure on the environment by interference radiation we had derived,<br />that currents and eddy currents with the skin effect direct their radiation to the outside,<br />whereas potential vortices with their concentration effect direct it to the inside. Probably<br />for this reason the radiation field of a person is environmentally better compatible than<br />that of a PC<br /><br />9.6 Nerve conduction and action potential<br />Technical solutions often are only a suboptimum and many times they are anything but an<br />optimum. In many cases the feasibility stands in the foreground. In the question of the<br />current distribution at that time the decision was made for the worse system, the full of<br />losses three phase system, because no current meters were available for the free of losses<br />one wire technology. Without being able to collect money from the consumer, it wouldn't<br />have been possible for the energy distribution installations to pay for themselves.<br />Compared to that is nature with its selection principle merciless and without compromises.<br />Only the most efficient system has a chance to survive and to spread. If it's about transmittining<br />information in an electric way and two different principles present themselves,<br />then in nature only the better one will be brought into action.<br />Let's take a look at the nerve conduction in the human body. In the synapses ion concentrations<br />and electric potentials of 70 to 90 mV arise. Here with conventional gauges the<br />activity of a nerve can be detected. From a measurement of the transmission time of<br />synapse to synapse the velocity of the signal is determined. If we however want to<br />measure between the switch points on the line, then we have to find out, that for instance<br />with an ammeter actually nothing is measurable. In addition the nerve fibre has a<br />miserable conductivity.<br />The biologist calls the electric signal just "action potential" and draws a vortex-like ring<br />around the nerve fibre and speaks of a mixed digital and analogue information<br />transmission.<br />The doctor on the other hand knows two different types, fast and slow nerves. In the inside<br />both are built up virtually identical. A characteristic difference consists of the fact, that the<br />fast nerves are jacketed with a thick fat layer.<br />The technician would say, they are better isolated, but why they therefore should be faster,<br />he hardly would be able to answer. If we however assume, that the action potentials or OUT<br />potential vortices oscillate around the conductor, thus exactly in the isolation layer and are<br />forwarded there, then possibly an explanation would have been found.<br />The nerve conduction moreover has much in common with the one wire system of Tesla:<br />1. Charges and electric potentials are transmitted<br />2. Doing so a transport of charge carriers, thus an electric current on the<br />line, isn 't detectable.<br />3. Consequently no losses worth mentioning occur.<br />4. Decisive for the functioning is the dielectric insulator material which surrounds<br />the conductor and not the electric resistance of the conductor.<br />5. In contrast to electric circuits a draining conductor is unnecessary.<br />It looks as if the one wire system is not new at all, as would nature use it already for ages<br />in the highest perfection. We realize immediately, why our head does without a ventilator<br />and how the high of signal processing density can be explained. Compared with our brain<br />modern personal computer (PC) with their backward cable technology are far less than a<br />suboptimum.<br />With regard to the pressure on the environment by interference radiation we had derived,<br />that currents and eddy currents with the skin effect direct their radiation to the outside,<br />whereas potential vortices with their concentration effect direct it to the inside. Probably<br />for this reason the radiation field of a person is environmentally better compatible than<br />that of a PC<br /><br />9.7 Wireless energy transmission technology<br />Tesla still went a step further. He has cut the wire connection between transmitter and<br />receiver (fig. 9.5) and instead has installed each time a spherical electrode (fig. 9.7). With<br />this facility he now was able, to transmit energy completely wireless (1900, Patent No.<br />645,576). Building on this principle Tesla already 1890 had built a radio remote control<br />for a battery operated submarine and had presented his patented system the navy. But they<br />weren't able, to recognize the strategic importance of the radio technology and rejected<br />with the words: "It's too advanced!" (fig. 9.8).<br />Tesla further had proven with this technology the mentioned proof concerning the<br />existence of longitudinal electromagnetic waves. There exist descriptions, partly of Tesla<br />himself, how he, inside or also outside his laboratory, goes in search of oscillation nodes<br />of the standing wave with a measuring receiver<i>.<br />He names several conditions for the wireless energy transmission:<br />1. "perfect resonance" (same frequency) of transmitter and receiver<br />2. Installation of the receiver on an "oscillation node" (maximum).<br />Important is also the measurement of the velocity of propagation, and that isn't constant<br />from the start for a wave, which oscillates in the direction of propagation. From the<br />research of earthquakes we know, that the longitudinal waves are faster than the as well<br />occurring transverse waves. Usually the distance to the epicentre is determined from the<br />difference in transmission time.<br />In the patent specification the measurement is described<i>. Tesla has sent longitudinal<br />radio signals from his transmitter in Colorado Springs once around the earth along the<br />earth's surface and determined a transmission time of 0,08484 seconds. This corresponds<br />to a frequency of approx. 6 Hz. He saw his result confirmed, as he could find the oscillation<br />node of the standing wave again (according to in his laboratory (on the ground<br />plate).<br />For the full wave length the Schumann resonance, which describes a standing wave of<br />an around the earth running Hertzian wave, lies as is well-known at 7.8 Hz! Tesla<br />calculates for his wave a speed 1.6 times the speed of light assuming the polar radius of<br />the earth to be 6363 km.<br />Also this measurement result confirms, that Tesla didn't use the Hertzian wave. Tesla<br />found the off-beat concept of Einstein, the speed of light would be the fastest possible<br />velocity of signal transmission, only funny. If however today is claimed, 1993 in<br />tunnelling experiments for the first time a speed faster than light has been measured, then<br />this just isn't true. Possibly also the Tesla wave tunnelled, as the vortices for a small<br />conductivity of the air contract and as a result of the length contraction become<br />correspondingly fast.<br />Later Tesla after several goes in vain even succeeded in building a high tension tube as a<br />tunnel, with which the velocity of the signal could be increased arbitrarily. Tesla with that<br />pursued the goal to be able to make radio contact with other worlds<ii>.<br /><br />9.8 Measuring and switching technique of Nikola Tesla<br />As an important and accepted experimental physicist with 14 doctor titles and carrier of<br />the Edison medal Tesla always has held on to his measurement results. Not a theoretical<br />interpretation but exclusively correct carried out measurements have shown him the<br />physical reality. But the by Tesla won measurement results were already for 100 years<br />hard to digest and couldn't be brought into accord with any theory. Therefore a switching<br />technical analysis of the by Tesla described and carried out experiments should give us<br />now information over the nature of the free energy, the tachyon energy, the orgone, or<br />however fantastic the terms may read.<br />The Tesla coil, according to the instructions of the inventor, is a flat coil wound like a<br />spiral in contrast to the copies today on sale which, surely out of ignorance, are mostly<br />cylindrical. Its peculiarity probably is to be seen in the circumstance, that charges moved<br />through the wire of the coil inevitably increase their angular velocity towards the centre,<br />In this way the electrons, which at first are spherical elementary vortices, are pulled apart<br />to vortex rings like planar discs.<br />Tesla switches the "secondary" called flat coil between two "terminals". Following he<br />sends, stimulated by his "primary", charge carriers from one terminal to the other and back<br />again and produces a standing resonant oscillation.<br />Mostly replaces Tesla one of both terminals by the earth. He thus assumes, that now the<br />earth as a spherical electrode takes over the function of one terminal. That he again infers<br />from the observation, that a by the transmitter wireless fed little lamp goes out, if he cuts<br />the connection to the ground. Doing so the oscillation collapses. Radio sets on the other<br />hand can also be operated without grounding, as we know!<br />The degree of effectiveness of today's distribution technology of current due to the<br />heating losses lies clearly beneath 100 per cent. Without the losses of the wiring it lies<br />close to 100 per cent for the discussed one wire energy transmission. There the vortex<br />rings are guided nicely one after another along the line like beads drawn over a string.<br />This result even is to be expected, as far as no vortex "jumps off the wire or "falls apart".<br />For the wireless version Tesla however to his own surprise had to find out that more<br />energy could be received, than his transmitter produced. The measured degree of<br />effectiveness lay above 100 per cent! He therefore called his transmitter a "Magnifying<br />Transmitter" (fig. 9.10). The further transmitter and receiver were away of each other, the<br />further the received energy increased. Tesla inferred from this, that there had to exist free<br />energy and that he had caught that too.<br />Consequently he had built a receiver for free energy and registered for patent (1901,<br />Patent No. 685,957, fig. 9.9). Tesla states that the amount of energy depends on the size of<br />the "terminal". Of today's sight we could be willing, to describe this receiver plate as a<br />solar panel, but we should know, that the apparatus produced energy even at night! In<br />addition the energy gain was considerable higher than for today's solar panels. Tesla<br />spoke of "radiations ", of an unknown radiation and he in his lifetime has in vain soughtfor<br />help of explanation.<br />The vortex model will also in this question be a valuable help to us.Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-91621618627454699652007-09-05T18:17:00.000+01:002007-09-05T18:36:24.222+01:008.Unified theory ,first telsa physics infomation for engineers8. Unified theory<br />With the theory of objectivity the longed for goal of a "theory of everything" (TOE), of an<br />universal theory, seems to have moved within reach. If in the nineteenth century still<br />promising field theories and approaches were being discussed, then has at the latest<br />Einstein's theory of relativity destroyed all hopes in such a theory. Science as a consequence<br />has become very much more modest and understands a TOE only as the<br />unification of all known interactions.<br />Einstein has stated the minimum demand so: "a theory should be favoured by far, in which<br />the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field together would appear as a whole"<br /><i>. It is evident that a subjective or relativistic observer theory never is able to achieve<br />this.<br />The presented theory of objectivity made it possible that the unification here for the first<br />time actually has succeeded. This undoubtedly brings science a whole lot further, but it<br />still is not sufficient to lie one's hands in one's lap being content with oneself. After all we<br />still know very much more phenomena, which likewise should be unified. After all it is no<br />accident that both Maxwell and Einstein, to name only two prominent representatives,<br />after completion of their well-known works have struggled for the question, what sort of<br />phenomenon it concerns in the case of the temperature and how this could be integrated in<br />their theory.<br />The requirement reads: We must be able to derive all basic factors, which influence our<br />system of units with their basic units, as a compulsionless result from the new theory.<br />Besides the dimensions of space and time which determine our continuum, the explanation<br />and unification of the basic factors mass and charge has to be tackled. If we have<br />succeeded in doing so, we'll also tackle the problem of the fifth and last basic factor,<br />which until now has put itself in the way of any unified theory as the question of fate, the<br />problem of the temperature!<br /><<br /><br />8.1 Structure of the field theory<br />In contrast to Maxwell's theory the new field theory, which we derived from duality, is<br />also able to describe fields, in which no particles and no quanta exist. It probably is<br />justified and useful in the sense of a clearer communication, to give the new field a name<br />of its own.<br />The author recommends the introduction of the term "hydrotic field". In it should be<br />expressed, which importance water has for both the like named potential vortex and this<br />field<ii>.<br />As we already have worked out, the hydrotic field is favoured particularly by polar<br />materials and by a high dielectricity. Water is a corresponding and in the biosphere of our<br />planet dominating material.<br />Whereas we had to correct the concept of a vortex free electric field, we had until now,<br />considerable, we can take over the description of the magnetic field unchanged. This then<br />should also be valid for its name. The new field which consists of both correspondingly is<br />called hydromagnetic field.<br />In fig. 8.1 we recognize the structure. At the top stands the "hydromagnetic field", which<br />is described mathematically by the equations of dual electrodynamics in fig. 3.3. It does<br />not know quanta and as logical consequence neither charge nor mass! If we insert these<br />equations, Ampere's law and the dual formulated Faraday law of induction, into each<br />other, then there results as a mathematical description of our space-time-continuum the<br />fundamental field equation (5.7, fig. 5.1). As a new physical phenomenon the potential<br />vortex appears, which gives the hydromagnetic field a new and important property: this<br />field can be quantized!<br />Starting-point is the wave, which for corresponding interference effects can spontaneously<br />roll up to a vortex, which as highly concentrated spherical vortex finds a new right to exist<br />and finds to a new physical reality.<br />The in the described manner formed particles show specific properties of their own. We<br />now are able to attribute them for instance a charge or a mass. And these properties also<br />can be investigated and described individually and isolated from each other. Thus are<br />formed the two special cases, strange by nature, on the one hand the well-known, with the<br />help of the Maxwell equations describable "electromagnetic field" and on the other hand<br />the new "hydrogravitational field".<br />If we overlap the results of the two special cases, e.g. by adding the force effects of<br />electric charges and accelerated masses, then we summarized obtain a field, which we<br />accordingly should call "electrogravitational". This case is not at all unknown. Already<br />Niels Bohr in this way has calculated the radii of the electron orbits in the hull of his<br />model of the atom, to mention only one example. We can summarize:<br />The hydromagnetic field is the all encompassing and with that most important field. Apart<br />from that the electromagnetic field of the currents and the eddy currents and the hydrogravitational<br />field of the potentials and the potential vortices merely describe the two<br />possible and important special cases. For reasons of pure usefulness for every special<br />case a characteristic factor of description is introduced, the charge and the mass!<br /><br />8.2 Unification of the interactions<br />The discovery and introduction of the hydromagnetic field makes the desired unification<br />possible, because the electromagnetic resp. Maxwell field, which describes the electromagnetic<br />interaction, and the hydrogravitational field of the gravitation can be derived<br />from this field as a consequence of the formation of quanta.<br />The kind of the interaction is caused by the course of the field lines of the field quanta<br />which form as spherical vortices: the open field lines make the electromagnetic interaction<br />possible. And the field, lines with a closed course lead to gravitation. Both are a direct<br />result of the field dependent speed of light. A more perfect unification seems hardly<br />possible.<br />As the next step the unification with the strong and the weak interaction is required, but it<br />could be shown that those don't exist at all. It just concerns misinterpretations with much<br />fantasy, which should help explain the difference between a wrong theory and the physical<br />reality.<br />Numerous auxiliary terms for the description of the quantum properties exist, like for<br />instance mass, charge or Planck's quantum of action. The prerequisite for their usability<br />naturally is the existence of the quanta. But until these have found to a physical reality, the<br />auxiliary terms are unnecessary. The hydromagnetic field does not know quanta, quantum<br />properties or auxiliary descriptions. It will be shown that, according to expectation, also<br />the temperature is a typical quantum property, which comes within the group of the<br />auxiliary terms. In this way also the temperature is fitted into the unified theory without<br />compulsion.<br />Without the by us for reasons of usefulness introduced auxiliary terms the fundamental<br />field equation is left with its description of a spatial-temporal principle. If a world<br />equation should exist, then this field equation 5.7 has the best prerequisites.<br />For the fundamental field equation the division in four parts is repeated like already for the<br />hydromagnetic field (fig. 8.1). It likewise consists of four individual parts, the wave (b),<br />the two vortex phenomena (c and d) and the time independent term (e) (fig. 8.2). Whereas<br />the duality still is combined in the wave, it comes to light clearly for the vortices to again<br />be combined in the fourth case. Here arise however potentials and currents, which again<br />can react and oscillate with each other, for instance as L-C-resonant circuit in an electronic<br />circuit, with which the principle is repeated.<br />This principle is shown clearer for the phenomenon of the temperature as in all other<br />cases. If we start at the top in the picture in fig. 8.2 we have an electromagnetic wave,<br />which is absorbed and thus becomes a vortex. If the vortex falls apart, then eddy losses are<br />formed. We observe that the temperature rises and propagates in the well-known manner.<br />We have arrived in the bottom box, but this again can be taken as the top box for the now<br />following process, because the equation of heat conduction is a vortex equation of type c<br />or d! We discover a self-similarity:<br /><br />8.3 Temperature<br />Following the atomic view, in the case of heat it concerns kinetic energy of the molecules,<br />which carry out more or less violent oscillations. In the case of gaseous materials with this<br />concept, basing on mechanical models, actually successful calculations are possible, like<br />for instance the speed distribution of gases won by Maxwell from theoretical considerations<br />concerning probability.<br />But the attempt to apply the formulas of the kinetic theory of gases to solids and liquids<br />only succeeds, if additional supplements and improvements are introduced. Since at all<br />events it concerns temperature, thus the same physical quantity, of course also an uniform<br />interpretation should be demanded, which in addition should stand in full accord to the<br />presented design of an integrated theory (TOE).<br />Against the background of the new theory of objectivity we consider, what happens, if for<br />instance the local field strength is increased by a flying past particle. The matter located at<br />this point is contracted for a short time. By coming closer to each other, the individual<br />elementary vortices mutually reinforce their field and are further compressed. Sometime<br />this process comes to a standstill, is reversed and swings back.<br />At the same time every single particle, which in this way carries out an oscillation of size,<br />has an effect on its neighbours with its field, to also stimulate these to the same oscillation,<br />but delayed by some time. This phenomenon spreads in all directions. The propagation<br />only will become stationary, if all neighbouring elementary vortices pulsate with the same<br />amplitude. It now should be recorded:<br />The oscillation of contraction of the elementary vortices we call temperature.<br />Also this thermodynamic state variable therefore is a result of the variable speed of light.<br />At the absolute zero of temperature no oscillation takes place anymore, whereas the upper<br />limit lies in infinity. Since the cause for temperature represents an oscillation of the local<br />electromagnetic field strength around the cosmic field strength, the following phenomena<br />must be considered as excitation and cause, as dictated by the fundamental field equation<br />5.7:<br />1. Electromagnetic waves (b) are able to stimulate matter particles to synchronous oscillations<br />of contraction by their alternating field. In doing so energy in form of heat is<br />transferred to the particles, with the result that their temperature is increased. The wave<br />is absorbed completely, if the thermal oscillation corresponds with the frequency of the<br />wave.<br />We speak of thermal radiation.<br />2. But also the two dual vortices, the eddy current (c) and the potential vortex (d) can<br />cause oscillations of contraction. This immediately becomes clear, if we consider a<br />vortex as the special case of the wave, in which the oscillation takes place around a<br />more or less stationary vortex centre. In the case of the decay of vortices, of the<br />transition of energy from vortices to matter, the increase in temperature is measurable.<br />In the case of this process of diffusion we speak of eddy losses and of loss heat.<br /><br />Answers to open questions of thermodynamics:<br />1. Temperature occurs independent of the state in which the<br />matter is (unified theory).<br />2.Temperature even occurs in solids, where a purely kinetic<br />interpretation fails (unification).<br />3. Each elementary particle is carrier of a temperature.<br />4. Expansion with increasing temperature because of the<br />increasing need for room for larger amplitude of oscillation<br />(principle: bi-metal-thermometer).<br />5. For solids the thermal oscillation of size is primarily passed on<br />by the electrons in the atomic hull. Good electric conductors<br />therefore at the same time also have a high thermal conductivity.<br />(principle: electrical resistance thermometer).<br />6. For gases the entire atoms carry out this task, for which reason<br />a kinetic auxiliary description becomes applicable.<br />7. For extreme amplitudes of oscillation the atoms partly or entirely<br />lose their enveloping electrons, when they change into the<br />plasma state.<br />8.The second law of thermodynamics loses its claim to be<br />absolute and at best reads: with today's technology we are not<br />capable, to design a cyclic working machine, which does<br />nothing else, as to withdraw heat from a heat container and to<br />convert it into mechanical work.<br /><br />3. Flying past particles, in particular unbound and free movable charge carriers (e)<br />produce an alternating field for other fixed particles. Doing so kinetic energy can be<br />transformed in temperature, thus in energy of pulsation. A good example is the inelastic<br />collision. But it can also be pointed to numerous chemical reactions. Whoever searches<br />for a concrete example, takes two objects in his hands and rubs them against one<br />another. In that case the particles which are at the frictional surfaces are being moved<br />past each other in very small distance, in this way causing oscillations of pulsation,<br />which propagate into the inside of the objects according to the thermal conductivity. We<br />speak of friction heat.<br />This model concept provides sound explanations for a whole number of open questions<br />(fig. 8.4), i.e. why the temperature occurs independent of the state (1) and even in solids,<br />where a purely kinetic interpretation fails (2). Every single elementary particle after all is<br />carrier of a temperature (3).<br />With increasing temperature most materials expand, because the need for room, purely<br />geometrically seen, increases for larger amplitude of oscillation (4). This principle is used<br />in the case of a bi-metal thermometer.<br />In the case of solids the thermal oscillation of size is passed on primarily by the electrons<br />in the atomic hull (5). Good electric conductors therefore at the same time also have a high<br />thermal conductivity. An example of an application is the electric resistance thermometer.<br />In the case of gases the entire atoms carry out this task, for which reason a kinetic theory<br />becomes applicable as an auxiliary description (6).<br />For extreme amplitudes of oscillation the atoms partly or entirely lose their enveloping<br />electrons, when they change into the plasma state (7).<br />Finally the model concept even limits the second law of thermodynamics, which contains<br />the postulate that it is impossible to design a cyclic working machine, which does nothing<br />else, as to withdraw heat from a heat container and to convert it into mechanical work (8).<br />8.4 Heat energy<br />The discussed oscillation of contraction shows two characteristic properties, which must<br />be looked at separately: the amplitude and the frequency.___________________________<br />Temperature describes solely the amplitude of the oscillation of size.<br />The heat energy however is determined by both,<br />by the amplitude as well as by the frequency.<br />Consequently the ideas of temperature and heat energy should be kept strictly apart. It<br />therefore isn't allowed to set this oscillation equal to the electromagnetic wave in tables of<br />frequency.<br />To be correct two tables should be given, one for the wave, characterized by a propagation<br />with the speed of light, and another one for oscillations of contraction, thus for stationary<br />phenomena and phenomena bound to matter. The latter indeed can likewise propagate<br />relatively fast by fluctuations of pressure in the case of acoustical sound frequencies or by<br />free movable charge carriers in the case of heat conduction, but the velocity of<br />propagation for sound or heat is as is well-known still considerably smaller than the speed<br />of light. Thus an assignment without doubts can be made as to which kind of oscillation it<br />concerns.<br /><br />8.5 Sound<br />The close relationship of longitudinal sound waves with the oscillations of contraction of<br />thermally heated matter becomes particularly clear for ultrasound, where the arising heat<br />in the inside of the body which is exposed to sound can be measured directly. The fundamental<br />difference consists of the fact that the produced sound waves not only have the<br />same frequency, but also the same phase, what needs not be the case for the temperature.<br />The apparently uncoordinated occurring oscillations of size of the temperature, which as a<br />rule occupy more space if the intensity increases, form a "thermal noise".<br />The oscillation of size with the same phase is not realizable at all in a spatial formation of<br />particles, with one exception, the case that all particles expand and afterwards again<br />contract simultaneously and in the same time. We can observe such a synchronization of<br />the pulsation oscillations of all elementary vortices in the case of a pulsar. For us a pulsar<br />looks like a "lighthouse" in space which shines with a fixed frequency.<br />In reality it as well can concern a constantly shining sun, which carries out a synchronized,<br />thermal oscillation of size, like a gigantic low-frequency loudspeaker. During the phase of<br />contraction of the star its emitted light stays back. To us the pulsar looks dark. In addition<br />the field strength is extremely increased and the light becomes correspondingly slow.<br />During the phase of expansion the conditions are reversed and we observe a light flash.<br />Exactly the pulsar unambiguously confirms the here presented theory of the variable, field<br />dependent speed of light.<br />The well-known fact that the microcosm represents a copy of the macrocosm, already<br />suggests that each atom is capable of the same oscillation of size as a pulsar: if next to the<br />oscillating atom a resting one is placed, then does this one see a smaller field during the<br />phase of contraction because of the increasing distance. It hence becomes bigger itself. If<br />the pulsating neighbouring atom afterwards expands, it however becomes smaller. The at<br />first resting atom in this way becomes a "pulsar" oscillating with opposite phase.<br />The oscillating atom has stimulated the neighbouring atom as well to an oscillation of size,<br />and this process will be repeated with the closest neighbouring atom. We speak of heat<br />conduction.<br />To which extent the average distance between neighbouring atoms is influenced while a<br />material is heated, solely depends on the structure of the atomic lattice. For matter with a<br />fixed lattice according to expectation a smaller heat expansion will occur, as for the<br />unordered structure of gases, in which we find confirmed well-known relations.<br />In a for potential vortices characteristic property sound waves and thermal waves of<br />contraction correspond:<br /><br />8.6 Basic principle of cybernetics<br />Surely can be attributed also information to the potential vortex. But how should information<br />be formed? Is information a form of energy? Energy occurs as a consequence of<br />the formation of potential vortices. Without this phenomenon there wouldn't be any<br />energy!<br />Can information be described by means of a mathematical equation?<br />To be able to answer these questions, we subject the fundamental field equation to a<br />control technical analysis. If it actually concerns a world equation, then an answers should<br />be possible.<br />We again take up Ampere's law 5.1* from fig. 5.1 and remodel it according to the time<br />derivative (5.1**). If the equation now is integrated over the time (5.1***), a signal flow<br />diagram can be drawn (fig. 8.6).<br />The structure of a regulatory circuit is clearly visible. The individual paragraphs are<br />described in an analogous way as for a technical control system. The execution of the curl<br />operation on the field pointer of the magnetic field strength H and the multiplication with<br />accordingly form an adaptation of driving factors. In the comparator the difference for<br />control from driving factor w and controlling factor x is formed and supplied to an<br />integral controller. The control path has a purely proportional behaviour and consists of<br />the processing of the measurement value of the electric field strength E with in which<br />describes the relaxation time of the eddy currents.<br />In technical control systems such a structure is found remarkably seldom, although it has<br />an invaluable advantage: it possesses a stability in principle. Not a single adjustment of<br />the controller exists, in which the closed regulatory circuit could become unstable,<br />because it shows a proportionally delaying behaviour of first order. Possible changes of<br />the adjustment of the controller or of the control path merely take effect on the speed, with<br />which the regulatory circuit is able to follow changes of the driving factor.<br />This control technical basic principle convinces by its simplicity and efficiency. It meets<br />us again in identical form in the second field equation 5.4*, the extended Faraday's law of<br />induction. In dual formulation the electric field strength now appears as input factor and<br />the magnetic field strength as output factor. Both regulatory circuits are coupled and<br />connected with each other, by deriving their driving factor each time from the controlling<br />factor of their dual partner. Is this structure actually efficient and meaningful?<br />Every regulatory circuit needs a target value, which is dictated from the outside. Let us<br />think of the numerous control systems in nature. At all events a higher intelligence would<br />be necessary for all the target values. This problematic is comparable to the question, what<br />existed first: the egg from which a hen hatches or the hen without which no eggs can exist.<br />Without a given target, evolution would not exist.<br />The connected regulatory circuit structure provides the matching answer: cybernetic<br />systems, which usually and as is well-known strive to a state of balance, get their target<br />value from their dual "partner". It is crucial that correspondingly dual systems are selfsufficient<br />and can form and develop independently out of themselves without target values<br />of a third side. This basic principle of cybernetics undoubtedly is brilliant.<br /><br />8.7 Adaptive regulatory circuit structure<br />If out of the nowhere something like the cosmos or like life on earth should form, then the<br />connected regulatory circuit structure basing on duality probably is the only possible and<br />conceivable. Thus it merely concerns the control technical representation of the fundamental<br />field equation.<br />The question for the efficiency not only concerns the stability, but equally the possibility<br />of both systems, to oscillate and to communicate with each other by the coupling and the<br />associated exchange of information.<br />Fig. 8.7 shows the signal flow diagram of both regulatory circuits. These are switched in<br />line and form a coupled circuit, which itself can be interpreted as a third regulatory circuit.<br />Also this one shows a change of sign in the circuit like the other two circuits.<br />The information technical interpretation could turn out as follows: information about a<br />regulatory process in the lower regulatory circuit F11 caused for instance by a disturbance<br />is communicated over the coupled circuit to the upper regulatory circuit FJ2. In this case<br />F11 acts as transmitter and F12 as receiver of the information. Afterwards both exchange<br />their places, because F12 for its part reacts by a regulatory process and reports to F11. The<br />regulatory circuits adapt to each other. Obviously it concerns the basic structure of an<br />adaptive regulatory circuit.<br />To analyse the coupled circuit the examination of individual special cases is<br />recommended. If the regulatory circuits F11 and F12 are opened up in the way that the time<br />constants tau1 and tau2 go towards infinity, then the double integral effect is left. Analyses of<br />technical regulatory circuit teach us that such systems always tend to instability. Because<br />in addition the target value is zero, an oscillation around zero will arise, which we call<br />electromagnetic wave.<br />If one of both time constants becomes finite, e.g. then damping of the waves will occur.<br />The "subordinate" cascade regulatory circuit F12 will adjust itself and now has a proportional<br />delaying behaviour of first order. Together with the integral controller of the open<br />F11- circuit the coupled circuit will show the typical and more or less optimal regulatory<br />behaviour of a damped oscillation.<br />These special cases correspond with the mathematical (fig. 5.2) and the physical (fig. 5.3)<br />interpretation of the fundamental field equation. In addition a spatial rotation, a swirling<br />will occur because of the double execution of the curl operation.<br />If interpreted control technically then vortices are the temporally stable, spatial swing of a<br />field pointer around a centre, the vortex centre.<br />Without potential vortices no stability, no matter, no energy nor information would exist!<br />As can be looked up in Goethe's Faust, it always has been a desire of humanity, to find<br />out, "what keeps the world together in the heart of hearts".<br /><br />8.8 Information<br />The search for an answer for numerous philosophers and physicists was tantamount to the<br />search for a world formula. Of course mustn't be forgotten that a formula only is a<br />mathematical description and never the physical reality itself. It is a mathematical tool in<br />the hand of a person and not the world or the cosmos itself, which he tries to understand.<br />What keeps the world together in the heart of hearts, has to be more than only a pure<br />apparatus of formulas. Actually the fundamental field equation tells us more. It reveals us<br />a basic principle basing on duality in which the dual partners mutually dictate target<br />values and goals. This principle convinces by its simplicity and efficiency. Apart from the<br />"self regulation" it obviously also has the fundamental possibility of a "self<br />organization" and the "generation of information". The field equations of the<br />hydromagnetic field thus are the starting-point for the formation not only of matter and<br />energy, but also of information. Accordingly holds:<br />Information is nothing but a structure of electromagnetic vortex fields!<br />This statement is new and to a large extent incompatible with the conception world of<br />Norbert Wiener, who goes as the founder of cybernetics. From N. Wiener stems the<br />sentence: "information is information, not matter and not energy".<br />We hold against it that obviously a fairly direct connection exists. We have worked out<br />that only the vortex can show a stable adaptive regulatory circuit structure. Only the<br />vortex and not the wave exists in two forms of formation dual to each other, and the<br />principle of duality again is the prerequisite for the formation of information, of self<br />organization and finally for the evolution. In fig. 8.8 well-known dual partnerships are<br />listed. From it follows in a consistent way that for the production of information without<br />exception the electromagnetic vortices should be considered.<br />But how can this so important duality occur, how can it form? This question is closely<br />associated with the question of the formation of vortices. The signal flow diagram (fig.<br />8.7) to that says that the dual regulatory circuits F1 and F2 can only exist by the coupled<br />circuit, which provides them the necessary target values and at the same time forwards the<br />respective information. In this way of the oscillations and the more or less damped wave<br />F1 and F2 communicate with each other.<br />The electromagnetic wave serves solely the<br />mediation of information and energy.<br />With that falls a central role upon the wave, so that vice versa is valid:<br />Without wave no vortices, no duality and<br />consequently no evolution can exist.<br />According to the to date state of knowledge the basic principle of cybernetics forms the<br />basis for matter and energy as well as for information. Since the wave can only serve the<br />transmission of information, the principle of duality and the vortex will function as<br />carriers of information. We are entitled, to speak of vortex information, this by no means<br />is characterized by special frequencies or modulations of frequencies. This is prevented by<br />the property of the vortices which allows them to change the frequency. On the other hand<br />various configurations of vortices are possible and numerous combinations and modulations<br />are conceivable.<br />If technical apparatus generate vortices, then they produce information. Here a serious<br />danger with regard to the environmental compatibility can not be excluded!<br /><br />8.9 Philosophy of nature<br />Seen in the view of the philosophy of nature now two dual points of view are possible.<br />The optimistic one would be:<br />We and our environment on the one hand are a result of the cybernetic principle and on<br />the other hand of our observation point of view which should be valued relativistically.<br />If really everything should be electromagnetism, a phenomenon which can't be grasped<br />directly by humans, then the pessimist would come to the conclusion: everythins is<br />nothing. What we observe is nothins but a deception of the senses. Perhaps therefore<br />famous philosophers of antiquity, like Empedokles or Demokritos have ended their life in<br />the crater of the Etna. According to the theory of the atom of Demokritos (470 to 380<br />B.C.) the formation of matter, earth and celestial bodies will occur by means of formation<br />of vortices!<br />Empedokles (482 to 420 B.C.) was the first to develop a theory basing on four elements,<br />which was continued and improved by Plato (428 to 348 B.C.) and Aristotle (384 to 322<br />B.C.). Accordingly these elements are changeable into each other and mixable with each<br />other. From them all bodies are build up.<br />The terms "air, water, fire and earth", with which the philosophers have described the four<br />elements, are of course not identical with the ones in our translation and conception world,<br />but they were used in a philosophical sense as a substitute for the description of the<br />respective basic principle.<br />There also have been different approaches, to translate these terms differently, e.g. by an<br />assignment to the four states of matter (solid, liquid, gaseous, plasma). But the ancient<br />texts don't get easier to read in that way.<br />Fig. 8.9 shows the obvious assignment to the four building parts of the fundamental field<br />equation 5.7. It would be worth an attempt, to exchange the terms in the translations of<br />ancient texts and to translate air with wave, water with potential vortex and fire with eddy<br />current. The term earth has two sides, which should be translated with potential instead of<br />wood and current instead of metal.<br />Let's try the translation this way with the theory of Plato<i>, by correspondingly translating<br />anew the talk of Timaios about the formation of the world. The perception of smell then is<br />described as follows: "...as the potential vortex turns into waves (or) the wave into<br />potential vortices, the smells are formed during this transition, and smells are smoke or<br />fog. But fog is the transition of waves into vortices, the transition of the vortex into waves<br />however smoke".<br />Plato here provides an indisputable and conclusive interpretation of the fundamental field<br />equation. In this equation the potential vortex acts as damping term in the wave equation,<br />what in the case of waves rolling up to vortices will show to the observer in the way that<br />the electromagnetic waves and therefore also the light will be damped. We say, the<br />visibility gets worse and speak of fog. If the damping phenomenon disappears again, as<br />the potential vortices break up, then Plato speaks of smoke.<br />Numerous ancient texts, which until now only could be "interpreted" philosophically, in<br />this way turn out to be a rational textbook description of natural scientific phenomena.<br />They anyway only get readable and understandable for the general public with the modern<br />technical terms.Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-33302551190932653282007-09-05T18:12:00.000+01:002007-09-05T18:17:02.847+01:007. Proof ,first telsa physics infomation for engineersAmple evidence is available for the correctness of the theory of objectivity. The field<br />dependent change in length is observed and used as magnetostriction or electrostriction.<br />If a ferromagnetic material, e.g. a nickel rod, is brought into an alternating magnetic field,<br />then field dependent longitudinal length oscillations are observed. In the same manner<br />barium titanate or quartz crystal oscillates in the electric field if a high-frequency<br />alternating voltage is applied.<br />A practical application forms the production of ultrasound.<br />In this chapter are, as already announced, the quantum properties of the elementary<br />particles calculated and in this way is furnished perhaps the most convincing proof for the<br />existence of potential vortices and for the correctness of the field-theoretical approach<br />and the theory which is based on it.<br />A special challenge represents the calculation of the particle mass. This mass stretches<br />from 207 electron masses of the myon over 1839 of the neutron into the order of<br />magnitude of 18513 electron masses (Y°). Doing so not only can be tested, if the<br />calculated values correspond with the measured ones. Also the gaps have to correspond,<br />i.e. where there doesn't exist a discrete mathematical solution also no particle should exist.<br />The fig. 7.0 standing on the left page anticipates the result and shows that even this strict<br />condition is fulfilled! The agreement of the calculated with the measured results is<br />excellent. If in individual cases small deviations become visible, we always have to bear in<br />mind that the measurements as a rule are analysed statistically and the results are falsified<br />if small particles creep in unrecognized. Particle physics nowadays has at its disposal<br />extremely precise gauges, but even here remaining errors can't be excluded.<br />Quantum physics is occupied with further taking apart the elementary particles into<br />hypothetic particles, the quarks, and to sort these according to properties and symmetries.<br />Seen strictly causal this procedure thus corresponds to the quantum physical approach.<br />We however have taken the field-theoretical approach, and this excludes the introduction<br />of hypothetic particles from the start. It should be our goal to derive and to explain the<br />quantum structure as a field property. Yes, we even want to calculate it, with which we<br />would have overtaken quantum physics in the scientific competition with one leap!<br />Strong support our approach has experienced by current experiments, in which matter was<br />transformed in electromagnetic waves - practically the reversal of the rolling up of waves<br />to vortices. To do so at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (David Pritchard and<br />others) sodium atoms were dematerialized in waves by lattice scattering<i>. According to<br />Einstein one surely could have blown the whole M.I.T. in the air with the occurring mass<br />defect; but don't worry, no emission of energy whatsoever has been observed, entirely as<br />predicted by the vortex theory.<br /><br />7.1 Elementary vortices<br />We had derived the electron and the positron as elementary vortices (fig. 4.3). Before we<br />can go in the calculation, we must gain a clear picture of the possible configurations of<br />vortices, which for reason of the derived properties are possible. For that we start with the<br />elementary vortex and afterwards we predict the behaviour of interaction which can be<br />expected.<br />Actually only one single particle is really elementary. According to the realizations of the<br />new theory it is an elementary vortex in the form of a sphere. Its size is determined by the<br />speed of light and this again by the local field strength; its stability is founded in the<br />concentration effect of the potential vortex. The whirling takes place everywhere with the<br />speed of light, even in the vortex centre, where all field lines run together, where the field<br />increases infinitely and the speed of light goes to zero. This last circumstance owes the<br />elementary vortex its localization.<br />We can attribute a charge to this vortex for reason of the field lines which on the outside<br />run towards infinity and which we can measure (fig. 4.3). This is the smallest indivisible<br />unit, the elementary charge e. Structure and course of the field lines suggest to understand<br />and to calculate the elementary vortex as a spherical capacitor. By basing on the classical<br />radius of the electron re given in fig. 6.3 the capacity according to equation 6.4 is<br />calculated to be:<br />(6.4*)<br />Here the theory of objectivity has provided us the realization that even for a change of the<br />radius of the electron the capacity remains unchanged constant (6.30), and this entirely<br />corresponds to our observation.<br />Between the hull of the elementary vortex, measured at the radius re, and its centre,<br />respectively also with regard to infinity, there exists according to equation 6.31 the tension<br />voltage of:<br />Ue = e/Ce = 511 kV (6.31*)<br />It as well is constant and independent of the size of the elementary vortex.<br />Since a different solution is refused, we'll have to assume that all elementary particles<br />consist of an integer multiple of elementary vortices. For that the amassing, like closely<br />packed tennis balls, or the overlapping of individual vortices in the form of shells, like in<br />the case of an onion (phenomenon of transport) can be considered.<br />The among each other occurring forces of attraction can be traced back to the fact that<br />every elementary vortex is compressed by the field of its neighbour as a consequence of<br />the field dependent speed of light. This field as a rule is for the small distances<br />considerably larger than the field on the outside. Therefore do compound elementary<br />particles not have the twofold or triple mass, but at once the 207-fold (myon) or the 1836-<br />fold (proton) mass. After all there is no other explanation for the fact that there don't exist<br />lighter particles (with a mass less than 207 electron masses)!<br />a. The electron-positron pair<br />b. . The e- - e+ pair for a small distance:<br />138 matter and anti-matter<br />139<br />7.2 Matter and anti-matter<br />For the amassing or overlapping of elementary vortices several cases must be distinguished,<br />because two inverse forms of formation are possible for the elementary vortex:<br />the negatively charged electron and the positively charged positron. Whereas in the case<br />of the electron the vortex produces a component of the electric field which points from the<br />inside to the outside, has the field in the case of the positron the opposite direction for<br />reason of a reversed swirl direction.<br />This statement can be generalized: if we consider the elementary particles from the<br />outside, then we assign the particles with a swirl direction identical to that of the electron<br />to the world of matter and call the particles with the opposite swirl direction anti-matter. It<br />now is strongly recommended, to take colours to hand, in order to optically clarify the<br />properties of vortices. The electron will be marked as a green sphere and the antiparticle,<br />the positron, as a red sphere.<br />If we now look into the world of matter, then appears our world of matter to us "green",<br />the world of anti-matter however "red". The uniform green colour of all the in our world<br />existing elementary particles however doesn't exclude that red anti-vortices can exist<br />hidden in the inside of the green vortices, where we can't discover them. But they must be<br />completely covered, otherwise a disastrous reaction occurs, the pair annihilation, as a<br />consequence of the oppositely directed property of the vortices which cancel out.<br />By means of the pair annihilation a dematerialization can occur, because every<br />elementary vortex keeps in its inside the same amount of energy with opposite sign and<br />the fusion of two inverse particles can result in a zero sum of the energy. The best known<br />example is the annihilation of an electron-positron pair under emission of radiation<br />discovered by Klemperer in 1934. In the upper representation (fig. 7.2a) the elementary<br />vortices still are symmetrical, but the outside field lines already are "bent" and linked<br />together in such a way that, with the exception of the ones in the direction of the axis, no<br />interaction takes place which can be measured.<br />The two particles for reason of the different charge approach each other quickly, and the<br />closer they are, the larger the mutual force of attraction becomes; a vicious circle, which<br />leads to the asymmetry shown in the lower sketch (fig. 7.2b) and only comes to rest, if<br />both particles have destroyed themselves mutually.<br />The electron and the positron had the same amount of, but oppositely directed swirl<br />activity, so that purely arithmetically seen a zero sum of the rest energy results. But it<br />should be paid attention to both particles having some kinetic energy on the occasion of<br />the relative motion to each other and if they rotate around their own axis also rotational<br />energy. An emission of annihilation radiation occurs, is the explanation of particle<br />physics.<br />With the knowledge of the photon (fig. 4.6) we can interpret the annihilation radiation as a<br />consequence of the phenomenon of transport. The faster and consequently smaller vortex,<br />for instance the green one, slips into the red one and sees the green inside, which is<br />compatible for it. Unfortunately it only can remain there, as long as it is smaller, thus is<br />faster, and therefore it shoots out on the other side again. Now the electromagnetic force<br />of attraction fully takes effect. It is slowed down and the red vortex correspondingly<br />accelerates. The process is reversed.<br />These around each other oscillating vortices, so we had derived, have a characteristic<br />frequency (colour), are polarizable and are moving forward with the speed of light as a<br />consequence of the open vortex centre. It therefore concerns the photon.<br />140 Positronium<br />Fig. 7.3: Theoretical final state of the positronium<br />= static -quant (photon).<br />proof ______________________________________________________________ 141<br />7.3 Positronium<br />But before the two elementary vortices, the electron and the positron, are annihilated<br />under emission of radiation, they will for a short time take a shell-shaped, a bound state, in<br />which one vortex overlaps the other.<br />Its formation we can imagine as follows: an electron, flying past a resting positron, is<br />cached by this for reason of the electromagnetic attraction and spirals on an elliptic path<br />towards the positron. In doing so its angular velocity increases considerably. It will be<br />pulled apart to a flat disc for reason of the high centrifugal forces, to eventually lay itself<br />around the positron as a closed shell.<br />Now the red positron sees the electron vortex so to speak "from the inside" and doing so it<br />sees as well red; because the green vortex has a red centre and vice versa! The result is the<br />in fig. 7.3 given configuration.<br />The number of field lines, which run from the red border of the positron in the direction of<br />the centre, is identical to the number, which point towards the green border of the electron.<br />Here already the same state has been reached as in the centre, which corresponds to the<br />state at infinity. That means that no field lines point from the green border to the outside;<br />seen from the outside the particle behaves electrically neutral. It doesn't show any<br />electromagnetic interaction with its surroundings.<br />If the particle were long-living, then it undoubtedly would be the lightest elementary<br />particle besides the electron; but without stabilizing influence from the outside the<br />positronium can't take the in fig. 7.3 shown state at all. The positron takes up the kinetic<br />energy which is released if the electron becomes a shell around it. But before the bound<br />state can arise, which would identify the positronium as an elementary particle, the equal<br />rights of both vortices comes to light. With the same right, with which the electron wants<br />to overlap the positron, it itself vice versa could also be overlapped.<br />If the stabilization of the one or the other state from the outside doesn't occur, then the<br />stated annihilation under emission of y-quanta is the unavoidable consequence (fig. 4.6).<br />142 dipol moment<br />Fig. 7.4: Two electrons with oppositely directed spin<br />proof 143<br />7.4 Dipole moment<br />As electrically charged spheres elementary vortices have a magnetic dipole moment along<br />their axis of rotation as a consequence of the rotation of their own (fig. 7.4). This is<br />measurable very precisely and for the most important elementary particles also known<br />quantitatively. In contrast to the angular momentum the magnetic moment can't be<br />constant according to the here presented theory. It should slightly change, if we increase<br />the field strength in the laboratory.<br />In a particle consisting of several elementary vortices the vortices mutually increase the<br />local field strength. Therefore we measure at the proton, which consists of three vortices,<br />not the triple, but only the 2,793-fold of the nuclear magneton which can be expected for<br />reason of its mass. Also the neutron has instead of the double only the 1,913-fold nuclear<br />magneton. The deviations therefore are explicable as a consequence of the surrounding<br />fields.<br />Prerequisite for this point are two other, still unanswered, key questions of quantum<br />physics:<br />XII: Why is measured for the proton approximately the triple of the magnetic dipole<br />moment which can be expected for reason of the charge?<br />XIII: Why does the neutron, as an uncharged particle, actually have a magnetic<br />moment?<br />These questions can only be brought to a conclusive answer, if we have derived the vortex<br />structures of the respective particles.<br />The elementary vortex, as a consequence of the spin along its axis, forms a magnetic north<br />pole and a south pole. Another possibility to interact with an external field or with other<br />particles is founded on this property. This shall be studied by means of two electrons.<br />which form an electron pair.<br />For reason of the equal charge the two electrons at first will repel each other. If they rotate<br />of their own they however will mutually contract, which, seen from the outside, is<br />interpreted as a force of attraction. And in addition will they align their axes of rotation<br />antiparallelly. While they now rotate in the opposite direction, a magnetic force of<br />attraction occurs.<br />As is shown in fig. 7.4, the magnetic dipole field in this way is compensated towards the<br />outside, as is clarified by the field line (H) with a closed course. Between both electrons a<br />space free of E-field stretches. If both vortices are a small distance apart they lay<br />themselves around this space like two half-shells of a sphere. A particle forms which seen<br />from the outside is magnetically neutral, but it carries the double elementary charge (fig.<br />7.4b).<br />The exceptional affinity is always restricted to two vortices of equal charge with an<br />opposite direction of rotation. Further vortices can't be integrated anymore and are<br />repelled. This property of vortices covers the quantum condition (Pauli's exclusion<br />principle) for the spin quantum number perfectly.<br />144 myon<br />Fig. 7.5: The mvon and the electric field E(x)<br />of the three elementary vortices<br />proof 145<br />7.5 Myon<br />We now have discussed all conceivable possibilities, which two elementary vortices can<br />form: the creation of a pair for like charge and the annihilation under emission of photons<br />via the formation of the positronium as an intermediate result for unequal charge. Next<br />another elementary vortex shall be added and all different possibilities and configurations<br />will be derived, which can be formed by amassing or overlapping.<br />The positronium can, as said, only take the in fig. 7.3 shown bound structure, if it is<br />stabilized from the outside. This task now a further electron shall take over. According to<br />the shell model the innermost elementary vortex an electron (e-), is overlapped by a<br />positron (e+) and that again overlapped by an electron (e-).<br />With an in the sum single negative charge, a completely symmetric structure as well as a<br />half-integer spin this particle will show a behaviour corresponding to a large extent to that<br />of the electron. Merely the mass will be considerably larger, because every vortex each<br />time compresses the other two.<br />It therefore concerns the myon which also is called "heavy electron". The myon<br />was discovered 1937 in the cosmic radiation (Anderson and others).<br />In fig. 7.5 are drawn above each other the shell-shaped structure of the myon and the<br />electric field E(x) of the three elementary vortices.<br />It is visible that merely in the proximity of the particle the actual course of the field<br />deviates from and is smaller, than the course which theoretically can be expected for a<br />single negatively charged body. The difference is marked by a hatching.<br />We now can tackle the calculation of the myon. For that the following considerations to<br />begin with are useful:<br />Mass is an auxiliary term founded in usefulness, which describes the influence of the<br />electromagnetic field on the speed of light and with that on the spatial extension of the<br />"point mass".<br />Without exception the local cosmic field Eo has an effect on a free and unbound<br />elementary vortex, thus on an individual e- or e+, and determines so its size and its mass.<br />But as long as we haven't determined this field strength, the calculation of its quantum<br />properties won't succeed.<br />Instead the masses of compound particles will be compared to each other, which are so<br />heavy that the field strength of the neighbouring vortices is predominant over the basic<br />field E0, so that a neglect of Eo seems to be allowed. The course of the calculation is made<br />for all elementary particles in the same manner, which is explained hereafter.<br />146 calculation of the vortex fields<br />Fig. 7.6: Calculation of the electric field strength E(r) of<br />the myon from its dependency on radius<br />proof 147<br />7.6 Calculation of the vortex fields<br />The tension voltage of an elementary vortex, like for a spherical capacitor, is determined<br />by integrating over the electric field strength from the inner radius ri up to the outer radius<br />ra:<br />(7.1)<br />For the electron (ri = 0 und ra = re) we already have carried out the integration and<br />determined the tension voltage to be 511 kV (equation 6.31 *).<br />Doing so we further had discovered that it won't change, if the radius r varies. Even for a<br />shell configuration, in which electrons and positrons alternately overlap, the approach is<br />valid:<br />U1 = U2 = U3 = U4 = ... = Un (7.2)<br />At a certain radius all elementary vortices show the same density of field lines and with<br />that also the identical field strength, so that we can solve the integral (7.1) for the each<br />time neighbouring vortex shells and can compare the results:<br />At the radius r1 with E(r1) = E1 the agreement, according to equation 7.1* (fig. 7.6), is<br />valid for the innermost and the overlapped vortex shell.<br />At the radius r2 with E(r2) = E2 the agreement according to equation 7.1** (fig. 7.6) is<br />valid analogously for the 2nd and 3rd shell.<br />If still more shells are present, then we can arbitrarily repeat this procedure. For the radius<br />of each shell we always obtain relation 7.3, which, related to the innermost radius,<br />provides the following simple expression for the individual radii:<br />r 2 = 2 * r 1 ; r3 = 3 • r1; ... ; rn = n * r1 (7.4)<br />From the comparison of the integration results 7.1* and 7.1** follows further that all<br />elementary vortices produce the same field strength:<br />E1 = E2 = E3 = ... = En (7.5)<br />We infer from the transformation table (fig. 6.18, eq. 6.27) that the field strengths E and H<br />decrease with 1/r. In fig. 7.5 the decrease of the fields with 1/r is shown. Up to the radius<br />r, the field of the innermost vortex E1 has worn off to the value E31 = - E1 • (r1/r3).<br />This field is overlapped by E32 = E2 * (r2/r3) as well as the cosmic basic field Eo:<br />E(r3) = E31+ E32+ E0 = E1 • (r2 - r1)/r3 + Eo (7.6)<br />The local basic field Eo is not known, but it is very small with regard to the field of the<br />neighbouring vortex shells, so that a neglect seems to be allowed.<br />From equation (7.6) in this way follows with the radius relation (7.4):<br />(7.7)<br />For the shell-shaped configuration of the myon (fig. 7.5) relation (7.7) indicates, which<br />field the outside vortex shell is exposed to. From this can already be seen, how much it is<br />compressed thanks to the field dependent speed of light and how much its mass as a<br />consequence is increased.<br />148 calculation of the proton<br />Structure of the proton p+:<br />Calculation:<br />structure consisting of two shells, inner vortices with 2 • E1,<br />field strength at the outer radius r2:<br />E ( r 2 ) = 2 * E2 1 = 2 * E 1 ( r 1 / r 2 ) = E1 (7.8)<br />Comparison of p+ (7.8) with u- (7.7) (ze = number of the elementary<br />vortices being involved with)<br />in building up the structure, here each time ze = 3):<br />Comparison of the radii with E ~ l / r (6.27)<br />(7.9)<br />Theory of objectivity (fig. 6.18): m~l/r2 (6.34)<br />(7.10)<br />mp/me = 9 * (mu/me) = 9 * 207 = 1863 (7.11)<br />Measurement value, proton mass: mp = 1836 • me<br />Resp.:<br />measurement value myon mass mu = 207 * me<br />myon calculated value: mp = 204 * me. (error = 1,5% )<br />Since we, by using this calculation method, for the first time succeeded<br />in deriving the mass of an elementary particle from that of another<br />particle, the particle mass isn't a constant of nature anymore!<br />Fig. 7.7: Calculation of the proton<br />proof________________________________________________________________ 149<br />7.7 Calculation of the proton<br />If we again remember the affinity of two elementary vortices, which rotate with opposite<br />spin. They align their axis of rotation antiparallel and form a very probable, but not<br />particularly tight bound pair (fig. 7.4).<br />If we this time start with a positron pair, then does this pair have a double positive<br />elementary charge. The two e+ hence exert a particularly big force of attraction on<br />electrons flying past them. If they have cached one and put it round as a shell, like a coat,<br />then they will never again give it back! To again remove the electron, a triple positive<br />charge would be necessary. But such a particle can't exist at all. The new particle<br />therefore has an absolute stability and a very big mass, because the positron pair is<br />considerably compressed by its outer shell. The total charge is single positive. With these<br />properties it actually only can concern the proton. Its structure is shown in fig. 7.7.<br />We can start from the assumption that both positrons are very close together in the inside<br />and thus each forms the half of a sphere. For the calculation of the proton mass we then<br />can assume as an approximation a structure of two shells, in which the inner vortex will<br />have the double charge and the double field (2 * E1). With equation 7.4 the field strength at<br />the outer radius r2 is:<br />E(r2) = 2*E21 = 2*E1*(r1/r2) = E1 (7.8)<br />If we want to compare the results of the p+ (7.8) and the (7.7), then it should be<br />considered that the field of the innermost elementary vortex E1 only is equal, if the number<br />ze of the elementary vortices involved in building up the particle is identical. Here with<br />each time ze = 3 this is the case. Because of equation 6.27 (E, H ~ 1/r) now also the radii<br />are comparable:<br />(7.9)<br />The mass of a particle first is determined by the number of the elementary vortices ze.<br />According to the theory of objectivity (fig. 6.18) however also the radius has an influence<br />on the mass: m ~ 1/r2 (6.34)<br />This proportionality should be applied to the - comparison.<br />(7.10)<br />The calculation provides a nine times bigger mass for the proton with regard to the mass<br />of the myon. Therefore the mass of the proton related to the mass of the electron is:<br />mp/me = 9* = 9*207 = 1863 (7.11)<br />It would be favourable, to start from the with measuring techniques determined value for<br />the mass of the proton mp/me = 1836 and calculate backwards the related mass of the<br />myon.<br />Then we obtain 204 as the calculated value instead of the measurement value =<br />207.<br />The reason for the deviation of 1.5 percent is caused by the neglect of the cosmic field Eo<br />with regard to the field of the neighbouring elementary vortex. This neglect takes very<br />much less effect for the relatively heavy proton than for the light myon.<br />The cosmic field therefore will compress the myon more strongly and increase the mass<br />more strongly as is calculated here, in agreement with the measurement results.<br />Summarizing: since we, by using this calculation method, for the first time succeeded in<br />deriving the mass of an elementary particle from that of another particle, the particle<br />mass isn't a constant of nature anymore!<br />150 ,,strong interaction"<br />Fig. 7.8: The proton and the electric field of the three<br />elementary vortices in x-, y- and z-direction<br />proof 151<br />7.8 "Strong interaction"<br />A central question of nuclear physics concerns the forces which keep the atomic nucleus,<br />which consists of many neutrons and protons, together and give it its very good stability in<br />spite of the like positive charge (key question XIV fig. 7.13).<br />According to today's textbook opinion (course of the field indicated with a in fig. 7.8) the<br />forces of repulsion between the individual protons increase further as the distance gets<br />smaller, to obtain immense values within the nucleus. They theoretically had to be<br />overcome by new and unknown nuclear forces. Therefore physicists assume the<br />hypothesis of a "strong interaction". But they are mistaken.<br />The answer to this open question is provided by the course of the field (b) for the proton,<br />sketched in fig. 7.8. We see that the electric field at first indeed still increases if we<br />approach the proton, but in the proximity it contrary to all expectations decreases again<br />until it is zero. With that then also any force of repulsion has vanished! But the course of<br />the field follows without compulsion from the overlap of the three individual elementary<br />vortex fields.<br />The field direction in the z-direction even is reversed! In this topsy-turvy world, in theory,<br />an electromagnetic force of attraction between two like charged protons can occur. We<br />conclude:<br />A strong interaction doesn't exist at all. The usually given values for "range" and<br />"strength" just represent a misinterpretation. The hatched drawn area marks the difference<br />which is misinterpreted by quantum physics. The model concept over and above that<br />answers another mysterious property of the proton. As an electrically charged particle with<br />a spin it first of all should form a magnetic moment for reason of the rotating charge. But<br />until now the measurable order of magnitude couldn't be explained.<br />7.9 Magnetic moment of the proton<br />If the inner positrons rotate around each other with oppositely pointing spin, then the<br />magnetic field line is already closed within the particle and no effect in x- or y-direction is<br />observable from the outside.<br />As pair they however still can rotate together around the z-axis and they'll do that. The<br />overlapping electron for reason of its rotation of its own will likewise build up a magnetic<br />dipole moment along its axis of rotation. It also will align its axis in the z-direction, so that<br />now all three elementary vortices have one field axis. Being comparable to individually<br />"elementary magnets" aligned in the same direction they produce a triple magnetic<br />moment (key question XII fig. 7.13).<br />If we namely would start with a single positively charged body according to the theory of<br />quantum mechanics, then we would have expected the value of the nuclear magneton<i> pm<br />as the magnetic moment for the proton pm = . Opposite to that provide<br />experiments with protons the approx. threefold value as already predictable by the new<br />vortex theory. In addition does the direction of the vector pmp correspond with the spinaxis,<br />so as if the proton were negatively charged. The reason for that is that only the<br />outermost elementary vortex determines the spin of the particle, and that is actually a<br />negatively charged electron! Also this excellent agreement in the case of the proton can be<br />judged as proof for the correctness of the vortex model.<br /><i>: The nuclear magneton has the value of: pmk = 5,0508 • 10-27 Am2<br />152 structure of the neutron<br />Fig. 7.10: The neutron with magnetic dipole field H<br />proof 153<br />7.10 Structure of the neutron<br />Until now could not be solved, why despite its missing charge also the neutron n° has a<br />magnetic moment. The experimentally determined value is approx. the double of the<br />nuclear magneton. Further was with measuring techniques an only 0,14% bigger mass<br />with regard to the proton determined. The difference is approximately two and a half<br />electron masses. And how reads the answer in the view of the potential vortex theory?<br />It is obvious that a positively charged proton and a negatively charged electron mutually<br />attract and amass together (fig. 7.10a). A pair annihilation can't occur, because the<br />electron, which jackets both positrons, prevents this. The formation of an outer shell is not<br />permitted by the high stability of the proton. It would have to be a positron shell, which<br />instead of neutrality would produce a double positive charge. Conceivable is however the<br />configuration, in which one of the two e+ of the proton takes up the e- in its inside and<br />overlaps it (fig. 7.10b).<br />At first appears the amassing of p+ and e- to be the obvious answer to the structure of the<br />neutron also in view of the small increase in mass. Since both elementary particles (p+ and<br />e-) have a spin, will they align their axes of rotation antiparallelly and rotate against one<br />another, exactly like an electron pair. But we now have unequal conditions: the proton<br />brings the triple magnetic moment, the electron however only the single, and its field line<br />will be closed by the proton. The difference which remains is the measurable double<br />nuclear magneton, with which key question XIII (fig. 7.13) would be answered<br />exhaustively.<br />This structure is shown in fig. 7.10a and has as rest mass the by only one electron mass<br />increased proton mass, but it will deviate from this value, when the unequal partner come<br />closer. Doing so the electron will be more strongly compressed by the heavier proton as<br />vice versa.<br />Mass, magnetic moment and charge thus correspond to a large extent with the<br />measurement values. Problems are seen concerning the spin and the stability.<br />Set of problems concerning spin: both the e- and the p+ have a half-integer spin, for which<br />reason this configuration should have an integer spin.<br />Set of problems concerning stability: the neutron decays as is well-known in a p+ and an<br />e- , but this object should be shorter-lived as determined by experiments. If namely the<br />partner come each other very close, then the field strength of the p+, contrary to<br />expectation, doesn't increase but decreases, as is shown in fig. 7.8. The e- therefore can<br />only be bound very, very loosely; in z-direction it even will be repelled!<br />For these reasons is the open structure, which is shown in fig. 7.10a, not feasible as an<br />isolated elementary particle, but only in a spatially extended network, like it is present in<br />an atomic nucleus. In this case the neutron is, as is well-known, lighter by the mass defect,<br />which is interpreted as binding energy.<br />Possibly it only concerns an intermediate stage. The heavier final product of the n° then<br />could look like is shown in fig. 7.10b. For this version the line of the magnetic field<br />already is closed partly within the particle, so that also here the approx. double nuclear<br />magneton remains as a rest with a sense of orientation, as if the neutron were negatively<br />charged.<br />Without charge and with the 1/2 spin it in this configuration fulfils all important quantum<br />properties of the neutron, even that of the stability.<br />154 calculation of the neutron<br />the field of the e-: E31(-) = - E1 (r1/r3),<br />the field of the e+: E32 = E2 (r2/r3) = E1 (r2/r3)<br />and in addition the e+: E3 1 = E1 (r1/r3).<br />With the radius relation (eq. 7.4): r2 = 2*r1 und r3 = 3* r1<br />The total field is:<br />(7.12)<br />With zen = 4 elementary vortices<br />(7.13)<br />n0 is 12,5% bigger than p±<br />(7.14)<br />n0 is 5% heavier than p±<br />Fig. 7.11: Calculation of the mass of the neutron<br />proof 155<br />7.11 Calculation of the neutron<br />The calculation of the mass for the structure of the neutron according to fig. 7.10b has still<br />remained open.<br />Because in this book for the first time has been shown, how the mass can be calculated, if<br />the particles are understood as potential vortices, we also in this case again want to make<br />use of this possibility.<br />We have, like for the a structure of three shells with the radii r1, r2 and r3. At the outer<br />radius r3 the fields of the elementary vortices on the inside have an effect on the electron<br />On the outside: like is the case for the<br />the field of the e-: E31<br />(-) = -E1(r1/r3),<br />the field of the e+: E32 = E2 (r2/r3) = E1 (r2/r3)<br />and in addition the e+: E31 = E1 (r1/r3).<br />The total field is, with the radius relation equation 7.4:<br />(7.12)<br />If we compare the neutron, in which now ze = 4 elementary vortices are involved, with<br />the proton:<br />(7.13)<br />then we infer from the arithmetically determined result that the neutron according to the<br />radius is 12,5% bigger than the proton. The mass is calculated to:<br />(7.14)<br />The particle therefore has a mass which is 5% larger than for the proton, slightly more as<br />has been measured for the neutron. The difference is acceptable. The particle after all is<br />structured very asymmetrically, in which the reason is to be seen, why the uncharged<br />particle, looked at from close up, nevertheless shows an observable charge distribution.<br />156 beta-decay<br />Fig. 7.12: The electron-neutrino as a ring-like vortex<br />proof 157<br />7.12<br />In the case of the calculated quasistable particles, the and the n°, the verification by<br />means of the well-known decay processes is still due. Also free neutrons, those which are<br />not bound in an atomic nucleus, decay. But with an average life of 918 seconds they are<br />by far the longest living among the quasistable elementary particles.<br />Should the neutron decay be triggered by neutrinos, then obviously a distant flying past<br />does not suffice. For that the electron is bound in the proton too tight. There probably has<br />to occur a direct "crash", in which a neutrino is used, since the decay equation reads:<br />(7.15)<br />As could be expected a proton p+, an electron e- and the mentioned electron-antineutrino<br />are formed. What here is written down as the emission of an antiparticle, is equivalent<br />in the absorption of the particle<i>, in this case of the neutrino. The reaction equation 7.15<br />can be reformulated accordingly<i>:<br />(7.15*)<br />Also for the decay of the myon an electron-neutrino is used. In both cases it provides the<br />energy necessary for the decay. But we can really understand the only, after we<br />have got to know these particles better.<br />Without charge and without mass neutrinos show hardly any interactions with matter and<br />as a consequence they possess the enormous ability of penetration - as is well-known.<br />They are said to participate in the ,,weak interaction", which should trigger a conversion of<br />the concerned particles, which is their decay. Pauli already has postulated the neutrino<br />1930 theoretically, because the transition from a half-integer spin to an integer spin for the<br />n0 -decay otherwise wouldn't have been explicable.<br />If we imagine an elementary vortex is being born, but the local field strength and energy<br />isn't sufficient for obtaining a quantized state. The result is an incomplete potential vortex,<br />which has an open vortex centre and as a consequence shows no localization at all. In the<br />form of a vortex ring it oscillates around itself, while it continually turns its inside to the<br />outside and then again to the inside.<br />One moment the vortex ring is green, then it is red again, one moment matter, then antimatter,<br />one moment positively charged and the next moment negatively charged. In<br />contrast to the photon the number of the involved elementary vortices ze for the neutrino is<br />odd (for the = 1). Perpendicular to the direction of propagation the neutrino has a spin<br />for reason of a rotation, which overlaps the pulsating oscillation.<br />This vortex ring is, as said, not a member of stationary matter, because it doesn't form a<br />"black hole" in its centre, where the speed of light becomes zero. But it has an absolute<br />stability like every elementary vortex, even if it only occurs incomplete and hence not in<br />any quantized form,. This concept of the electron-neutrino as an open oscillating<br />elementary vortex in the form of a ring-like vortex covers the experimentally determined<br />realizations unexpectedly well.<br /><i>: Kussner, H.G.: Grundlagen einer einheitlichen Theorie der physikalischen<br />Teilchen und Felder, Musterschmidt, Gottingen 1976, S.155<br />158 "weak interaction"<br />A strong interaction doesn't exist. The electric field in<br />the proximity of the proton goes to zero within the range<br />which is determined with measuring techniques.<br />A weak interaction doesn't exist. That interaction only<br />is a special case of the electromagnetic interaction<br />which appears in a weakened form. ________________<br />XII: Why does the proton have approximately 3<br />times the magnetic moment which can be<br />expected for reason of the only single charge?<br />(3 elementary vortices)<br />XIII: Why does the neutron as an uncharged<br />particle anyway have a magnetic moment?<br />(Structure of the n°)<br />XIV: What owes the atomic nucleus, which consists<br />of like charges, its stability?<br />(Course of the field of the p+, instead of "strong interaction")<br />XV: Why does the free neutron decay, although it<br />is stable as a particle of the nucleus? _________<br />(Interaction with neutrinos)<br />XVI: Why do neutrinos nevertheless participate in<br />the "weak interaction", although they have no<br />mass and no charge? ________________________<br />(Oscillating charge)<br />XVII: How can be given reasons for the finite range<br />______of the "weak interaction"?<br />(Reaction cross-section for particle decay)<br />Fig. 7.13: Further key questions of quantum physics<br />(Continuation of figures 4.4 and 6.13)<br />proof 159<br />7.13 "Weak interaction"<br />Let's now look again at the -decay of the neutron, in which a neutrino is used. But this<br />by no means will be a process of the weak interaction. Instead will neutrinos, contrary to<br />the textbook opinion, participate in the electromagnetic interaction. They after all are one<br />moment positively charged and the next moment negatively charged. With slow-acting<br />gauges this it is true can't be proven, because the interaction is zero on the average. But<br />this charged oscillating vortex ring can exert a considerable effect while approaching a<br />neutron, which is based solely on the electromagnetic interaction.<br />The neutron is stimulated to synchronous oscillations of its own by the high-frequency<br />alternating field of the neutrino, until it in the case of the collision releases the bound<br />electron, which takes up the energy provided by the neutrino and transports it away. The<br />interaction obviously is only very weak due to the oscillation. But a physical<br />independency of it has to be disputed.<br />The finite range, which is given in this context, indicates the reaction cross-section around<br />the n°-particle, within which the "crash" and as a consequence the -decay occurs. This<br />range is considerable larger as the particle itself. The electromagnetic interaction for such<br />small distances after all is so violent, even if it only occurs in pulses, that the neutrino is<br />thrown out of its path and can fly directly towards the neutron.<br />Perhaps we now understand also the -decay of the myon. It actually were to be expected<br />that without outside disturbance an absolute stability could exist because of the ideal<br />symmetry of the On our planet we however are in every second bombarded with<br />approx. 66 milliard (billion) neutrinos per cm2 <i>. Obviously it takes 2,2 on the average<br />till a neutrino flies past a myon so close that it decays. In doing so it stimulates the<br />outside elementary vortex to violent oscillations by trying to synchronize it. In this case<br />the electron-neutrino carries away with it the two outer, and therefore weaker bound,<br />elementary vortices of the myon, which meanwhile are oscillating synchronously. The<br />innermost vortex, an electron e-, is left behind. The decay of the myon which takes place<br />with a probability of almost 100 % reads:<br />(7.16)<br />Thus a different neutrino is formed which can be distinguished from the ve and is<br />called myon-neutrino since it forms from the Actually it even has a similar structure of<br />three shells, as is shown in fig. 7.5. But the vortex centre is open and the particle isn't<br />stationary anymore. In the picture now only a momentarily state is shown, in which the<br />appears green on the outside and red in its open centre. As already for the oscillates also<br />here the inside to the outside and vice versa, this time merely as a packet of three shells, so<br />that also this particle shows all the typical neutrino properties discussed for the example of<br />the<br />The for potential vortices typical and already discussed phenomenon of transport here has<br />an effect. In particular in connexion with vortex rings this property is known from<br />hydrodynamics. It thus can be observed, how vortex rings bind matter and carry away with<br />them. Because the neutrino is not quantized, it neither is restricted with regard to its ability<br />to transport elementary vortices. Consequently even bigger configurations are<br />conceivable, like configurations of 5 shells, 7 shells etc..<br /><i>: "Zeugen aus der Sonne", VDI-Nachrichten Nr. 45 vom 9.11.90, Seite 26<br />160 tau particle<br />Fig. 7.14: Tau-neutrino and tau particle<br />161<br />7.14 Tau particle<br />In the table of the leptons after the e- and the as the next particle the tau particle is<br />found with its accompanying neutrino The obvious solution for the tau particle is the<br />structure of five shells, as is shown in fig. 7.14a. With that the electron would have<br />another particularly heavy relative with otherwise very similar properties.<br />For the myon the neutrino was stable, the particle itself however instable. We after all<br />huve explained the particle decay as a consequence of an outside disturbance, and<br />disturbances always are based on interactions. Correspondingly should, with the small<br />possibility for an interaction, also the neutrino of the tau particle have a better stability<br />than the particle itself.<br />Without doubt this structure of 5 shells fulfils all known quantum properties like spin,<br />charge etc. Merely the check of the mass is still due. This we now want to calculate for the<br />structure shown in fig. 7.14a.<br />(7.17)<br />(7.17*)<br />But the for the tau particle measured value is considerable higher!<br />Even if this structure is the only possible in the case of the neutrino for reason of the<br />complete symmetry, will the tau particle however change its structure by itself if another<br />structure exists, which is more stable, thus in which the particle can take a bigger mass.<br />Such a maximum provides the structure shown in fig. 7.14b after checking all possible<br />configurations with five elementary vortices:<br />(7.18)<br />(7.18*)<br />This value now lies 8% above the measurement values. It would be obvious, if unbound<br />tau particles predominantly would take the structure shown in fig. 7.14b. The remaining<br />error becomes explicable, if a very small number of tau particles in the lighter structure<br />according to fig. 7.14a are involved with a correspondingly smaller probability.<br />The enormous variety of kinds of decay, and not a single one of the dominating ones has a<br />probability of over 50%, makes it more difficult for us, to be able to directly infer the<br />inner structure of a particle from the decay products. It nevertheless should be mentioned<br />that after all 35% of all decays take place by taking up and using a neutrino or<br />entirely in accordance with the model of the myon decay (equation 7.16).<br />162 pions<br />7.15 Table of vortices of the calculated leptons and mesons<br />compared with measurement values (Part 1).<br />proof 163<br />7.l5 Pions<br />Unlike the leptons, which we could derive and calculate fairly completely, the mesons<br />don't have a half-integer spin. With this characteristic property they therefore can't<br />represent an individually overlapped elementary particle and they probably will consist of<br />the amassing in pairs of individual configurations of potential vortices. This kind of bond<br />can't be particularly tight. Consequently we don't know any stable mesons.<br />The most important basic building part of the mesons we have got to know over the<br />positronium in fig. 7.3. It necessarily has to amass to another particle, otherwise it<br />annihilates under emission of a -quanta, as already mentioned. This particle, as it will<br />be named here, has the mass of:<br />(7.19)<br />which only can be determined arithmetically. As a partner, to which the -particle can<br />amass, first of all another -particle should be considered. Because both partner will<br />rotate against one another, this new particle would not have a spin and moreover would be<br />uncharged. The mass now would be twice as big with:<br />(7.19*)<br />But the two -particles will come very close together and mutually feel the local, in the<br />same direction orientated, distribution of the field, which will lead to a weakening of the<br />field and as a consequence to a slight reduction of the mass.<br />With these properties it probably concerns the uncharged pion This model concept<br />finds an excellent confirmation in the two possible kinds of decay, which can be regarded<br />as equivalent:<br />with a probability of 99%<br />and<br />with a probability of 1%<br />Also in the case of the charged pion the observable decay offers a big help, which will<br />take place with a frequency of almost 100 %:<br />The equation doesn't state anything about the fact, if a neutrino ve is used in the process.<br />But it points at the circumstance that the partner of the -particle for the most likely is<br />a myon The mass will be smaller than the sum of both building parts:<br />(204+136) * me = 340 * me.<br />164 table of vortices of the mesons<br />Some compound configurations<br />Fig. 7.16: Table of vortices of the calculated leptons and<br />mesons compared with measurement values (Part 2).<br />proof 165<br />7.16 Table of vortices of the mesons<br />The numerous kinds of decay for K-mesons suggest that these strange particles will<br />consist of various combinations of amassed together and in pairs rotating and<br />particles. The possibilities of combination now already have increased in such a way that<br />for every kaon and other mesons several solutions can be proposed. To avoid unfounded<br />speculations, only a few clues will be given.<br />Besides the -particles also heavier arrangements should be considered as partner for the<br />spin and as a building part for kaons and other mesons.<br />If for instance a is overlapped by a then this particle has an arithmetically<br />determined mass of 918 me. It therefore can concern a building part of the uncharged kaon<br />The likewise with three formed configuration of 6 shells however, if it actually would<br />staystable for the duration of a measurement, would have the mass of 3672 electron<br />masses<i>.<br />A very much better detectability must be attributed to the configuration of 4 shells which<br />consists of two so to speak a heavy relative of the and the It among others should<br />be able to decay like a With this property and with an arithmetically determined mass<br />of 1088 me it actually only can concern the meson. Solely according to the numeric<br />value the -meson could also consist of four mesons; but the decay in only two light<br />quants speaks against it.<br />The kaon-puzzle in addition is made more difficult by the spontaneously possible ability<br />to change of the involved -particles during a process of decay, as is made clear by the<br />numerous kinds of decay. These dependent pion halves can be "swallowed" or "spit out"<br />by neutrinos in the process, they can form from incident light or be emitted as photons and<br />eventually they even can break up in their individual parts.<br />In fig. 7.16 the possible configurations of potential vortices are sketched and the<br />respective, according to the new theory calculated, mass is given. If above that the other<br />decay products and quantum properties, which can be given for the vortex structures, are<br />added, like e.g. charge, spin and if need be magnetic moment, then an assignment without<br />doubts to the until now only from measurements known elementary particles is possible.<br />In order to better be able to assess the efficiency of the potential vortex theory, the<br />measurement values are compared to the calculated values.<br />Some terms are put in brackets, because it can be assumed that the calculated part only<br />concerns the dominating part, to which further or other small configurations of vortices<br />will amass for reason of its high mass. Correspondingly should the mass in that case be<br />corrected slightly.<br /><i>: It could e.g. concern the D°-meson.<br />166 table of vortices of the Baryons<br />Fig. 7.17: Table of vortices used for the calculation of the<br />most<br />important barvons with suggestions for the structure<br />(Part 3).<br />proof 167<br />7.17 Table of vortices of the baryons<br />The number of possibilities of combination quickly increases, if only a few elementary<br />vortices extend the structure of a particle. This probably is the reason for the large number<br />of observable hyperons, which recently have been produced artificially and observed with<br />the help of particle accelerators.<br />Both the neutron and the lambda particle can exist in a lighter and a heavier variant. At the<br />moment of the decay, as it for instance is observed in a bubble chamber, according to<br />expectation the state with the smaller mass takes the bigger probability. But in the<br />amassing with further particles as building part of bigger and heavier hyperons the heavier<br />structure is more likely. This circumstance should be considered in calculating the mass of<br />the hyperons.<br />In figures 7.17 and 7.18 the most important baryons are listed, which are characterised in<br />the way that one of the amassed together packets of vortices is a nucleon, thus a proton or<br />a neutron.<br />The given, from measurements known, kinds of decay are able to confirm the inner<br />structure pretty good. Of course an infinitely lot of combinations are conceivable and<br />numerous predictions are possible. But speculations are unnecessary from the time on<br />where we are able to calculate the particles!<br />The restriction to the few in the table listed particles seeming to be important hence<br />doesn't limit the universal importance of the theory of objectivity in any way!<br />168 unified theory<br />Fig. 7.18: Table of vortices used for the calculation of the<br />most<br />important baryons with suggestions for the structure<br />(Part 4).Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-74743406548631525182007-09-05T18:06:00.000+01:002007-09-05T18:12:08.856+01:006.Theory of objectivity ,first telsa physics infomation for engineers6.1 Proof<br />A new theory only has chances on acknowledgment if it is provable. For that physical<br />phenomena in the sense of the new theory are calculated and independently of this<br />experiments are being carried out. If the calculations are confirmed by reproducible<br />measurement results, then with that the correctness of the approach is proven.<br />In the here presented case we have chosen the field-theoretical approach instead of the<br />usual quantum physical approach. As a consequence of this we had found as a new<br />phenomenon the vortex of the electric field. With regard to the normally used Maxwell<br />theory this resulted in changed field equations in a dual formulation. If both equations,<br />each of which describes a source-free vortex field, are inserted into each other the result is<br />an only in time and space formulated, generally valid and hence fundamental field<br />equation (5.7, fig. 5.1).<br />This equation has many special cases; one of them, the Schrodinger equation, could be<br />derived by using an approach which was harmonic in time. We renounced to give special<br />solutions of the Schrodinger equation, because these are printed in numerous text books.<br />On the other hand experiments are known, which are capable to confirm the theoretical<br />solutions and thus to prove the Schrodinger equation. The eigenvalues of the equation<br />describe for instance the shell-shaped structure of the atoms with the by Niels Bohr given<br />radii.<br />Now this already proven equation was derived from the new field-theoretical approach.<br />Thus for the special case, the area where the Schrodinger equation is valid, the new theory<br />can be said to be proven (fig. 6.1).<br />We still are not content with that and put another stone on top: we will calculate the<br />quantum properties of the elementary particles for ourselves. These until now have only<br />been measured. Today is merely sought for symmetries and for models of explanation, like<br />e.g. the quark-hypothesis. From a calculation science is miles and miles away. We will<br />compare the calculation results with the measurement values. Then everyone can check<br />and compare for him or herself.<br />The conditions in an elementary particle are completely different. Here it concerns the<br />vortex itself, whereas the model of the atom merely describes vortex properties, so-called<br />actions at a distance. The differences in size and distances for an atom lie more than five<br />powers of ten over those of a particle!<br />Here a new problem of causality comes to light, at which we now must have a critical<br />look: the question of the by Einstein postulated constancy and universality of the speed of<br />light. Seen from a relativistic and subjective point of view of an observer, Einstein by all<br />means may be right. But may such a theory be generalized? How are the measurements<br />concerning the speed of light and the relativity of space and time to be judged when<br />looking at them objectively?<br />The current measurements of speeds faster than light speak a clear language and represent<br />a challenge (fig. 3.1, violation of the principle of causality no. 5).<br /><br />6.2 Law of conservation of energy<br />Let the starting-point for our considerations be the electromagnetic wave in a particle-free<br />vacuum. Here no vortices appear, so that the plane wave can propagate undamped with the<br />speed of light, and in this way a transport of energy takes place. Electric and magnetic<br />energy each are the same magnitude.<br />Let's now imagine the symmetry is disturbed as the wave is "slowed down" on one side.<br />As a possible result the wave rolls up to a spherical vortex.<br />As we will see such a process is possible, for instance at impact on a strong field. Thus<br />part of the energy is bound in the inside. This part from now on withdraws itself from<br />every possibility to measure it. We can only measure the second part of the field energy,<br />with which the particle interacts with its neighbourhood.<br />We c an assume that: _______________________________________________________<br />The amount of energy bound in the inside of the particle is identical with the free and<br />measurable amount of energy on the outside of the particle.<br />The same energy We = 0,51 MeV, we attribute to the electron for reason of its mass with<br />the help of the Einstein relation (6.1), is also bound in its inside. This conclusion is also<br />applicable to other elementary particles and with that to all matter.<br />We here again recognize the principle of the duality between the to the outside striving<br />eddy current in the inside of the elementary vortex and the concentrating potential vortex<br />on the outside. Thus also seen energetically both are of the same magnitude.<br />Whereas in the case of the electromagnetic wave it concerns a symmetrical oscillation<br />around "zero", by the process of quantization, by the rolling up to a spherical vortex, there<br />forms an energetic state of space different from zero. The order of magnitude is<br />determined by the number of elementary vortices, of which the particles and all matter<br />consist.<br />Anti-matter forms the opposite energetic state and this again is for the particles of matter<br />available in their inside in a bound form.<br />As long as we do not artificially produce new elementary vortices and thus keep the<br />number of available vortices constant, the energetic state will not change, or as it is<br />formulated in text books: _____________________________________________________<br />In an isolated system the sum of the energy is constant.<br />THE law of conservation of energy is not an axiom, but follows without compulsion from<br />the vortex theory. It is not elementary, but a consistently derivable consequence of the<br />field-theoretical approach, according to which solely the field acts as cause for all other<br />physical phenomena, also for the conservation of energy! Because the cause of it is the<br />electromagnetic field, the following has to hold: ______________________________<br />Energy is a state description of electromagnetism.<br />Now we finally can explain why energy can be converted. Different forms of energy only<br />are different forms of formation of the same phenomenon!<br />Of course this statement of the field-theoretical approach does not yet explain what, for<br />instance, the temperature has to do with electromagnetism. I ask for some patience; no<br />question will be left unanswered.<br /><br />6.3 Radius of the electron<br />For the crucial process, in which the electromagnetic wave rolls up to a vortex, it is for<br />reasons of continuity to be expected that the velocity of propagation remains equal that<br />thus for the vortex oscillation exactly like for the electromagnetic wave the speed of light<br />is determining. The direction of propagation in the case of the vortex takes place<br />perpcndicular to the in fig. 6.2 shown field direction of the electric field strength. Not even<br />in that both field-phenomena differ.<br />Summarizing: the propagation takes place with the speed of light c along a circular path<br />with the perimeter Therefore holds:<br />(6.2)<br />According to this equation the radius and with that the size of the electron is determined<br />by the speed of light. Therefore the question of the size of the electron is raised.<br />The energy interpretation predicts that for the theoretical case of a change of size the<br />energy density in the inside of the particle is influenced that however the quantity of the<br />included energy remains unchanged. We therefore can further proceed from the<br />assumption that the bound amount of energy is independent of the size of the particle!<br />Consequently for the elementary quantum the energy We = 0,51 MeV is assumed, which it<br />has acccording to the Einstein relation We = mec2. For the electron of mass me the with<br />measuring techniques determined value is inserted.<br />The spherical electrode of a spherical capacitor with the above given energy We<br />(according to eq. 6.1) and the capacity Ce (according to equation 6.4, fig. 6.3) represents a<br />very realistic model of the negatively charged particle.<br />In this manner the classical radius of the electron is calculated to be<i>: re = 2,82*10 -15 m.<br />But in the case of Kuchling it only is half this size<ii>, what according to equation 6.2<br />would mean that in the case of Kuchling the light would be on the way only half this<br />fast <iii>. Therefore if one is careful, one prefers to be silent concerning this delicate theme<br />and if one is honest, one admits not to know anything exact.<br />Not only the electron but also all the other elementary particles are according to the fieldtheoretical<br />approach formed from concentrated potential vortices. For these equation 6.2<br />hence has to hold in the same manner, so that more generalized we can conclude:<br />The speed of light determines the size of the elementary particles.<br />This statement is incompatible with the assumption of a constant speed of light! Because<br />then all elementary particles would have identical size. As is known, however, are the<br />building parts of the atomic nucleus, the protons and neutrons very much smaller than<br />individual electrons. The constancy of the speed of light is to be questioned.<br />This question is of such an elementary importance that we are not content with these<br />considerations and in addition undertake a mathematical derivation in the sense of the<br />field approach.<br /><br />6.4 The Maxwell field equations<br />The laws of transformation of the electromagnetic field shall form the starting-point for<br />the coming up considerations. To exclude any doubts with regard to the interpretation, the<br />equations will be derived from the Maxwell laws under the assumption that no sources or<br />charge carriers are present (fig. 3.2 and 3.3) and as a consequence no current density (j =<br />0) is to be expected.<br />This corresponds to the vanishing of the time independent terms, which consequently are<br />responsible for the occurring of force effects like e.g. the Lorentz force. Only at the end of<br />this derivation we can understand the sense of this assumption (with = 0 and = 0).<br />The procedure at first corresponds to that of fig. 5.1. Here the fundamental field equation<br />had been derived from Faraday's law of induction and Ampere's law. With the<br />assumptions made this time the in fig. 5.2 treated undamped wave equation is left (5.9,<br />here 5.9*). Whom the derivation is still present can go in at this point.<br />In a sufficiently great distance from the source we are dealing with a plane wave, in which<br />the field factors only depend on the direction of propagation x. The Hertz' wave is a<br />transverse wave, in which the field pointers oscillate perpendicular to the direction of<br />propagation and in addition stand perpendicular to each other:<br />The curl, applied to the electric field pointer, itself points in the y-direction:<br />rot E = - dE/dx . This for the transverse wave carried out curl operation is now<br />compared with Faraday's law of induction (5.4):<br />rot E = -dE/dx = - dB/dt (6.9)<br />The relation won in a mathematical way, with the speed fixed by (6.8), reads:<br />dE = (dx/dt) • dB = v * dB (6.9*)<br />The result of this derivation at first only is valid for the introduced simplification, for<br />instance for the case of the transverse electromagnetic wave. Better known is apart from<br />that the generalized formulation, which among others by G. Bosse<i> is called law of<br />transformation.<br />(6.10)<br />With Ampere's law (5.1) we now should proceed in an analogous manner. The result is:<br />(6.10*)<br />This equation 6.10* is given among others by Simonyi<ii>. Now that we know, under<br />which circumstances these equations of transformation can be derived from the Maxwell<br />equations, the actual work can start.<br /><<br /><br />6.5 Equations of transformation<br />As a consequence of the in fig. 6.5 again written down laws of transformation of the<br />electromagnetic field (6.10 and 6.10*) magnetic phenomena can be traced back to electric<br />phenomena and vice versa. The mathematical formulation reveals us the two sides of the<br />same medal and points to a perfect duality between both fields and their factors of<br />description.<br />Because a way exists, as is shown here, in which the equations of transformation can be<br />derived from the Maxwell field equations, the same generally valid and extensive<br />importance should be attributed to them. They can with the same right be called the<br />foundation of electromagnetism. Wherein does lie its message for physics, the always<br />curious researcher will ask? For that the relations of material 3.5 and 3.6 are completed:<br />(6.10) und . (6.10*)<br />The here presented equations state, that we measure an electric field strength E, if we are<br />moving with regard to a magnetic field H with the speed v and vice versa.<br />The electric and the magnetic field therefore prove to be an experience of the observing<br />person and we can say:<br />We experience the magnetic field as electric field and the electric field<br />as magnetic field simply and solely for reason of the relative motion!________<br />Let's assume, v is the component of the relative velocity (6.8), which stands perpendicular<br />to the area defined by the field pointers (6.8*), then the equations of transformation (6.9*<br />with 3.5) now read:<br />(6.11) and . (6.11*)<br />If we are moving with the velocity v in a basic field which is present with the field<br />strength E, then according to equation 6.11* we observe a magnetic field, which again<br />according to equation 6.11 is to be interpreted as an additional electric field Ez:<br />(6.12)<br />In duality equation 6.11 inserted into equation 6.11* provides for the magnetic field<br />strength a corresponding additional field Hz:<br />(6.12*)<br />W e obviously owe the measurable overlap fields in a laboratory simply and solely to the<br />relative velocity v with which the laboratory is moving. But now we must pay attention to<br />the fact that a terrestrial laboratory rotates along with the earth, that the earth orbits the sun<br />and the sun again rotates around the centre of the milky way. Eventually the whole milky<br />way is on the way in the cosmos with a galactic, for us hardly understandable speed. If we<br />further take into consideration that for every subsystem an additional field occurs as a<br />consequence of the relative motion with regard to the super ordinate system, then one<br />additonal field follows after the next and overlaps this one.<br />Let's imagine, the relative velocity could be reduced towards zero - and maybe we are<br />moving around such a cosmic point - then here no overlapping field would be measurable.<br /><br />6.6 Field overlap<br />Field vectors can be superpositioned. In this manner the additional field Ez resp. Hz which<br />depends on the velocity, according to equation 6.10, overlaps the respective basic field (E<br />resp. H) to produce the measurable overall field (E0 resp. Ho):<br />(6.13)<br />(6.13*)<br />In the result something surprising the factor (l-v2/c2) appears, which is well-known from<br />the special theory of relativity and for instance appears in the Lorentz contraction.<br />If we rewrite both equations for the characteristic factor and compare with the in a purely<br />mathematical way, over the Lorentz transformation, won length contraction<br />(1 - v2/c2) = (l/l0)2 , then it becomes clear that the Lorentz contraction physically seen<br />should have its cause in the changed field conditions which a with relativistic speed<br />moving body finds with regard to a resting body.<br />(6.14)<br />The equation is a compulsionless consequence of known physical laws. In this derivation<br />actually no new factor was introduced and nevertheless a completely new picture for the<br />natural scientific reality results<i>.<br />In our observer system, where the field Eo exists, a rule has its proper length l0. In another<br />system, which is moving with the speed v relative to the observer, as a consequence of the<br />here prevailing field E the corresponding rule has a length 1. In which relation the factors<br />stand to each other, is described by equation 6.14. Accordingly the following<br />proportionality holds:<br />and<br />(6.15)<br />If we are exterior to a very fast moving body with velocity v, we immediately can observe<br />how this body for reason of its relative velocity experiences the calculated additional field<br />and in this way experiences a length contraction. If the observer is moving along with the<br />body, then he purely subjective seen doesn't detect a length contraction, because he<br />himself and his entire measuring technique is subjected to the same length contraction.<br />From the axiomatic approach what would be, if the field, which itself only represents an<br />experience, would determine perceptible space and its dimensions, quickly a fundamental<br />realization can develop if the described experiences should coincide with real<br />observations.<br /><i> : Because in this point of view the subjective status of the observer is determining,<br />it is not completely impossible that there is an error in the interpretation of the<br />equations of transformation (6.10 and 6.10*). But because we started from the same<br />point of view of the observer for the derivation of the length contraction from the<br />Lorentz transformation, here the same error is to be expected. In putting both results<br />equal (6.14), a like constituted error on both sides will cancel out in any case and the<br />result stays above all doubts!<br />106 field dependent curvature of space<br />(Model):<br />Two particles of matter each in the field of the other particle.<br />Two elementary particles or two accumulations of matter<br />consisting of these are able to reduce the distance to each<br />other for reason of their fields, which we interpret as a<br />force of attraction.<br />B: (Example): The orbits of the planets in the field of the sun.<br />Fig. 6.7: The influence of the field on interactions.<br />theory of objectivity 107<br />6.7 Field dependent curvature of space<br />Let's assume, an accumulation of matter, as big as our earth, wanted to fly past the sun in<br />the distance earth-sun. But it would not succeed. Because the fields arising from the sun<br />decreases with increasing distance and according to equation 6.15 as a consequence the<br />size of the particles of matter increases. The planet hence is more strongly contracted on<br />its side turned towards the sun, as on the turned away "night side". It bends towards the<br />sun and its flight path becomes a circular path around the sun. That is the interaction<br />known as gravitation!<br />To an earth inhabitant this curvature reveals itself merely in the observation that the<br />duration of sunshine at daytime is longer, than it would be expected to be under the<br />assumption of the earth as a homogeneous sphere. In this context one willingly speaks of a<br />curvature of space. Actually it is a curvature of matter under the influence of the field<br />dependent length contraction.<br />Exactly this contraction the planets owe their circular orbits around the sun and by no<br />means the equilibrium of forces between the force of attraction and the centrifugal force<br />(fig. 6.7 B). It obviously is a fundamental mistake to think that gravitation would causally<br />be connected with a force effect!<br />If, in this context, we speak of a force of attraction for the sake of our subjective<br />observation, then we must realize that it merely can concern an auxiliary term founded in<br />usefulness.<br />A thought experiment should bring us clarity (fig. 6.7 A). The field, which surrounds<br />every particle of matter, reaches till infinity but becomes less effective with increasing<br />distance. If the distance between two particles is 1, then one particle is in the field of the<br />other particle. As a consequence of the field the length 1 reduces and in this way the size<br />determining field increases, which again leads to a further reduction of length etc. As a<br />consequence it can be observed that both particles are moving towards each other. We<br />speak of a force of attraction, because we can't register the influence of the field with our<br />senses.<br />In this way the consistent result that we and our environment at daytime must be smaller<br />than in the night will as well remain hidden. We experience the effect only indirectly as<br />gravitational pull of the earth.<br />Because we don't see the cause of a subjectively observed force effect, for the<br />electromagnetic interaction, just as for the gravitation, the field dependency of the length<br />contraction will be responsible. Hence the following conclusion holds for both interactions<br />equally way.<br />Two elementary particles or two accumulations of matter consisting of these are able to<br />reduce the distance to each other for reason of their fields, which we interpret as a force<br />of attraction.<br />Now the question still is open, why gravitation only knows forces of attraction, whereas<br />the electromagnetic interaction also permits forces of repulsion and which are the causal<br />fields for each.<br /><br />6.8 Electromagnetic interaction<br />A convincing answer to the open question provides us the analysis of the course of the<br />field lines, on the one hand for charged particles and on the other hand for uncharged<br />particles, which do not participate in the electromagnetic interaction.<br />If at first we consider electrically charged particles, like e.g. electrons, protons or ions.<br />Then all in common is that the towards infinity running field lines of the electric field are<br />open. With this field the particle is able to interact with its environment. We measure a<br />charge and an electromagnetic force effect. In the case of unequal charges, as is wellknown,<br />a field amplification and attractive acting forces are observed whereas for equal<br />charges a field reduction results and repulsion is observed.<br />If we make a connection between the field conditions and the electromagnetic interaction<br />in the sense of the proportionality (6.15), then the particle in reality is able to influence the<br />distance to other particles merely with the help of its electric field. For unequal charges a<br />compression of field lines arises, in which one particle stays in the focussed field of the<br />other and vice versa. In this way a contraction of all lengths occurs and the observable<br />attraction happens (fig. 6.8 A).<br />For equal charges the opposite case is present, in which even a local field freedom can<br />occur (fig. 6.8 B). If the field tends towards zero on the dashed line, then the distance will<br />go to infinity (according to eq. 6.15). Consequently, the observable effect that both bodies<br />go away from each other, will reach to infinity.<br />Actually the electromagnetic interaction proves to be a result of the field dependent length<br />contraction.<br />The electromagnetic interaction of a particle is a result of the influence of the open field<br />lines arising from it on the dimensions of the space, in which it is.<br />It is important that the field lines are open, for which reason they are bent away from like<br />charges and are directed towards unlike charges. Subjectively seen we find out that as a<br />consequence of the field reduction repulsive force effects and as a consequence of the field<br />compression attractive acting force effects are observed (fig. 6.8).<br />The consequence of is every electric field is, as is well-known, a magnetic field standing<br />perpendicular on it. The field lines of the magnetic field run parallel to the surface of the<br />particle and have a closed course (fig. 6.9 A)!<br />Therefore no magnetic poles form, which would be measurable. Seen from the outside the<br />particle behaves neutral magnetically seen, because of the closed course of the field lines.<br />An artificial field reduction and as a consequence observable forces of repulsion, like in<br />the case of the electromagnetic interaction, hence in principle are impossible.<br />The effect of the magnetic field thus is limited to a geometrical manipulation of the<br />environment, namely the curvature of space, with which we have founded the<br />phenomenon of the attraction of masses and of the gravitation.<br />110 Gravitation<br />A: The open field lines of the E-field and the closed field lines of<br />the H-field of an electrically charged particle (e.g. e-)<br />B: The closed field lines of the E-field and H-field of an electrically<br />uncharged particle (e.g. of the neutron n°).<br />Gravitation is a result of the influence of the field lines with a closed<br />course running parallel to the surface of the particles on the<br />dimensions of the space, in which they are.<br />Fig. 6.9: The influence of the closed field lines of the H-field.<br />theory of objectivity __________________________________________________________111<br />6.9 Gravitation<br />For uncharged, neutral particles (neutron, atom, molecule etc.) both the magnetic and the<br />perpendicular on them standing electric field lines have a closed course. Now both run<br />parallel to the surface of the particle (fig. 6.9 B).<br />As is said, the density of field lines with a closed course can't be influenced from the<br />outside. If we approach a particle, the consequence of an increase of the density without<br />exception is a decrease of the linear measures and thus a larger force of attraction. For this<br />case of field lines with a closed course, for which in general it doesn't give a field<br />attenuation and no forces of repulsion, there holds:<br />Gravitation is a result of the influence of the field lines with a closed course running<br />parallel to the surface of the particles on the dimensions of the space, in which they are.<br />Both interactions logically have an infinite range. Both form a whole in the influence of<br />the fields on the size conditions.<br />It surely is of the greatest importance that for this derivation of the field dependency of the<br />Lorentz contraction from the known equations of transformation of the electromagnetic<br />field we could do completely without the introduction of new factors of description or<br />neglects.<br />Solely by consistent derivation and interpretation of the result the unification already has<br />suceeded and the electromagnetic interaction and the gravitation could, with the derived<br />field dependent Lorentz contraction, be traced back to a single basic phenomenon. Doing<br />so we have to pay attention to the fact that the observer is subjected to the same Lorentz<br />contraction as his measuring technique and therefore he can't see the field dependency at<br />all. Merely as being an exterior observer it in rare cases will be possible to him to see the<br />curvature of space in the presence of strong fields.<br />From this for an astronaut practical consequences result. If he namely would land on<br />Jupiter, he would think flat hills to be gigantic mountains, that small he would be! Vice<br />versa if he landed on the moon, high mountains would appear to be insignificant hills, not<br />because of wrong altitude readings of the terrestrial mission control and measurement<br />centre, but only because of his own body size. The astronauts of the Apollo missions were<br />not prepared for this circumstance and after their landing on the moon were completely<br />surprised, how little validity learned textbook physics has, hardly has one left the earth.<br />They have brought photographs with them which prove the Lorentz contraction to depend<br />on the field and therefore on gravitation.<br />The fact that force effects should arise from the interactions is an auxiliary concept and<br />auxiliary description of the observing person founded in pure usefulness. The Lorentz<br />force therefore shouldn't be regarded as cause anymore. It actually appears only as<br />property of the field factors. Seen this way it only would be consistent to do without space<br />charges and currents as a result of moving charges and to assume a source-free and<br />quanta-free field description (fig. 6.4: j = 0).<br />From an unified theory it is demanded that it besides the electromagnetic interaction and<br />the gravitation also is able to integrate the strong and the weak interaction. We will also<br />solve this problem.<br />112 Field dependent speed of light<br />Fig. 6.10: Diversion of the light by a strong gravitational field.<br />Speed of light of the wave: c = *f (6.16)<br />For the wavelength holds (because of eq. 6.15):<br />From equation (6.16) follows (with f = constant):<br />E ~ 1/c2 , H ~ 1/c2<br />The speed of light depends on the field!<br />(6.17)<br />theory of objectivity 113<br />6.10 Field dependent speed of light<br />But not only matter is bent towards a gravitational field. If we only think of the much cited<br />phenomenon that the ray of light of a star is diverted towards the sun, if it passes very<br />close to the sun on its way to us, like this has been observed for the first time during an<br />eclipse of the sun in 1919 (fig. 6.10).<br />Quite obviously the field of the sun also slows down the speed of light. On the side of the<br />ray of light which is turned towards the sun, the field is somewhat larger and the speed of<br />light correspondingly is slower than on the side which is turned away, and with that the<br />ray of light changes its direction in the observable manner. Exactly this relation willingly<br />is interpreted as a consequence of a curvature of space.<br />The extremely strong field of a black hole can divert the light down to a circular path, in<br />order to in this way catch and bind it. The light now orbits the black hole like planets the<br />sun.<br />At this point the open-minded reader already might have tapped the confirmation of the<br />proportionality 6.2 (c ~ r), which has been derived from the vortex model (fig. 6.2).<br />The sceptic is offered still another derivation: for the borderline case that the relative<br />velocity v tends towards the speed of light c (fig. 6.6), according to equation 6.13 the<br />measurable overall field Eo (and also Ho) will go to zero and equation 6.12, with Ez. = - E<br />(and Hz = - H), will again turn into the wave equation (5.9*) after double differentiation<br />(fig. 6.4).<br />The speed v = c so to speak forms the escape velocity, with which the electromagnetic<br />wave runs away from the cosmic field. Under these circumstances of course neither an<br />attraction of masses nor an electromagnetic interaction can be exerted on the wave.<br />If E0 goes to zero at the same time l0 tends to infinity (equation 6.15, fig. 6.6): i.e. the<br />wave spreads all through space. This result entirely corresponds to the observations and<br />experiences.<br />For the wave length and in the end for the velocity of propagation c only the self-field of<br />the wave E resp. H is responsible. Because of<br />(6.16)<br />and the proportionality from equation 6.15: (6.17*)<br />obtain the new relation:<br />(6.17)<br />If the speed of light in the presence of matter decreases, then we now also know why. It is<br />the field, which surrounds matter, that slows down the speed of light. Therefore a<br />gravitational field is able to divert a ray of light in the same manner as matter which flies<br />past. Finally moves the speed of light in the proportionality 6.17 to the place of the linear<br />measure (in 6.15).<br />But if the rule fails one will try to replace by an optical measurement arrangement. In this<br />manner the field dependency of the Lorentz contraction should be measurable; but it isn't!<br />114 universality of the speed of light<br />From the comparison of the derived proportionalities:<br />follows:<br />1 ~ c (6.18)<br />The speed of light is proportional to the measurement path.<br />The variable speed of light is being measured with itself.<br />The result at all events is a constant value.<br />The constancy of the speed of light is based on a measurement<br />which is faulty from the principle!<br />Because of c ~ r: physical length contraction<br />Fig. 6.11: Derivation of the length contraction<br />(field dependent Lorentz contraction)<br />theory of objectivity 115<br />6.11 Universality<br />Why can't the rule be replaced by an optical measurement arrangement? The crucial<br />indication provides the comparison of both derived proportionalities 6.15 and 6.17.<br />According to them holds the same field dependency for both the Lorentz contraction and<br />the speed of light:<br />or 1 ~ c (6.18)<br />If the rule has proved to be useless, then we will experience the same disaster if we<br />measure optically, i.e. with the speed of light.<br />Obviously both, the length 1 and the speed of light c as a length per unit of time, depend in<br />the same manner on the respective local field strength. On the one hand do both measuring<br />methods lead to the same result; but on the other hand will anything which can't be<br />measured with one method, neither be measured with the other method.<br />If now the speed of light is being measured optically, then the measurement path will be<br />proportional to the speed of light and as a result will the unknown factor be measured with<br />itself. The result of this measurement, which is faulty from the principle, at all events is a<br />constant value, because here two variables which stand in direct proportionality to each<br />other are related to each other.<br />Was the famous experiment of Michelson and Morley unnecessary, the result trivial? And<br />how does it stand about the postulate of the universality of the speed of light?<br />If we for that consider a cube (fig. 6.11). And we assume that the speed of light is a<br />vectorial quantity, which in our experiment is for instance in one direction twice as large,<br />as in the direction of the other two space axes. By means of the mentioned influence of the<br />speed of light on the spatial length is, as a consistent consequence, the cube along this<br />edge pulled apart to a cuboid. We however register this spatial body with our eyes, which<br />is with the speed of light and that has increased proportionally to the length of the edges,<br />for which reason we as subjective observer still see a cube in front of us and not a cuboid.<br />If we trust an apparent objective measurement more than our sense organ and measure the<br />three lengths of the edges of the cuboid again with a rule then we get three times the same<br />length, which is a cube.<br />We probably are dealing with an optical deception using the true meaning of the word.<br />If the by Einstein postulated universality and constancy of the speed of light in reality<br />doesn't exist at all, we in no way would be capable to register this; neither to observe nor<br />to measure it!<br />The Galilean theorem of the addition of speeds objectively seen still is valid, even if the<br />fact that the speed of light apparently is independent of the speed of the source pretends us<br />the opposite.<br />If for instance a light source is moved towards a receiving device or away from it, then the<br />speeds will overlap, like for the passenger, who marches in a driving train against or in the<br />driving direction through the corridor. For the ray of light also the fields, which influence<br />the speed of light and the measurement equipment, overlap. As a consequence will a<br />measuring technician, who himself is exposed to this overlapping field, always observe<br />and "measure" the identical speed of light. The observer as a result imagines, there is an<br />universality of the speed of light.<br />116 aether<br />The field takes over the function of the aether.<br />Fig. 6.12: Experiment of Michelson and Morley to<br />detect an aetherwind<i><br /><i>: A.P.French: Special Relativity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1966.<br /><ii>: Nikola Tesla: "This is the same as writing a business letter and forgetting the<br />subject you wish to write about". To Einstein's Theories, Rare Book and<br />Manuscript Library, Columbia University, 15.4.1932.<br /><iii>: Einstein proceeds in the same manner with the time dilatation, by assuming<br />a time constant by definition for the derivation to present at the end of his<br />derivation a variable time. And with that he presents a result which<br />contradicts his approach completely.<br />theory of objectivity 117<br />6.12 Aether<br />Important experiments like the one of Doppler concerning the redshift or the one of<br />Bradley concerning the aberration of the stars show only to clear, where the influence of<br />the speed of light subjectively still is perceptible, or for laboratory experiments like the<br />one of Michelson and Morley, where the influence isn't perceptible anymore, because the<br />length of the interferometers always changes proportionally to the speed of light.<br />The look in the stars at the same time is a look in cosmic areas, where completely other<br />field conditions prevail and as a consequence completely other values for the speed of<br />light and for the dimensions of space are present. The mentioned observations suggest that<br />we together with our measuring station are moving through the cosmos and therefore a<br />relative velocity has to be present with regard to an aether which determines the respective<br />speed of light.<br />If we however constrict our range of vision and retire in a laboratory, then we no longer<br />are capable to observe the influence of the field on the speed of light. The experiments of<br />Michelson which Maxwell had prompted to and which Morley with a higher precision had<br />repeated with the goal, to detect the aether, inevitably had to turn out negatively. The<br />laboratory experiments resulted in the misleading picture, as if the earth was resting in the<br />aether.<br />The not understood measurements will suggest any observer, he forms the centre of the<br />universe and everything rotates around him, entirely in the sense of the Ptolemean view of<br />life, which, although long ago abolished, here belated has experienced support.<br />With a Swabia caper Albert Einstein has prevented a relapse into the dark Middle Ages<br />and removed the open contradiction in the question of the aether, which once is measured<br />as moving and another time as resting, by without further ado abolishing the aether. With<br />that he undoubtedly has solved a central problem of physics and at the same time created a<br />new one. As is known does the speed of light have a certain value, and therefore the<br />question is raised, what determines is size. Exactly for this purpose a luminiferous aether<br />had been introduced, however it is constituted.<br />Scientifically it does make little sense, to make an assumption, if at the end of the<br />derivation the prerequisite is deleted without substitute. In such a case either in the<br />approach or in the derivation is a principal error*1"*. Nikola Tesla comments on the<br />working method of Einstein with the applicable comparison, as if Einstein had, while he<br />was writing a business letter, forgotten completely the subject he wanted to write about<br />(fig. 6.12<ii>).<br />The answer, which removes all contradictions and is entirely in accord with all<br />observations and measurements, is obvious. Naturally a luminiferous aether exists, which<br />determines the velocity of propagation and of course it by no means is bound to the<br />observer.<br />As has been derived in figures 6.5 and 6.6, will for a relative velocity v arise a field, which<br />according to proportionality 6.17 determines the speed of light. With that we have derived<br />completely.<br />The field takes over the function of the aether.<br />The equations 6.10 also answer the question, why no aetherwind is being observed,<br />although such a wind actually is present: we experience, as we have discovered, an E-field<br />with ,,head wind" as a resting H-field and vice versa and therefore we aren't capable to<br />detect the head wind in the aether!<br />118 spin and tunnel effect<br />Key questions of quantum physics (fig. 4.4 + continuation):<br />IV. Why do the particles have the form of spheres?<br />(with increasing E-field decreases c)<br />VIII. Why is the elementary quantum localized?<br />(in the vortex centre: c = 0, see figures 4.3 and 6.2)<br />IX. Why do the elementary particles have a spin?<br />(spherical form demands field compensation)<br />X. Why is the magnitude of the spin quantized?<br />(cosmic basic field determines the need of Ez)<br />XI. Why can speeds faster than light occur in a<br />tunnel? ___________________________________<br />(a reduction of the cosmic basic field can only be realized<br />locally in a tunnel)<br />to XI:<br />Fig. 6.13: Consequences concerning the field<br />dependency of the speed of light: spin effect and tunnel effect<br /><i,ii><br /><i>: Nimtz,G.: Instantanes Tunneln, Tunnelexperimente mit elektromagnetischen<br />Wellen, Phys.B1.49, VCH Weinheim (1993) Nr.12, S. 1119-1120<*><br /><ii>: Thoma, P., Weiland.T.: Wie real ist das Instantane Tunneln? Phys.Bl.50, VCH<br />Weinheim (1994) Nr.4, S. 359-361<*><br /><*>: The measurement results are in accord with the theory of objectivity, not<br />however the contradictory attempts to interpret them <i> and <ii> et al.<br />theory of objectivity 119<br />6.13 Spin and tunnel effect<br />Only with the field dependency of the speed of light (6.17) we can understand, why the<br />elementary quanta can form as spheres, like is drawn in the figs 4.3 and 6.2. In the centre<br />the field lines run together, i.e. the field increases and the speed of light decreases. Only<br />in this way it will be possible for the vortex oscillation to everywhere occur with the speed<br />of light, even in the inside of the particle! In the centre of the vortex particle the field in<br />theory will become infinitely large and the speed of light zero. This circumstance again is<br />the foundation why the elementary particles are localized and it answers key question<br />VIII of quantum physics. The absence of a speed after all is the characteristic of an<br />immobile thing.<br />The field dependency of the speed of light answers also further basic and up to today<br />unanswered key questions of quantum physics, like why the elementary particles have a<br />spin (IX) and why the magnitude of the spin is quantized (X).<br />A vortex particle after all does not exist alone in the world, but it is in the field of other<br />particles. We can call this the cosmic basic field (E resp. H). This basic field overlaps the<br />self-field and takes effect the strongest in the area of the spherical shell, where the selffield<br />is correspondingly small. In order to keep the form of a sphere, this influence of the<br />basic field has to be compensated. The additional field (Ez resp. Hz according to eq. 6.12)<br />necessary for the compensation is produced by the particle, by rotating in a spiral around<br />itself with a speed v which increases towards the outside of the spherical shell. Therefore<br />does the elementary particles have a spin. The electron spin is therefore determined by the<br />cosmic basic field.<br />Another effect of the field dependent speed of light is the tunnel effect. As an example we<br />consider the two differently charged particles shown in fig. 6.8 A. The open, outside of the<br />particles running, field lines of the electric field are predominantly bent towards the each<br />time oppositely charged particle. If another particle wants to pass between the two, then it<br />gets into an area of increased field strength. As a consequence it will be slowed down,<br />because here a smaller speed of light is present.<br />Water molecules show with their polar nature exactly this property. Water has a remarkably<br />high dielectricity e and slows down the speed of light correspondingly according to<br />equation 5.6 ( = 1/c2). The refraction of light at the water surface is an observable result<br />of the reduced speed of light in the presence of matter.<br />If we now examine the case in which the two particles have the same charge as is shown<br />in fig. 6.8 B (and fig. 6.13 belonging to XI). The field lines repel each other, so that<br />exactly in between the two particles a field free area forms, in which the speed of light<br />goes to infinity! This area acts like a tunnel. If we send through a particle exactly here,<br />then purely theoretically seen it won't need any time to run through the tunnel, and for a<br />short time the signal becomes infinitely fast.<br />If a particle hits only slightly besides the tunnel, then it will one-sidedly be slowed down<br />and diverted by the respective field. We call this process reflection or scattering. Only the<br />few particles, which exactly hit the tunnel, arrive behind the hurdle and in the ideal case<br />even almost without loss of time!<br />The current measurements of speeds faster than light demonstrate in a convincing manner<br />the superiority of the field-theoretical approach with regard to the nowadays normally<br />used quantum physical approach.<br /><br />6 . 1 4 Interpretation of the measured speed faster than light<br />Now the attempt can be undertaken, to interpret the spectacular experiments, in which a<br />speed faster than light has been measured. It is reported<i> that in experiments with<br />photons at the University of California in Berkeley on an average a speed of 1.7 times the<br />speed of light has been measured by Prof. Raymond Chiao and his co-workers. At the<br />Technical University of Vienna Prof. Dr. Ferenc Krausz already has obtained 2.4 times<br />the, according to Einstein at maximum obtainable, speed of light with tunnelling laser<br />light.<br />The first measurements of speeds faster than light have been carried out with microwaves<br />at the University of Cologne<ii> by Prof. Dr. Gunter Nimtz and co-workers. They at first<br />had published the measurement of a speed 2.5 times the speed of light. In the meantime<br />they even have transmitted a symphony of Mozart with a speed almost 10 times the speed<br />of light and with that have contradicted Einstein's hypothesis, according to which the<br />speed of light in vacuum would be the highest possible speed for the transmission of<br />signals. The different experiments only resemble each other in the point that the particles<br />have to tunnel, because one has put a barrier in their way. This "tunnelling" apparently is<br />the cause for obtaining speeds faster than light. With the prevailing physical view of life<br />these measurement results are incompatible.<br />In the measurement set up in Cologne the microwaves are sent through a wave guide,<br />which they pass with the speed of light. If a parts with narrowed cross-section is inserted,<br />where the microwaves actually don't fit through at all, then the signal gets damped<br />strongly. Now however arrives nevertheless a small part of the signal at the other end of<br />the wire, but much faster than allowed, namely with the measurable speed faster than<br />light.<br />The answer of the here presented potential vortex theory reads as follows: the waves<br />picked up by the wave guide run up to the entry of the tunnel, in order to find out that they<br />don't fit through. They are reflected or absorbed. A small part however rolls up to<br />potential vortices and these fit through the tunnel. They however have to be compressed<br />additionally. In the derivation of the photon (fig. 4.5 and 4.6) we had seen that the inner<br />vortex always is faster than the bigger one, through which it slips through. The<br />compression therefore causes an increase in speed. In flow dynamics is known an analogy:<br />the Venturi-tube. The flow-technical potential vortices also confirm exactly this property.<br />One can as well start with the Lorentz contraction (fig. 6.6, eq. 6.14*). This states that a<br />particle moving with a higher speed actually becomes smaller and not only appears to be<br />smaller as an optical deception of the observer. Because only smaller particles fit through<br />the tunnel, the particles, measurable at the other end, must be correspondingly faster: quod<br />erat demonstrandum. In the same manner also the experiments of Berkeley can be<br />explained physically, because here is worked with photons from the start<i>. With that the<br />process of rolling up the wave can be left out. The tunnel lets pass only compressed and<br />therefore faster light particles.<br /><br />6.15 Definition of the speed of light<br />If a light signal propagates in space, then as a consequence of the velocity of propagation<br />c, it at a certain point in time t is in a distance r of the light source:<br />r = c * t (6.19)<br />S h o u l d the speed of light become smaller for instance by then the light signal<br />obviously has covered a distance less by Ar or the time interval has changed by<br />(6.20)<br />This equation describes purely mathematically the most general case which can be<br />assumed. By writing out the multiplication and subtraction of equation 6.18 the change in<br />distance considered for itself is:<br />(6.21)<br />The answer of mathematics is that the change in distance can have its cause in a change in<br />time, in a change of speed or in both. We now want to turn to the physical interpretation<br />and have a closer look at the two possibilities, in which either c or t is to be taken constant<br />(see fig. 6.16).<br />In the first case the speed of light c is constant and as a consequence the change = zero.<br />The mathematical formulation (according to eq. 6.21) therefore reads:<br />case 1:<br />(relativity) (6.22)<br />If in this conception world a change in distance is observed, for instance the Lorentz<br />contraction, then in order to save this relation inevitably a change in time, for instance a<br />time dilatation, has to make the compensation. Einstein in an applicable manner speaks of<br />relativity, because according to his opinion in the case of both variables, the length<br />contraction and the time dilatation, it only concerns observed changes.<br />For the time dilatation experiments are given. But for the measurement of time always<br />only atomic clocks are available and their speed of running of course could also be<br />influenced by the Lorentz contraction. In any case it can't be claimed the time dilatation is<br />proven experimentally as long as we do not know the mechanisms of decay of atoms.<br />Otherwise the statements of the theory of relativity are familiar to us, for which reason<br />further remarks seem unnecessary.<br />In the second case the time t is constant and consequently the change At = zero. At a closer<br />look this case is much more obvious, since why should time change. After all time has<br />been stipulated by definition.<br />After all, we are the ones who tell, what simultaneity is!<br />The mathematical formulation for this case reads (eq. 6.21 with = 0):<br />case 2:<br />(objectivity) (6.23)<br />This equation does open up for us an until now completely unknown and fundamentally<br />other way of looking at the physical reality.<br />124 relativity and objectivity<br />Fig. 6.16: Theory of relativity and theory of objectivity,<br />derivation and comparison.<br />theory of objectivity 125<br />6.16 Relativity and objectivity<br />New to the second case (equation 6.23) is particularly the proportionality contained in it:<br />(6.25 = 6.2)<br />But to us it is not new, because we have derived the same proportionality from the model<br />conept (equation 6.2, fig. 6.2), in which the elementary particles are understood as<br />spherical vortices.<br />Equantion 6.25 unconcealed brings to knowledge that any change of the speed of light c<br />[m/s] in the same way leads to a change of the radius r [m], the distance between two<br />points in space or even the length of an object, e.g. a rule. Such a rule after all consists of<br />nothing but spherical atoms and elementary particles and for their radius r again the<br />proportionality 6.25 holds. Therefore it is to be set:<br />r ~ 1 (6.26)<br />and taken both together we already had derived as equation 6.18 (fig. 6.11) from the field<br />dependency. Here the vortex model as well finds a confirmation of its correctness, as in<br />the derivation from the equations of transformation of the electromagnetic field. Because<br />all three, the derivation according to the model, the physical and the mathematical<br />derivation, lead to the same result, this second case should be called "objective".<br />With that the first case, which describes the subjective perception of an observer, is not<br />supposed to be devaluated. It contains the definition of reality, according to which only is<br />real what also is perceptible. The theory of relativity of Poincare and Einstein is based on<br />this definition.<br />With the second case, the case with a variable speed of light, we however get serious<br />problems, since we observe with our eyes, and that works with the speed of light. If that<br />changes, we can't see it, as already said. If we could see it, then "reality" would have a<br />completely different face and we surely would have great difficulties, to find our way<br />around. In this "objective world" neither electromagnetic interactions nor gravitation<br />would exist, so no force effects at all. Because all distances and linear measures depend on<br />the speed of light, everything would look like in a distortion mirror.<br />The concept of an "objective world" at first has not a practical, but rather a theoretical and<br />mathematical sense. The distinction between an observation domain and a model domain<br />is founded in pure usefulness.<br />The observation domain should correspond to case 1 and the model domain to case 2. The<br />mathematical derivation tells us, how we can mediate between both domains (equation<br />6.21): This mediation amounts to a transformation, which provides us the instruction, how<br />a transition from the observation into a not perceptible model concept, from the relativity<br />into an objectivity has to.<br />126 transformation<br />Fig. 6.17: Model-transformation between<br />theory of relativity and theory of objectivity.<br />theory of objectivity 127<br />6. 17 Transformation<br />The observation domain is, as the name already expresses, perceptible (observable) with<br />the help of our sense organs and measurable with corresponding apparatus. The special<br />theory of relativity for the most part provides us the mathematics needed for that. And in<br />that is assumed a constant speed of light. Because a length contraction is being observed<br />and can be measured, a time dilatation must arise as a consequence. Such is the consistent<br />statement of this theory. Because we already could make us clear that it concerns a<br />subjective theory, of course caution is advisable if generalizations are being made, like the<br />one of the inductive conclusion of the length contraction on the time dilatation. We'll<br />come to speak about that in this chapter (fig. 6.20).<br />The model domain however is not observable to us and only accessible in a mathematical<br />manner. Here the time is a constant. On the other hand do the radii of the particles and all<br />other distances and linear measures stand in direct proportionality to the speed of light. If<br />that changes, then does that lead to a change in length. The length contraction occurs<br />physically, which means actually. We propose the name "theory of objectivity" for the<br />valid theory which is derivable with this prerequisite and independent of the point of view<br />of the observer.<br />The importance of this model domain and of the possible model calculations is founded in<br />the circumstance that many physical relations within our observation domain aren't<br />recognized by us and can't be mathematically derived. Besides is only all to often worked<br />with unallowed generalizations and with pure hypotheses. Such a thing does not even exist<br />in the model domain.<br />The model domain can be tapped over a transformation. For that we select an approach<br />x(r) in the to us accessible observation domain. This then is transformed into the model<br />domain by a calculation instruction M{x(r)}. Here we can calculate the sought-for relation<br />In the usual manner and transform back again the result according to the same calculation<br />instruction M-1{x(r)} but in the reversed direction. After being returned in our familiar<br />observation domain, the result can be compared and checked with measurement results<br />(fig. 6.17).<br />In this way we will derive, calculate and compare the quantum properties of the<br />elementary particles with the known measurement values. Here we remind you of the fact<br />that all attempts to calculate the quantum properties conventionally, without<br />transformation, until now have failed. Not even a systematization may succeed, if it<br />concerns for instance explanations for the order of magnitude of the mass of a particle.<br />A transformation at first is nothing more than an in usefulness founded mathematical<br />measure. But if a constant of nature, and as such the quantum properties of elementary<br />particles until now have to be seen, for the first time can be derived and calculated with a<br />transformation then this measure with that also gains its physical authorization.<br />We now stand for the question: how does the instruction of transformation M{x(r)} read,<br />with which we should transform the approach and all equations from the observation<br />domain into the model domain?<br />128 transformation table<br />Fig. 6.18: Transformation of the dependencies on radius<br />theory of objectivity 129<br />6.18 Transformation table<br />The attempt to write down at this point already a closed mathematical relation as instruction<br />of transformation, would be pure speculation. Such an instruction first must be<br />verified by means of numerous practical cases, i.e. be tested for its efficiency and<br />correctness. But we not even know the practical examples necessary for this purpose, if we<br />apply the transformation for the first time!<br />For his reason it unfortunately is not yet possible, to calculate absolute values in a direct<br />We have to be content to work with proportionalities and to carry out comparisons.<br />In fig. 6.18 the proportionalities are compared in the way, how they would have to be<br />transformed: on the left side, how they appear and can be observed in the view of the<br />special theory of relativity, and on the right side, how they can be represented and<br />calculated in the theory of objectivity.<br />The change, which here would have to be transformed, is the physical length contraction,<br />which is the change in length as it depends on the speed of light. For spherical symmetry<br />the length 1 becomes the radius r (eq. 6.26), of which is to be investigated the influence.<br />In the observation domain we had derived the proportionality (6.15 + 6.18):<br />E ~ 1/r2 and H ~ 1/r2.<br />The field of a point charge or of a spherical capacitor confirms this relation:<br />Because the speed of light in our observation is constant, also both constants of material<br />which are related to it (eq.5.6: = 1/c2), the dielectricity and the permeability are<br />to be taken constant.<br />With that the same proportionality as for the field strengths also holds for the induction B<br />and the dielectric displacement D:<br />B ~ 1/r2 and D ~ 1/r2.<br />In the model domain everything looks completely different. Here the radius and any length<br />stands in direct proportionality to the speed of light. In this way we get problems with our<br />usual system of units, the M-K-S-A-system (Meter-Kilogram-Second-Ampere). The basic<br />u n i t Meter [m] and as a consequence also the unit of mass Kilogram [kg = VAs3/m2]<br />appear here as variable. It would be advantageous, to introduce instead the Volt [V] as<br />basic unit.<br />But in any case does the dimension of a quantity show us, in which proportionality it<br />stands to the unit of length. This in the model domain then is authoritative! As an example<br />does the speed of light have the dimension Meter per Second. In the model domain there<br />consequently has to exist a proportionality to the length r [m].<br />The speed of light determines with equation 5.6 again the constants of material:<br />[Vs/Am] ~ 1/r and [As/Vm] ~ 1/r (6.28)<br />According to the model holds unchanged:<br />B [Vs/m2] ~ 1/r2 and D [As/m2] ~ 1/r2. (6.29)<br />But if we insert the proportionalities 6.28 and 6.29 into the equations of material 3.5 and<br />3.6, then holds for the field strengths:<br />H [A/m] ~ 1/r and E [V/m] ~ 1/r. (6.27)<br />Further dependencies of the radius can be read in the same manner either by inserting into<br />well-known laws or immediately from the dimension.<br /><br />6.19 Interpretation of the transformation table<br />The transformation should tell us, what we would see if the variable speed of light would<br />be observable to us. Doing so highly interesting results come out.<br />The energy density of a field is as is known . (6.37)<br />In the observation domain will, according to fig. 6.19, decrease the energy density w<br />proportional to 1/r4. Multiplied with the respective volume we obtain for the energy itself<br />the proportionality: W ~ 1/r . (6.38)<br />If we make use of the Einstein relation W = m • c2<br />with c = constant holds also for the mass m: m ~ 1/r . (6.39)<br />In this manner we finally find out, why the small nucleons (protons and neutrons) subjectively<br />seen are heavier than the very much larger electrons. As a consequence does a relativistic<br />particle experience the increase of mass (with the length contraction according to<br />equation 6.24*):<br />(6.40)<br />This result is experimentally secured. Our considerations therefore are entirely in accord<br />with the Lorentz-transformation. There at least is no reason to doubt the correctness.<br />In the model domain we with advantage assume a spherical symmetry. As easily can be<br />shown with equations 6.4 and 6.31, are the capacity and charge of a spherical capacitor<br />independent of the radius (6.30 and 6.32). In that case also the from both values calculable<br />energy (6.1) must be constant. We come to the same conclusion, if take we the above<br />equation 6.37 for the energy density of a field or if we carry out a verification of<br />dimensions:<br />W [VAs] = konst. . (6.33)<br />This simple result is the physical basis for the law of conservation of energy! With that<br />we have eliminated an axiom.<br />The result states that the energy stays the same, even if the radius, the distance or the<br />speed of an object should change. To the subjectively observing person it shows itself<br />merely in various forms of expression. Consequently is the energy, as is dictated by the<br />here presented field theory, formed by binding in the inside of the quanta the same amount<br />of energy but of the opposite sign. The amount of energy therefore is bound to the number<br />of the present particles, as we already had derived.<br />Under the assumption of a constant time (6.35) there results for the electric conductivity<br />by calculating backwards over the equation of the relaxation time (5.3), the<br />proportionality: (6.36)<br />(6.36)<br />Maybe the result surprises, because it can't be observed. Actually we know that the<br />(microscopically observed conductivity in reality only represents an approximated<br />averaged measure for the mobility of free charge carriers. In a particle-free vacuum<br />however this well-known interpretation doesn't make sense anymore. Hence it is<br />recommended, to only work with the relaxation time constants. Who nevertheless wants to<br />eontinue to work with as a pure factor of description, can do this. But he mustn't be<br />surprised, if in the model domain with decreasing radius the conductivity suddenly<br />increases. But this is necessary, because otherwise the elementary particles would<br />collapse. Only by the increase of the conductivity, which is produced by the spherical<br />vortex itself, will the expanding eddy current build up in the inside of the particles, which<br />counteract the from the outside concentrating potential vortex.<br />132 ________________________________________________________ Particle decay<br />Approach:<br />a.The particles don't decay by themselves, but only by a<br />corresponding disturbance from the outside.<br />b.The decay time is the statistical average in which such a disturbance<br />can occur and take effect.<br />c.The elementary particles consist of an integral and finite<br />number of elementary vortices, which can't decay anymore for<br />their part.<br />d.If the compound particles get into the disturbing range of<br />influence of high-frequency alternating fields, then they are<br />stimulated to violent oscillations and in that way can be torn<br />apart into individual parts.<br />e.As disturbing factor the high-frequency fields of flying past<br />neutrinos are considered primarily.<br />f. Authoritative for the threshold of decay and with that also for<br />the rate of decay is the distance, in which the neutrinos fly past<br />the particle.<br />g.The distance becomes the larger, the smaller the particle is. If<br />the particle thus experiences a relativistic length contraction,<br />then it will, statistically seen, to the same extent become more<br />stable!<br />That has nothing to do at all with time dilatationl<br />We are entitled to demand a simultaneity, after all we are the ones,<br />who tell what that is!<br />Fig. 6.20: Proposal for an interpretation of the particle decay<br /><i>: Walter Theimer: Die Relativitatstheorie, Seite 106,<br />Francke Verlag, Bern, 1977, ISBN 3-772O-126O-4<br />Theory of objectivity 133<br />6.20 Particle decay<br />We still have to get rid of a fundamental misunderstanding. It concerns the problem of the<br />time dilatation. Here the model domain doesn't give us any difficulty, because it dictates a<br />constant and therefore by us definable time. In the relativistic view however should in<br />moving systems clocks go wrong! But how does one want to explain a time dilatation<br />physically, if it merely represents a purely mathematical result of the actually taking place<br />length contraction on the one hand and the postulate of a constant speed of light on the<br />other hand?<br />Nobody has troubled more about the physical interpretation than Einstein himself. But he<br />had as less as we nowadays the possibility to verify the so-called phenomenon experimentally,<br />by accelerating a laboratory clock to values close to the speed of light.<br />Only atomic particles can, e.g. in accelerator systems, be brought on such high speeds and<br />then be observed for their properties. But also these experiments don't have any power of<br />proof, as long as we don't know the atomistic structure of the particles and there exists the<br />danger of misinterpretations.<br />So the slowing down of the rate of decay of instable. particles at high speeds willingly is<br />cited as "proof for time dilatation<i>. "The most cited example for the time dilatation is<br />the "long-living" meson. The is a charged particle, which exists only 2,2 * 10-6<br />seconds if it is observed in rest. Then it decays ... About 10 % of the mesons reach the<br />earth' s surface. Even if they fly with approximately the speed of light, they at least must<br />have used 30 • 2,2 * 10-6 seconds, in order to reach the earth. Their "life" therefore by the<br />movement has been extended for a multiple... to the supporters of the theory of relativity<br />here the time dilatation is revealed..."<br />This "proof however is worthless, as long as "the structure and the mechanism of decay<br />of the particle are not known", like W. Theimer<i> expresses himself.<br />On the basis of the new field theory the approach standing on the left page is dared (fig.<br />6.20). Accordingly the particles don't decay by themselves, but only by a corresponding<br />disturbance from the outside, which for instance is triggered by the high-frequency fields<br />of flying past neutrinos. The closer the neutrinos fly past the particle, the sooner it will<br />decay. But the distance becomes the larger, the smaller the particle is. If the particle thus<br />experiences a relativistic length contraction, then it will, statistically seen, to the same<br />extent become more stable!<br />That has nothing to do at all with time dilatation, as this proposal for an interpretation<br />shows (fig. 6.20). The same effect of course also occurs, if atomic clocks are taken for a<br />fly in a plane and compared to identically constructed clocks on earth.<br />The time was stipulated by us and therefore should be able to keep its universal validity.<br />We are entitled to demand a simultaneity, after all we are the ones, who tell what<br />simultaneity is!<br />An interesting technical use would be the acceleration of the rate of decay in order to<br />dispose of radioactively contaminated waste. For that the waste has to be irradiated by<br />collecting and focussing free neutrinos or with the help of a neutrino transmitter, like one<br />which will be discussed in chapter 9. After such a neutrino shower dangerous radioactive<br />waste would be reusable or at most be harmless domestic refuse.Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-7046245632222953982007-09-05T18:01:00.000+01:002007-09-05T18:05:52.937+01:005.Derivation and interpretation ,first telsa physics infomation for engineers5. Derivation and interpretation<br />Vortices cause big problems to every measuring technician. They have the unpleasant<br />property to whirl around the sensor even if it is as small as possible. Vortices avoid the<br />smallest disturbance and then can hardly be detected reproducibly.<br />From the well-known eddy current we know of this problematic. Instead of the vortex, we<br />are forced to measure and analyse any effects that arise from the vortex. These can be<br />measurements of the eddy losses or effects back on the stimulating field. But only<br />provided that the effect actually occurs.<br />The prerequisite for an increase in temperature by eddy losses is that the vortex falls apart.<br />In an ideal medium it unfortunately will not do us this pleasure.<br />As vrtex of the dielectric the potential vortex will find fairly ideal conditions in air or in<br />water. How should a vortex be detected, if it does not produce any effect? The classical<br />measuring technique is here at its wits' end.<br />From the duality to the well-known eddy current and by means of observation in the previous<br />chapters numerous properties of the potential vortex have been derived. But these<br />are not all the properties. The mathematical calculation of the electric vortex field, that we<br />want to turn to now, will reveal still further meaningful and highly interesting properties.<br />The observation is important, but it can't replace an exact calculation. A strictly mathematical<br />derived result has occasionally more expressiveness than a whole book full of<br />explanations. It will be a big help to derive and to discuss the field equation that all<br />considerations are based on.<br />We facilitate the mathematical work by vector analysis. Therefore it is useful that we<br />choose the differential form (equation 5.1 and 5.4) instead of the integral form (equations<br />3.1 and 3.2 resp. 3.8).<br /><br />5.1 Fundamental field equation<br />We'll start from Ampere's law which provides a value for the current density at any point<br />pace and this value corresponds to the vortex density of the magnetic field strength<br /><br />The new electric field vortices demand the introduction of a corresponding time constant<br />tau2 tha t should describe the decay of the potential vortices, as an extension. The extended<br />Faraday law of induction now provides a potential density, that at any point of space<br />corresponds to the vortex density of the electric field strength:<br /><br />which according to the rules of vector analysis can still be further simplified:<br />= rot rot E = - grad div E , where we should remember that the divergence has to<br />vanish (div E = O. fig. 3.2, equation 3.7 ), should the corresponding field vortex be<br />inserted!<br />Furthermore the following well-known abbreviation can be inserted: = 1/c2 (5.6)<br />With that the relation with the speed of light c simplifies to the sought-for field equation:<br /><br />This equation describes the spatial (a) and temporal (b, c, d) distribution of a field vector.<br />It describes the electromagnetic wave (a, b) with the influences that act damping. As<br />dumping terms the well-known eddy current (c) and in addition the newly introduced<br />potential vortex (d) appear.<br /><br />5.2 Mathematical interpretation of the fundamental field equation<br />Every specialist will be surprised to find the Poisson equation (a, e) again as a term in the<br />wave equation. This circumstance forces a completely new interpretation of stationary<br />fields upon us. The new damping term, that is formed by the potential vortices (d), is<br />standing in between.<br />Let us start with a mathematical analysis. We have applied the curl to equation 5.4*, then<br />inserted equation 5.1* and obtained a determining equation for the electric field strength<br />E. Of course we could as well have applied the curl to equation 5.1* and inserted equation<br />5.4*. This would have resulted in the determining equation for the magnetic field strength<br />H.<br />If we insert Ohm's law (5.2) and cancel down the specific conductivity, or we put in the<br />relations of material (3.5) or (3.6) and cancel down by u respectively then the field<br />equation can likewise be written down for the current density j, for the induction B or for<br />the dielectric displacement D.<br />It just is phenomenal that at all events equation 5.7 doesn't change its form at all. The field<br />vector is thus arbitrarily interchangeable! This circumstance is the foundation for the claim<br />of this field equation to be called fundamental.<br />It does make sense to introduce a neutral descriptive vector as a substitute for the<br />possible field factors E, H, j, B or D.<br />The fundamental field equation 5.7 consists of three different types of partial differential<br />equations: a hyperbolic (b), a parabolic (c and d) and an elliptic (e) type. On the left-hand<br />side each time the Laplace operator (a) is found which describes the spatial distribution of<br />the field factor.<br />The potential equation of the elliptic type (e) is known as Poisson equation. It describes<br />the stationary borderline case of a worn off temporal process ( resp. = O).<br />With this equation potentials and voltages can be calculated exactly like stationary electric<br />currents (5.8).<br />The hyperbolic equation (b). known as wave equation, shows a second derivative to time.<br />which expresses an invariance with regard to time reversal; or stated otherwise: the direction<br />of the time axis can be reversed by a change of sign of t, without this having an influence<br />on the course of frequency. Wave processes hence are reversible. Equation 5.7 makes<br />clear that a wave without damping by no means can exist in nature. For that both time<br />constants would have to have an infinite value, which is not realizable in<br />practice. Seen purely theoretical, undamped waves could withdraw themselves from our<br />measuring technique (5.9).<br />Both vortex equations of the parabolic type (c and d) only show a first derivative to time.<br />With that they are no longer invariant with regard to time reversal. The processes of the<br />formation and the decay of vortices, the so-called diffusion, are as a consequence irreversible.<br />Seen this way it is understandable that the process of falling apart of the vortex,<br />where the vortex releases its stored energy as heat e.g. in form of eddy losses, can not take<br />place in reverse. This irreversible process of diffusion in the strict fhermodynamic sense<br />increases the entropy of the system (5.10).<br />Because it poses an useful simplification for mathematical calculations, often the different<br />types of equations are treated isolated from each other. But the physical reality looks<br />different.<br /><br />5.3 Physical interpretation of the fundamental field equation<br />In nature the different types of equations always occur in a combined manner.<br />1. Let's take the concrete case of the particle-free vacuum. Here the specific conductivity<br />is zero. The relaxation time constant responsible for the decay of vortices tends<br />towards infinity according to equation 5.3 and the terms (c) and (e) are cancelled from the<br />field equation 5.7. What remains is the by potential vortices (d) damped wave equation (b)<br />(equation 5.12).<br />2. The reversed case (with ) will consequently occur in materials without<br />resistance, super conducting materials. We now are dealing with the well-known case of<br />the wave damped by eddy currents (equation 5.12*).<br />Vi r t u a l l y all in nature existing materials however don't fulfil these boundary conditions,<br />from which it follows that both damping terms always occur together and in addition the<br />stationary term (e) becomes active.<br />It is true that every antenna demonstrates that the electromagnetic wave is convertible in<br />high-frequency alternating currents and voltages, which then are amplified in the receiver.<br />But until this fundamental equation was written down it however was not understood that<br />this transition takes place by means of a vortex. Used are either antennas from well conducting<br />material, or wave guides and horn radiators, which only have a minimal conductivity,<br />because they are filled with air. Actually the wave can be converted in two dual<br />ways; by means of the rolling up to current eddies or to potential vortices (fig. 1.4).<br />Now we finally are capable to explain, why wave guides make possible a better degree of<br />effectiveness: Owing to the concentration effect of the potential vortex the HF-power is<br />bound in the inside and not emitted until the antenna is reached as happens for a wire for<br />reason of the skin effect.<br />Therefore, physically, one has to imagine this relation, which describes the transition of an<br />electromagnetic wave into a vortex, in the way that the wave spontaneously can roll up to<br />a vortex in case it is disturbed from the outside. The more vortices are generated, the<br />larger consequently is the damping of the wave (equations 5.12 and 5.12*).<br />3. The life span of the vortices is limited and is determined by the electric conductivity.<br />The at first stored vortices decay with their respective time constant This process is<br />described by the diffusion equation 5.12**. The final stage of the decaying vortices<br />finally is described by the Poisson equation (a, e: equation 5.8).<br />If the vortex falls apart, it converts the in the vortex stored energy in heat. These processes<br />are known from the eddy current. We speak of heating losses, that the stationary currents<br />cause in the conductor material.<br />But new is the concept that such vortex phenomena can occur as dielectric losses in<br />capacitors or in the air. The microwave oven or induction welding are good examples of<br />this.<br /><br />5.4 Phenomenological interpretation of the fundamental field equation<br />How does a damping by vortices take effect in practice? First of all we notice that the<br />reception of broadcastings gets worse. "The information signal is neglectable regarding<br />the noise" explains the radio engineer and means, the number of vortices increases at the<br />expense of the wave intensity.<br />Why, does the pupil ask, is it so cold in space? There the sun shines day and night and in<br />addition much more intensely than on earth! The correct answer would have to read that<br />because of the extremely small conductivity no diffusion process can take place. We owe<br />the warmth on our earth solely the here taking place decay of vortices. Responsible is the<br />conductivity of the atmosphere.<br />In 60 km to 500 km height over the earth's surface, the region which is called the<br />ionosphere, the gases predominantly exist in ionized form. There a very good conductivity<br />prevails and eddy current losses are the result. Correspondingly high are the measurable<br />temperatures. Besides the diffusion process the eddy currents carry out a damping of the<br />cosmic radiation. We say the sunlight is filtered and reduced to a for nature bearable<br />intensity.<br />But not all frequencies are damped in the same way (fig. 2.8). We observe a blue shift, if<br />we look into the actually black sky. The blue sky doesn't show any spots or clouds. The<br />reason is to be sought in the skin effect of the eddy currents, which strive outwards. Since<br />no edge of a conductor is present here, no skin can form. The vortices spread evenly over<br />the ionosphere.<br />The potential vortex however is able to structure. It merely needs a bad conductivity and<br />this it finds in lower heights between 1 km and 10 km. It damps the wave and with that<br />also the light, for which reason we say it becomes darker, the sun disappears behind<br />clouds.<br />The clouds well visibly form the discussed vortex balls and vortex strings. Clouds can<br />form virtually from the nowhere during intense solar irradiation, i.e. the waves can roll up<br />to vortices. But as a rule this takes place above the oceans. Here also the phenomenon of<br />transport has an effect. Because of the high dielectricity the water surface favours the<br />formation of potential vortices. So the vortices bind individual water molecules and carry<br />them away. If a diffusion process takes place, in which the vortex decays, then it rains.<br />This can happen in two different ways:<br />1. Either the conductivity increases. If for instance during intense solar irradiation air ions<br />form, the sun is able to break up clouds and fog. Or when the air is raised in higher<br />layers with better conductivity, because a mountain forces this, then it rains at the<br />mountain edge.<br />2. For potcntial vortices the electric field is standing perpendicular to them. If at one point<br />an exceptionally lot of vortices join together, which let the cloud appear particularly<br />dark to black, then the danger exists that the ionization field strength for air is reached,<br />in which case a conductive air channel forms along which the stored up charges<br />discharge. Also lightning is a diffusion process, in which potential vortices decay and<br />rain can form.<br />In connection with the electromagnetic environmental compatibility great importance is<br />attributed in particular to the storage and the decay of electric vortices. There not only is<br />an academic-scientific interest in the question, how many potential vortices are generated,<br />how many are stored and how many decay, if we make a telephone call with a handy, if<br />we are staying under a high-tension line or if we are eating food, which has been heated<br />up in a microwave oven. The necessary mathematical description is provided by the<br />fundamental field equation 5.7.<br /><br />5.5 Atomistic interpretation of the fundamental field equation<br />Let's again turn to the smaller, the atomistic dimensions. Here positively charged protons<br />and negatively charged electrons are found. Both are matter particles and that means that<br />seen from the outside both have the identical swirl direction. For reason of the unequal<br />charge conditions they attract each other mutually and according to fig. 4.9 rotate around a<br />common centre of mass as differently heavy pair. Chemists say: "the light electron orbits<br />the heavy atomic nucleus". With small balls they try to explain the atomic structure.<br />But the model is no good: it contradicts causality in the most elementary manner. We are<br />dealing with the problem that according to the laws of electrodynamics a centripetally<br />accelerated electron should emit electromagnetic waves and continuously lose energy, to<br />eventually plunge into the nucleus.<br />Our experience teaches that this fortunately is not true - and Niels Bohr in order to save<br />his model of the atom was forced to annul the laws of physics with a postulate founded in<br />arbitrariness.<br />Actually this state only exists for a very short time and then something unbelievable<br />happens: the electron can't be distinguished as an individual particle anymore. "It is<br />smeared over the electron orbit" do certain people say; "it possesses a dual nature" says<br />Heisenberg. Besides the corpuscular nature the electron should in case of its "second<br />nature" form a matter wave, "the position of the electron is to be looked at as a resonance<br />which is the maximum of a probability density", do explain us de Broglie and<br />Schrodinger.<br />These explanations can hardly convince. If the electron loses its particle nature in its<br />second nature, then it also will lose its typical properties, like for instance its mass and its<br />charge. but this is not the case.<br />THE vortex theory provides clear and causal answers: if the electron were a ball it continuosly<br />would lose energy, therefore another configuration forms that does not know<br />this problem. Here the phenomenon of transport takes an effect. The electron opens its<br />vortex centre and takes the tiny protons and neutrons as atomic nucleus up into itself. The<br />Bohr electron orbit with that is not a path anymore, but is occupied by the whole particle<br />as spherical shell. This is confirmed by the not understood measurements exactly like the<br />photos of individual atoms with the scanning electron microscope.<br />But now an electron does in its inside have the opposite swirl direction as the proton seen<br />from the outside. As a consequence a force of repulsion will occur, which can be<br />interpreted as the to the outside directed current eddy, the force of attraction for reason of<br />the opposite charge works in the opposite direction and can be interpreted as the potential<br />vortex effect.<br />If both vortices are equally powerful: (5.13)<br />or if both forces are balanced, as one usually would say, then the object which we call an<br />atom is in a stable state.<br />It probably will be a result of the incompatible swirl direction, why a very big distance<br />results, if the electron becomes an enveloping electron. On such a shell not too many<br />electrons have room. Because of the rotation of their own, the electron spin, they form a<br />magnetic dipole moment, which leads to a magnetic attraction of two electrons if they put<br />their spin axis antiparallelly.<br />As a "frictionless" against one another rotating pair they form two half-shells of a sphere<br />and with that occupy the innermost shell in the hull of an atom. If the positive charge of<br />the nucleus is still not balanced with that, then other electrons is left only the possibility to<br />form another shell. Now this next electron takes the whole object up into itself. The new<br />shell lies further on the outside and naturally offers room to more as only two vortices.<br /><br />5.6 Derivation of the Klein-Gordon equation<br />The valid model of the atom today still raises problems of causality, as has been<br />explained. An improvement was provided by an equation, which was proposed by the<br />mathematician Schrodinger 1926 as a model description. This equation in this way missed<br />the physical root, but it nevertheless got international acknowledgment, because it could<br />be confirmed experimentally. Looking backwards from the result then the physical<br />interpretation of the probability density of the resonance of the waves could be pushed<br />afterwards.<br />(5.14)<br />The Schrodinger equation is valid for matter fields (of mass m), while the interaction<br />with a outside force field the energy U indicates. It can be won from a wave equation by<br />conversion, which possibly is the reason why it usually is called a wave equation,<br />although in reality it is a diffusion equation, so a vortex equation!<br />For the derivation Schrodinger gives the approach of a harmonic oscillation for the<br />complex wave function<br />(5.15)<br />if the entire time dependency can be described by one frequency f = W/h<br />(de-Broglie relation): (5.16)<br />The high-put goal is: if the structure of the atom is determined by the fundamental field<br />equation 5.7 then one should be able to derive the experimentally secured Schrodinger<br />equation and to mathematically describe the discussed special case. Also we select at first<br />an approach periodic in time:<br />(5.17)<br />with . (5.18)<br />We insert the approach 5.17 and its derivations into the field equation 5.7 and divide by<br />the damping term e-wt:<br />If as the next step the angular frequency according to equation 5.18 is inserted, then<br />summarized the provisional intermediate result results:<br />(5.20)<br />The derived equation 5.20 represents formally seen the Klein-Gordon equation, which is<br />used for the description of matter waves in quantum mechanics and which particularly in<br />the quantum field theory (e.g. mesons) plays an important role. Even if it often is regarded<br />as the relativistic invariant generalization of the Schrodinger equation, it at a closer look is<br />incompatible with this equation and as "genuine" wave equation it is not capable of<br />treating vortex problems correctly, like e.g. the with the Schrodinger equation calculable<br />quantization of our microcosm.<br /><br />5.7 Derivation of the time dependent Schrodinger equation<br />With the Schrodinger approach 5.15 and its derivations the derivation is continued:<br /><br />The for a harmonic oscillation won relations according to equation 5.21 and 5.22 are now<br />inserted into equation 5.20:<br /><br />This is already the sought-for Schrodinger equation, as we will see in a moment, when<br />we have analysed the coefficients. Because, besides equation 5.16 for the total energy W,<br />also the Einstein relation is valid (with the speed of light c):<br /><br />we can replace the coefficients of the imaginary part by:<br /><br />To achieve that equation 5.23, as required, follows from the Schrodinger equation 5.14, a<br />comparison of coefficients is carried out for the real part:<br /><br />If thc kinetic energy of a particle moving with the speed v is:<br /><br />then acccording to De Broglie this particle has the wavelength h/mv. The consideration of<br />the particle as matter wave demands an agreement with the wave length c/f of an electromagnetic<br />wave (with the phase velocity c). The particle hence has the speed v, which<br />corresponds with the group velocity of the matter wave:<br /><br />According to equation 5.24 on the one hand the total energy is W = w • h and on the<br />other hand the relation 5.28 gives resp.:<br />Inserted into equation 5.27* the sought-for coefficient reads (according to eq. 5.26):<br /><br />5.8 Derivation of the time independent Schrodinger equation<br />The goal is reached if we are capable to fulfil the comparison of coefficients 5.26:<br />(5.30)<br />The angular frequency w is given by equation 5.18. Therefore has to be valid:<br />(5.31)<br />(5.32)<br />As is well-known the arithmetic and the geometric average only correspond in case the<br />variables are identical. In this case, as already required in equation 5.13:<br />(5.13)<br />has to hold.<br />From this we can draw the conclusion that the Schrodinger equation is just applicable to<br />the described special case (according to eq. 5.13), in which the eddy current, which tries<br />to inc rea se the particle or its circular path and the potential vortex, which keeps the atoms<br />together and also is responsible for the stability of the elementary particles, are of<br />identical order of magnitude.<br />As a check equation 5.23 is divided by c2 and equations 5.30 and 5.25 are inserted:<br />(5.14*)<br />This is the time dependent Schrodinger equation 5.14 resolved for<br />Next we replace according to equation 5.21 with acc. to equation 5.24:<br />(5.33)<br />If we separate the space variables from time by the Schrodinger approach 5.15 we<br />obtain:<br />(5.34)<br />This quation 5.34 for the function of space coordinates is the time independent<br />Schrodinger equation:<br />(5.35)<br />The solutions of this equation which fulfil all the conditions that can be asked of them (of<br />finiteness, steadiness, uniqueness etc.), are called eigenfunctions. The existence of<br />corresponding discrete values of the energy W, also called eigenvalues of the Schrodinger<br />equation, are the mathematical reason for the different quantum postulates.<br /><br />5.9 Interpretation of the Schrodinger equation<br />The interpretation of the Schrodinger equation is still disputed among physicists, because<br />the concept of wave packets contradicts the corpuscular nature of the elementary particles.<br />Further the difficulty is added that wave packets at a closer look never are connected, run<br />apart more or less fast, and really nothing can hinder them doing that. But for a particle the<br />connection represents a physical fact. Then there can be no talk of causality anymore.<br />The monocausal division into two different levels of reality, in a space-timely localization<br />and in an energetic description, does not represent a solution but rather the opposite, the<br />abolition of the so-called dual nature. As has been shown, the potential vortex is able to<br />achieve this with the help of its concentration effect.<br />But from the introduction of this new field phenomenon arises the necessity to interpret<br />the causes for the calculable and with measuring techniques testable solutions of the<br />Schrodinger equation in a new way. Laws of nature do not know a possibility to choose! If<br />they have been accepted as correct, they necessarily have to be applied.<br />Three hundred years ago the scholars had an argument, whether a division of physical<br />pheomena, like Newton had proposed it, would be allowed to afterwards investigate<br />them in the laboratory individually and isolated from other influences or if one better<br />should proceed in an integrated manner, like for instance Descartes with his cartesian<br />vortex theory. He imagined the celestial bodies floating in ethereal vortices.<br />One absolutely was aware that the whole had to be more than the sum of every single<br />realizato n, but the since Demokrit discussed vortex idea had to make room for the<br />overwhelming successes of the method of Newton. And this idea after 2100 years was<br />stamped, to in the meantime almost have fallen into oblivion.<br />Today, where this recipe for success in many areas already hits the limits of the physical<br />possibilities, we should remember the teachings of the ancients and take up again the<br />vortex idea It of course is true that only details are calculable mathematically and that<br />nature, the big whole, stays incalculable, wherein problems can be seen.<br />If we consider the fundamental field equation 5.7, we find confirmed that actually no<br />mathematician is capable to give a generally valid solution for this four-dimensional<br />partial differential equation. Only restrictive special cases for a harmonic excitation or for<br />certain spatial boundary conditions are calculable. The derived Schrodinger equation is<br />such a case and for us particularly interesting, because it is an eigenvalue equation. The<br />eigenvalues describe in a mathematical manner the with measuring techniques testable<br />structures of the potential vortex .<br />Other eigenvalue equations are also derivable, like the Klein-Gordon equation or the<br />Lionville equation, which is applied successfully in chaos theories. So our view opens, if<br />chaotic systems like turbulences can be calculated as special cases of the same field<br />equation and should be derivable from this equation.<br />The in pictures recorded and published structures, which at night should have come into<br />being in corn fields, often look like the eigenvalues of a corresponding equation. The ripe<br />ears thereby lie in clean vortex structures flat on the soil. Possibly potential vortices have<br />charged the ears to such high field strength values that they have been pulled to the soil by<br />the Coulomb forces.<br /><br />Consequences resulting from the derivation of the Schrodinger<br />equation from the fundamental field equation 5.7:<br />The relation between the energy of oscillation and the mass is<br />described by the relation named after Albert EinsteinDanielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-62410875698964450332007-09-05T17:57:00.000+01:002007-09-05T18:01:33.720+01:004.Properties ,first telsa physics infomation for engineers4.1 Concentration effect<br />I t c a n be assumed that until now there does not yet exist a technical application for the<br />here presented potential vortex theory unless the phenomenon was used by chance and<br />unconsciously. About this the transmission of optical light signals over fibre optic cable<br />can be given as a typical example.<br />Compared to a transmission of energy impulses over a copper cable fibre optic cables<br />show a considerable better degree of effectiveness. The derived potential vortex theory<br />provides a conclusive explanation for this phenomenon and therefore is put here to<br />discussion: If we cut through a fibre optic cable and look at the distribution of a light<br />impulse over the cross-section, then we observe a concentration in the centre of the<br />conductor (fig. 4.1).<br />Herc the duality between the vortices of the magnetic and of the electric field comes to<br />light. Whereas the current eddies in a copper conductor cause the "skin effect" as is wellknown,<br />potential vortices show a "concentration effect" and align themselves with the<br />vortex centre. The measurable and in fig. 4.1 shown distribution of the light intensity in a<br />fibre optic cable may confirm this phenomenon, the orientation of the potential vortex on<br />the vortex centre.<br />For instance the calculation of the resistance of a copper cable provides as an important<br />result an apparent decrease of the resistance directed towards the conductor surface. There<br />the associated better conductivity as a consequence causes an increased current density. In<br />the reversed direction, towards the centre of the conductor, consequently a decrease of the<br />effective conductivity would be present, and this result is independent of the used<br />material. According to the rules of duality this is a condition for the formation of potential<br />vortices. As already said the conductivity is responsible for it, if the expanding eddy<br />current with its skin effect or the contracting potential vortex with its concentration effect<br />is predominant.<br />Usual fibre optic materials possess not only a small conductivity, but in addition a high<br />dieletricity. This additionally favours the formation of vortices of the electric field. If one<br />consciously or unconsciously supports the potential vortices, then there is a possibility that<br />the life of the fibre optic cable is negatively influenced because of the concentration effect.<br />Of course it can not be excluded that other effects, like e.g. reflections or the modes of the<br />light are involved in the concentration effect. But it should be guaranteed that this actually<br />concerns is causal phenomena and doesn't concern only alternative explanations out of<br />ignorance of the active vortex phenomenon.<br />The formal mathematical reason for the concentration effect provides the reverse sign in<br />Faraday's law of induction compared to Ampere's law<br /><br />4.2 Duality of the vortex properties<br />The rules of duality dictate for the vortex of the electric and of the magnetic field the<br />following characteristics:<br />1. Whereas currents and eddy currents demand a good conductivity, potentials and<br />potential vortices can only form with bad conductivity, thus in a dielectric and best in<br />the vacuum.<br />2. Eddy currents run apart, strive towards infinity and thus show the well-known "skin<br />effect" with a spatially limited arrangement of the conductor. According to the rules of<br />duality the potential vortex will strive towards the vortex centre and in this way will<br />show a "concentration effect".<br />3. Another property of vortices is shown in fig. 4.2.<br />On the left side a plane eddy current is indicated. Since the discovery of Ampere's law<br />it is well-known to us that such a circular current (I) forms a magnetic dipole standing<br />perpendicular to the vortex plane.<br />On the right hand side the dual phenomenon is sketched. Here charges are piled up<br />circularly to a planar potential vortex (U). Thereby an electric dipole forms, standing<br />perpendicular to the vortex plane. This relation directly follows from the equations of<br />the field-theoretical approach.<br />Whereas circular currents and current eddies produce magnetic dipoles, the postulated<br />potential vortices will form electric dipoles.<br />With these three interesting properties some key questions of quantum physics, that until<br />now have stayed a mystery to science (fig. 4.4), can be answered conclusively and without<br />compulsion e.g.:<br />I.Why are there no magnetically charged particles?<br />The better the conductivity of a medium is, the higher as a consequence the number of free<br />charge carriers is. the more strongly eddy currents are formed. The answer to question I is<br />inferred from the opposite case:<br />In the ideal vacuum no charge carriers at all are present, why no currents, no current<br />eddies and consequently no magnetic poles can exist.<br />With this well-known fact the first question already is answered. The question why in the<br />microcosm there can not exist magnetically charged elementary particles, why the search<br />for magnetic monopoles doesn't make any sense. Let's ask further:<br />II. Why are there only electrically charged particles?<br />Let us for that consider the dual conditions. The worse the conductivity of a medium is, the<br />more the potential vortex -will be favoured that because of this property also can be<br />understood as the vortex of the dielectric.<br />In the mentioned extreme case of the ideal vacuum, no electric conductivity is present for<br />reason of the missing charge carriers. But this circumstance favours the potential vortex<br />and that, according to fig. 4.2, forms electric poles and with this also the second question<br />would be answered clearly.<br />It can be traced back to the boundary conditions of the microcosm that without exception<br />electricallv charged particles are entitled to exist; a realization derived from the fieldtheoretical<br />approach, that covers all experiences.<br /><br />4.3 Derivation of the electron as an elementary vortex<br />The next key question necessarily has to be brought to a conclusive answer to save the<br />principle of causality, so that we no longer have to postulate an own physics with its own<br />laws for the microcosm:<br />III. Why do these particles show as monopoles?<br />More concrete the question has to read:<br />Where is the positive pole in a negatively charged electron, if it should be an electric<br />dipole?<br />The only possible answer is:<br />In the centre of the particle!<br />Thus in the centre of the electron its positive pole is hidden and in the centre of the<br />positron its negative pole is hidden. But we only observe these particles from the outside<br />and for reason of the field conditions of the electron we measure a negative charge and for<br />its antiparticle, the positron, a positive charge. If in each case we wanted to measure the<br />electric fields included in the inside, we had to destroy the particle. Then a proof would<br />not be possible anymore.<br />Here also a persistent mistake is eliminated by the for a long time known axiom that<br />monopoles can not exist at all if one considers continuity! By means of technical-physical<br />experiments this axiom is sufficiently secured.<br />The quantum physical approach is standing on uncertain ground if it is postulated that<br />other laws of nature should apply to particle physics, if a second approach, the fieldtheoretical<br />approach, is conceivable that does not know these problems!<br />The discussed concentration effect gives the potential vortex a structure shaping property.<br />With that also the fourth key question can be answered:<br />IV. Why do the particles have the form of spheres?<br />The potential vortex is favoured in the particle-free vacuum of the microcosm because of<br />the missing conductivity. In connection with the concentration effect the following<br />conclusion can be drawn:<br />The extremely mighty potential vortex exerts a high pressure on the microcosm and on<br />each particle.<br />With that also the fourth key question, why stable elementary particles are spherical, can<br />be answered by the potential vortex theory:<br />Only the sphere is able to withstand a high outside pressure.<br />All other forms, like e.g. dipoles formed like a rod or a club would be instable in the<br />presence of the extremely concentrating potential vortex. They would be immediately<br />destroyed by the pressure of the potential vortex.<br /><br />I. Why are there no magnetically charged<br />particles?<br />(the vacuum has no conductivity!)<br />II. Why are there only electrically charged<br />particles?<br />(in the vacuum only potential vortices can exist!)<br />III. Why do these particles show as monopoles?<br />(the other pole is locked up in the inside of the vortex<br />oscillation!)<br />IV. Why do the particles have the form of spheres?<br />(for reason of the outside pressure by the concentration<br />effect!)<br />V. Why is the elementary quantum stable?<br />(without conductivity no decay of vortices takes place!)<br />VI. Why does for every particle of matter exist an antiparticle?<br />(there are two swirl directions with equal rights!)<br />VII. Why are particles and antiparticles incompatible?<br />(contrary swirl directions!)<br />Fig. 4.4: Key questions of quantum physics<br /><br />4.4 Quanta as field vortices<br />The fied-theoretical approach demands removing the electron from the field equations<br />(eq. 3.7) and at the same time introducing the potential vortex of the electric field. With<br />this vortex phenomenon there now is a possibility that the electromagnetic wave<br />spontaneously rolls up to a vortex in case it is disturbed from the outside. The vortex<br />particle that is formed in such a way owes its physical reality on the one hand the<br />concentration effect of the potential vortex, that compresses this particle to the dimension<br />of a tiny sphere and on the other hand its localization for reason of the oscillation around<br />a fixed point.<br />The sphcrical elementary particles are being compressed to inconceivably small<br />dimensions. Therefore they are capable to bind a comparatively high energy in their<br />inside. This is confirmed by the mass-energy relation E = mc2 . (4.1)<br />The fact that the energy is dependent on the speed of light can be judged to be a clear<br />indica tion that quanta actually are nothing but oscillating electromagnetic packages,<br />vortical oscillations of empty space!<br />The next question reads:<br />V. Why is the elementary quantum stable?<br />The worse the conductivity is, the more the potential vortex will be favoured, the more<br />strongly the concentration effect will form, the smaller the spherical phenomena will get -<br />the larger the authoritative relaxation time will be, i.e. the slower the decay of vortices<br />and with that the more stable the vortex phenomenon will be.<br />In the microcosm, that comes the ideal case of a particle-free vacuum very close, the<br />spherical vortices because of the missing conductivity have an absolute stability.<br />VI. Why does for every particle of matter exist an antiparticle?<br />Since every vortex can also oscillate<br />in the opposite direction, there always exist two forms of formation of spherical vortices<br />with equal rights, one of them is assigned to the world of matter and the other to the world<br />of anti-matter.<br />VII. Why are particles and antiparticles incompatible?<br />For reason of the contrary swirl direction they are incompatible to each other. They have<br />the tendency to destroy each other mutually, like two trains that want in the opposite<br />direction on a single-tracked distance.<br />The quantum physical approach does not have an answer to these key questions. Until<br />now scientists have merely thought about to what the observable contraction in the<br />microcosm and the macrocosm can be traced back. Because the approach was not able to<br />furnish an answer, without further ado some new matter was introduced: the sluons. These<br />binding particles should be able to exert the necessary pressure. But until now no one has<br />been able to observe or detect this fabulous matter. Nobody knows its structure and its<br />composition. Despite missing evidence it is stated that this matter is mass less and at the<br />same time lumped; it is invisible because it can't interact with any other matter, not even<br />with the supposed building parts of the atomic nuclei, the quarks. But at the same time<br />there should be exerted a pressure on the quarks, for which reason quarks again should be<br />able to interact with gluons!<br /><br />4.5 The photon<br />The ability to form structures as a consequence of the concentration effect gives the<br />potential vortex a number of highly interesting properties. To derive these properties we<br />can make work easier when we fall back upon the observations and experiences of flow<br />dynamics.<br />Here the vortex ring takes a special place. Its vortex centre is not closed, for which reason<br />it is not stationary and propagates in space with a constant speed. It can be observed that<br />the velocity of propagation increases with the ring diameter becoming smaller. By means<br />of the vortex rings, that skilful smokers can produce with pointed lips, these properties can<br />be made visible.<br />Now if two vortex rings run into each other with the same axis and direction of rotation<br />then both oscillate around each other, by one vortex attracting the other vortex, thereby<br />accelerating and thus contracting it. The second vortex then slips through the core opening<br />and gets again slower and larger. Now the first vortex accelerates and plays the same game<br />(fig. 4.5).<br />It would be obvious for the vortex of the electric field to have a corresponding property.<br />The electron e- and with the opposite swirl direction the positron e+ will form such a<br />potential vortex corresponding to the derivation. Two electrons, as like charged particles,<br />would repel each other and surely will be out of the question for such a configuration. An<br />electron and a positron however will attract each other and because of their<br />incompatibility they will mutually destroy unless they open their vortex centres to form a<br />vortex ring. Now the e- shows its positively charged centre that shows the same swirl<br />direction as the e+ seen from the outside. Therefore the vortices don't hurt each other,<br />when the positron slips through the opened vortex centre of the electron and vice versa.<br />This oscillating electron-positron pair has strange properties: seen from the outside one<br />moment it is negatively charged and the next moment it is positively charged. Therefore<br />over time on the average no charge will be measurable and no electromagnetic interaction<br />will take place.<br />One moment the particle is matter and the next moment it is anti-matter. Hence no mass at<br />all can be attributed to the particle. Interactions primarily takes place between both dual<br />vortices. We can predict, the particle has neither mass nor charge. The environment<br />merely sees a fast oscillating particle that only within every half cycle is capable of an<br />interaction.<br />The centre of the oscillating particle is open, for which reason it is not stationary<br />anymore. Instead it propagates in z-direction with the swirl velocity, which is the speed of<br />light, in this way preventing a rotation around the x- or y- axis (fig. 4.6). In this way a<br />polarizability is present.<br />The only possible and, as we will see, necessarily taking place rotation around the z-axis<br />gives the particle a spin of the magnitude of a quantum of angular momentum. After all<br />the rotation for e- and e+ is of the same magnitude with a spin of each time There<br />should be paid attention to the fact that for the case of an opposite sense of direction of the<br />respective rotation around the common z-axis the spin on the average will be zero.<br />In addition the particle is characterized by an outstanding property: a periodically taking<br />place oscillation with any frequency, but that frequency has to be constant.<br />We now only have to take a table of particles to hand. Actually we will find a corresponding<br />particle that has all these properties: the also called photon.<br /><br />4.6 Pair creation<br />Proof for the correctness of the model concept provides the decay of the photon in an<br />electron and a positron in the presence of a strong field, as for instance in an atomic<br />nucleus. This observable decay is called pair creation or Bethe-Heitler process<i>:<br />(4.2)<br />In this process the elementary vortices for a short time get back their localization and are<br />therefore detectable. Otherwise the electron and positron have the form of a sphere, the<br />photon however rather has the form of two oscillating discs.<br />The photon doesn't participate in the electromagnetic interaction, because the electric field<br />lines run from one disc to the other (from + to -). The field lines are not open as they are<br />for e- or e+ (fig. 4.3). To open up the field lines an energy is necessary that corresponds to<br />the sum of the two formed particles. But from this it by no means follows that this amount<br />of energy will be released in the reversed and much better known process, where matter<br />and anti-matter annihilate under emission of At the end of the derivation the<br />vortex model will provide us the desired answers on questions of the energy of photons.<br />Here first of all only the properties will be concerned.<br />Experiments, in which light shows as a particle, are the photoelectric effect, the Compton<br />effect and a lot more. According to the by Maxwell developed classical theory of light<br />however is light an electromagnetic wave that is not quantized in any way, neither as<br />sphere nor as disc, the wave nature of light as well has a physical reality and is secured by<br />experiment. This is witnessed by the interference patterns of overlapping coherent light<br />beams.<br />A concept in which light could exist at the same place and the same time both as wave and<br />as corpuscle could never be brought into accord with the principle of causality. Formulas<br />of compromise, like the uncertainty principle of Heisenberg that refers to the point of<br />view of the observer, can't change anything about this dilemma. The dual nature of light,<br />that in this context is gladly spoken of, rather consists of the fact that dependent on the<br />local field conditions, any time and spontaneously the wave can roll up to a vortex.<br />As an example of a violation of the principle of causality it has been indicated under point<br />3 (fig. 3.1) that both fields and quanta at the same time should be the cause of something.<br />This concept was formulated by Maxwell and written down in modern quantum electrodynamics<br />by Dirac but in the field-theoretical approach we have dropped this concept<br />because it violates all rules of causality in an elementary manner. Therefore it only is<br />consistent, if we hold the view that the light is either wave or particle but never is both at<br />the same time!<br />In the spontaneous transition of the wave to the particle all the important properties are<br />conserved: the propagation with the speed of light, the characteristic frequency of the<br />oscillation and the mentioned polarizability.<br />The process of rolling up possibly takes place already in the laboratory, in a bubble<br />chamber and at the latest in our eyes. To receive the electromagnetic wave, we had to have<br />antennas. We actually see the photons. It therefore would be obvious if our cells to see<br />only could perceive vortices, in this case photons. We don't possess a sense organ for<br />fields and waves.<br /><br />4.7 Noise<br />If, according to the field-theoretical approach, there exist electric field vortices then they<br />will not only form the elementary particles in the vacuum, but will also macroscopically<br />form and have an effect in larger dimensions.<br />Assuming a wave that rolls up to a plane vortex it would be obvious if polarization and<br />velocity of propagation are conserved in the process. But how does it stand about the<br />frequency?<br />The wave now will walk round a stationary point, the vortex centre. The propagation with<br />the speed of light c will remain existent as the swirl velocity. For a plane circular vortex,<br />where the path for a revolution on the outside is very much longer than near the vortex<br />centre, there arises a longer wave length and as a consequence a lower frequency on the<br />outside as more to the inside. With this property the vortex proves to be a changer of<br />frequency: the vortex transforms the frequency of the causing wave in an evenly<br />spectrum, that starts at low frequencies and stretches to very high frequencies (fig. 1.4).<br />Exactly this property we observe in "white noise". The consistent conclusion would be<br />that this concerns the vortex of the electric field. Anyone can, without big expenses,<br />convince himself or herself of the localization, of the property to change the frequency and<br />of the circumstance that vortices can be very easily influenced, that they avoid or again<br />whirl about a place of disturbance, for instance an antenna. For that one only needs to tune<br />a radio receiver to a weak and noisy station and move oneself or some objects around,<br />then one is able to directly study the influences from the manipulation of the receiving<br />signal.<br />But already the fact that the using and measurability of signals is limited by noise makes<br />clear. which attention the potential vortex should be given.<br />Within a limited frequency range the power of the Nyquist or resistance noise is<br />independent of frequency (fig. 4.7). This should be clarified particularly by the term<br />"white noise" analogous to white light, where all visible spectral ranges independent of<br />frequency have the same energy density.<br />But this relation doesn't hold for high frequencies of any magnitude. Here another noiseeffect<br />appears, that is said to have its cause in the quantum structure of energy<i>.<br />Untouched by possible interpretations an increasing power of the noise is measured, that<br />more and more turns into a being proportional to frequency (fig. 4.7, curve a).<br />Interestingly this curve shows a remarkable duality to the power curve of eddy currents,<br />likewise shown against the frequency, that for instance can be measured at eddy current<br />couplings<ii> (fig. 4.7, curve b). This circumstance suggests a dual relation of the potential<br />vortex of the electric field in bad conducting media on the one hand and the eddy current<br />in inductive materials on the other hand.<br /><br />4.8 Capacitor losses<br />Next the dielectric losses in a capacitor fed with an alternating voltage are measured and<br />likewise put on against the frequency. At first the course is independent of the frequency,<br />but towards higher frequencies it increases and shows the same characteristic course of the<br />curve as the before mentioned power of the noise (fig. 4.7, curve a).<br />This excellent agreement suggests the assumption that the dielectric losses are nothing but<br />eddy losses.<br />These vortex phenomena, caused by time-varying fields, are not only found in ferromagnetic<br />and conductive materials, but equally as dual phenomena in dielectrics and nonconductors.<br />As examples of practical applications the induction welding or the microwave oven can be<br />mentioned. The process can be described in other words as follows: in both examples the<br />cause is posed by high-frequency alternating fields that are irradiated into a dielectric as<br />an electromagnetic wave, there roll up to potential vortices and eventually decay in the<br />vortex centre. The desired and used thermal effect arises during this diffusion process.<br />The striving in the direction of the vortex centre gives the potential vortex of the electric<br />field a structure shaping property. As a consequence of this "concentration effect"<br />circular vortex structures are to be expected, comparable to the visible vortices in flow<br />dynamics (e.g. tornados and whirlwinds). At the same time the dual anti-vortex arises, the<br />diverging eddy current. It takes, as is well-known, the given structure of the conductor, so<br />in the technical literature one correspondingly talks of a "skin effect".<br />Now if conductor and non-conductor meet as they do in a capacitor, then at the boundary<br />area visible structures will form. Circles would be expected, if the eddy current in the<br />inside and striving to the outside is equally powerful as the potential vortex that comes<br />from the outside and concentrates.<br />Ac tua l ly such circular structures are observed on the aluminium of high tension<br />capacitors, when they were in operation for a longer period of time. The formation of<br />these circles, the cause of which until now is considered to be unsolved, is already<br />experimentally investigated and discussed on an international level by scientists (fig.<br />4.8) <i, ii>.<br />These circular vortex structures can be seen as a visible proof <iii> for the existence of<br />potential vortices of the electric field.<br /><br />4.9 Vortex lines and vortex streets<br />It can be assumed that the vortex of the electric field is relevant with regard to the<br />electromagnetic environmental compatibility. This then holds not only for microcosmic<br />and microscopic vortices, but also for macroscopic and larger dimensions. The individual<br />vortices can join together to balls and lines. For the study of this process it is useful to<br />again fall back upon experiences of flow dynamics.<br />The co-operation of individual point vortices has been investigated thoroughly in flow<br />dyamics. Without any outside manipulation an individual vortex rotates on the spot.<br />That changes in the case of two neighbouring vortices. Now it depends on their mutual<br />strength and sense of rotation. If they have the opposite sense of rotation and equal<br />strength then their centres of rotation move straight forward in the same direction. If<br />however the direction of rotation is the same then both vortices rotate around each other<br />(fig. 4.9).<br />In this way a multitude of point vortices is capable, to form in the first case whole vortex<br />streets and in the second case spherical vortex balls. In principle a vortex string can also<br />consist of a multitude of potential vortices pointing in the same direction; but it has the<br />tendency to roll up to a vortex ball in case it is disturbed from the outside, as can be shown<br />very clear by means of computer simulations<i>.<br />As a starting-point for a discussion the thesis can be put forward that also electric field<br />vortices, in nature usually consisting of a multitude of individual point vortices, appear as<br />vortex strings and vortex balls.<br />Perhaps historians see in this property an answer to the question, how it was possible for<br />the Romans to build streets straight as a die in the wilderness. Their land surveyors, the<br />Augures, had at their disposal neither laser, nor any other suitable gauges. Their most<br />important tool was the Lituus, the crook, that at its upper end was rolled up like a vortex in<br />the sense of a flat coil shaped like a spiral.<br />The question poses what this strange object was used for. Perhaps the roman land<br />surveors tracked down any vortex lines with this crook and then used them to orientate<br />themselves?<br />History still holds a lot of secrets, but for now only this indication is given. The following<br />seminar will give enough opportunities for speculations and discussions<ii>.<br /><br />4.10 Water colloids as vortex balls<br />We have to realize that in the biosphere we are staying in a relatively ideal dielectric. The<br />two "capacitor plates" are being formed by the ionosphere and the earth. The potential<br />vortex will, as said, be favoured by a bad conductivity and by a high dielectricity. Consequently<br />it will dominate and take effect in the biosphere. In which way it takes effect is the<br />central theme of the electromagnetic environmental compatibility.<br />Life in this world consists predominantly of water and water has a very high dielectricity!<br />With that the effectiveness and the long life of the potential vortex increases. The human<br />head for instance contains 7O% and plants contain over 90% water! But it does not<br />simply concern H2O, but structured water in a colloidal form. These water colloids could<br />be vortex balls because they consist of a large number of water molecules in a spherical<br />arrangement They form independent and insoluble particles with a negative electric<br />charge (fig. 4.11).<br />Water is not equal water thanks to this structure. One can buy healing water and<br />corresponding sources are well-known and famous. Many an effect can be explained by<br />means of a chemical analysis but not everything.<br />The highest age in this world is reached by the inhabitants of Hunza, in the mountains of<br />norhern India at the foothill of the Hindu Kush, at an altitude of 2500 meters. They drink<br />some muddy glacial water that is strongly colloidal. Hence it would be obvious that plants<br />and also we ourselves need such water for our physique. Processes are known with which<br />the advantageous vortex balls, say colloids, are produced artificially by mechanic or<br />chemical treatment<i>. Levitated water, as it is called and as it is for sale nowadays, is said<br />to be more healthy. Unfortunately people predominantly work empiric in this area,<br />because science occupies itself with this topic only little or not at all.<br />Another problem is the fact that the colloids again fall apart quickly. The like negative<br />charge favours this process. The liquid crystals have to be stabilized from the outside. In<br />the case of the Hunza-water the colloids are surrounded by a vegetable layer of fatty acid<br />and are protected in this way <ii>. It possibly is very obliging to nature, if the water colloids<br />also in biological systems are stabilized in that way.<br />Everyone of us knows that fresh spring water tastes much better than stale, bottled water,<br />even if the chemical analysis turns out of be absolutely identical. For this fact classical<br />science is not able to give a cause - a further problem of causality. In any case should<br />potential vortices with their structure shaping property be considered as a cause for the<br />formation of water colloids. It surely causes no difficulties at all to interpret the colloids as<br />vortcx bulls.<br /><br />4.11 Phenomenon of transport<br />The vortex principle is self-similar. This means that the properties of an individual vortex<br />also for the collection of numerous vortices again appear and can he observed in a similar<br />manner. That's why a vortex ball behaves entirely similar as an individual isolated vortex.<br />The same concentration effect, that keeps the vortex together, shows its effect for the<br />vortex ball and keeps it together also.<br />Something corresponding holds for a basic property of potential vortices, being of a<br />completely different nature. It is the property to bind matter in the vortex and carry it<br />away with the vortex. Well-known are the vortex rings that skilful cigarette smokers can<br />blow in the air. Of course also non-smokers can produce these air eddies with their mouth<br />but these remain invisible. Solely by the property of the vortex ring to bind the smoke it<br />becomes visible to the human eye.<br />If out potential vortex transports something then it rather should be a dielectric material,<br />so preferably water. Therefore if in the environmental air we are surrounded by potential<br />vortices that we can detect for instance as noise, then they are capable with their<br />"phenomenon of transport", to pick up water and to keep it in the vortex. In this way the<br />atmospheric humidity is explicable as the ability of the air particles to bind comparatively<br />heavy water molecules. If the vortex falls apart then it inevitably releases the water<br />particles and it rains. This is merely a charming alternative for the classical representation<br />without claim to completeness.<br />Already the Romans have made use of this phenomenon to find water and sources. About<br />this Vitruv<i> (from 23 BC) in his 8th book about architecture writes: "Before sunrise one<br />has to lie down on the earth at the places, where to search for water,... and one has to look<br />at the area... Then one has to dig at the place where there appears curling and in the air<br />rising moist steam. Because this characteristic can not occur at a place where there is no<br />water". The at a certain time of day and in certain seasons occasional in meadows and corn<br />fields observable streaks or circular mostly moist places with differing vegetation, have to<br />be judged as an infallible sign for the existence of this phenomenon.<br />This phenomenon of transport again appears for the discussed water colloids. The<br />involved water molecules form a spherical object with a negative charge. They turn their<br />negatively charged side to the outside and point with the positively charged end in the<br />direction of the middle of the sphere. There, no longer discernible from the outside, a<br />negatively charged ion can be, that is stuck, that no longer can escape and that gives the<br />whole colloid a characteristic property. In this way nature knows various water colloids<br />that constitute plants and animals. But starting at a temperature of 41°C the liquid crystals<br />fall apart. This not by chance is the temperature at which a person dies.<br />Already 10 millivolts per liquid crystal suffice for the electrically induced death.<br />The to a colloid identical structure we find in the structure of the atoms. Here the atomic<br />nucleus is held in the inside of a vortex-like cloud of electrons, the atomic hull. We'll hit<br />the phenomenon of transport a last time, when we derive the elementary particles. For the<br />photon is already discernible the tendency of an elementary vortex, to take another vortex<br />in its inside. Merely because the electron and positron are evenly matched a stable<br />configuration is prevented for the photon.Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-71657020478643270322007-09-05T17:53:00.000+01:002007-09-05T17:57:00.558+01:003.Approach ,first telsa physics infomation for engineers3. Approach<br />In the question, if there exists a still unknown phenomenon that influences the<br />electromagnetic environmental compatibility, we must fall back far until upon the roots of<br />our physical understanding. Here we find a fundamental principle that until today is not<br />doubted and that is regarded as elementary, the principle of causality. Every result of a<br />measurement, every interpretation is checked for causality and only after passing this<br />examination it is accepted and published.<br />This principle of cause and effect has established, not only in physics but also in many<br />other disciplines of science. Is an effect observed, so there immediately is asked for the<br />cause. This principle encounters us in daily life<i>.<br />When all observable and measurable effects ever can be assigned to a cause without force<br />and without exceptional regulations then the logical result is a pyramid of causality. On<br />top a fundamental physical principle is found, that is regarded as given by nature or as<br />given by god and that with its properties is responsible as the cause for different effects.<br />These effects again appear as the cause for new effects and so on (Fig. 3.0).<br />Sometime we have removed us so far from the top of the pyramid that a direct reference to<br />the describable effects can't be made anymore, so the impression could arise that it<br />concerns an isolated and independent discipline. We should take care not to think in such<br />a monocausal way, because both delimitation and avoidance of interdisciplinary working<br />methods will inevitably steer us into a dead end!<br />This pyramid of causality stands for the vision of a "unified theory", like it is demanded<br />and sought-after by numerous research scientists. But as long as it is not found, we'll have<br />to do with unsolved problems of causality. About this any number of examples can be<br />given.<br />A physical principle based on the principle of causality is the vortex. This the eddy current<br />demonstrates us clearly. The cause for its origin is an alternating field. According to<br />Faraday's law of induction this induces a voltage that in a conducting medium results in a<br />current according to Ohm's law. Around this current according to Ampere's law an<br />alternating field forms, that points perpendicular to the current and overlaps the original<br />alternafing field. This induced field first of all is an effect that overlaps the cause and itself<br />becomes the cause. The effect that follows from that further overlaps and forms a new<br />cause etc. In this way vortices form.<br />Vortices quasi represent the principle of causality.<br /><br />Principle of Causality:<br /><br />violations of the principle of causality:<br />1. monopoles exist<br />2. starting point for the strong interaction<br />3. fields and quanta are a cause at the same time<br />4. hypothetical particles (gluons, quarks, etc.)<br />5. transmission of information with speeds faster than<br />light • with photons (University of Berkeley)<br />• with microwaves (University of Cologne)<br />• with laser beams (Technical Univ. of Vienna)<br />6. transmission of energy with speeds faster than light<br />• with scalar waves (Nicola Tesla)<br />Fig. 3.1: Causality or the principle of cause and effect<br /><br />3.1 Principle of causality<br />Our physical view of life strictly obeys the rules of causality, the principle of cause and<br />effect. But there are numerous cases, where causality at first could not be fulfilled<br />anymore. Here alternate solutions had to be found to not endanger this very successful<br />principle. A few examples should clarify this:<br />1. Technically it is impossible to produce a magnetic monopole. When a north pole is<br />produced then the accompanying south pole is also formed. In the same way only the<br />positive and negative pole can be assembled as the so called dipole. In the microcosm<br />however we find monopoles. Electrons are such particles. To restore causality we must<br />grant the microcosm its own laws that are not valid in the macrocosm! But this<br />monocausal hypothesis contradicts the observation that the microcosm represents an<br />image of the macrocosm and vice versa. Doubts if this assertion is allowed are<br />reasonable.<br />2. Like charges repel each other and that the more the smaller the distance gets. In an<br />atomic nucleus positively like charged protons are together at the smallest possible<br />room without any repulsion happening. Arithmetically seen all atomic nuclei would<br />have to explosively fly to pieces. But because this doesn't happen, shortly a new and<br />supposedly fundamental interaction, the strong interaction, was introduced to save<br />causality. Nevertheless this interaction now holds the like particles in a not explained<br />manner together. Causality could be obtained only by the introduction of a new<br />fundamental phenomenon.<br />3. When causality should hold as the supreme principle, it should be demanded with<br />priority for the fundamental phenomena of physics. Instead, in quantum<br />electrodynamics the particle is attributed the same physical reality as the field. With the<br />wave-particle duality Heisenberg has given out the corresponding formula of<br />compromise. This slaps the face of the principle of cause and effect.<br />Causality on principle allows only two approaches for a solution: the quantum physical<br />approach. which holds the quanta as the cause for the fields, and the field-theoretical<br />ašproach. wherein only the fields act as the cause. For both approaches there are good<br />arguments. The field theorists cite that fields can exist also in the vacuum, so that there<br />exist fields without particles but never particles without fields. Against that the quantum<br />physicists hold that somewhere, even when quite far away, there exist particles and that<br />the measurable fields merely are their action at a distance.<br />Both approaches first arouse the impression to be fully equal. In the course of the<br />discoveries in the area of quantum physics, the corresponding approach has been able to<br />establish. But it demands that all phenomena have to be understood as a consequence of<br />particles. So should gravitons make gravitation possible, should gluons hold everything<br />together and the quarks form the basic building parts. Meanwhile there is only worked<br />with hypotheses. Out of poverty quantum physics meanwhile has said goodbye to strict<br />causality, after the number of the violations of causality has risen that much and in every<br />respect there is a lack of models of explanation. It seems as if the end is reached, as if the<br />quantum physical approach to a large extend is exhausted.<br /><br />3.2 Field-theoretical approach<br />The field-theoretical approach is the very much older one. Until the last turn of the century<br />the world in this respect still was in order. Max Planck, by the discovery of quanta, has<br />plunged physics into a crisis.<br />Albert Einstein, who, apart from his lightquanta hypothesis, in his soul actually was a field<br />theorist, writes: ,,Is it feasible that a field theory allows us to understand the atomistic and<br />quantum structure of reality?". This question by almost all is answered with No. But I<br />believe that at present nobody knows anything reliable about it<i>".<br />By the way the "No" can be justified by the fact that the field description after Maxwell is<br />by no means able to the formation of structure so that it is not possible for quanta to<br />appear as a consequence. The field-theoretical approach could, obstructed by Maxwell's<br />field theory, not further be pursued and to this until today nothing has changed.<br />Nevertheless it would be an omission to not at least have tried this approach and have it<br />examined for its efficiency. Maybe the above mentioned problems of causality let<br />themselves be solved much more elegantly. For this however the Maxwell theory must be<br />reworked to a pure field theory. With the well-known formulation it offends against the<br />claim of causality, since it is field theory and quantum theory at the same time. To<br />Maxwell himself the quanta were still unknown, but today we know that the fourth<br />Maxwell equation is a quantum equation:<br />(3.4)<br />After this the electric field is a source field whereby the individual charge carriers, like<br />e.g. electrons, act as sources to form in their sum the space charge density pel. The other<br />three Maxwell equations are pure wave equations. In this way the third equation identifies<br />the magnetic field as source free:<br />div B = O . (3.3)<br />This for Pauli probably was the reason to call, "the electric elementary quantum e- a<br />stranger in Maxwell-Lorentz' electrodynamics"<ii>.<br />Let's return to the principle of causality according to which in the field-theoretical<br />approach the fields should act as a cause and not the particles. In a corresponding field<br />description quanta logically have not lost anything. It is only consistent to likewise<br />demand freedom of sources of the electric field:<br />Div D = O . (3.7)<br />When the electric field is not a source field, then what is it? The magnetic field is a vortex<br />field. Hence it would be obvious to also conceive the electric field as a vortex field.<br />Numerous reasons speak for it:<br />1. A non-vortical gradient field, like it is formed by charge carriers, merely represents a<br />special case of the general vortex field. Only by the generation of quanta a source field<br />can form as a special case.<br />2. The electromagnetic wave teaches us the duality between the E- and the H-field that<br />are directed perpendicular to each other and are in a fixed relation to each other. If one<br />of them is a vortex field then also the dual field must be a vortex field.<br /><br />3.3 Duality<br />Duality is a fundamental physical principle. Opposite, but one another complementing<br />phenomena can be assigned to each other in pairs, like e.g.<br /><br />Fi r s t of all we find the duality confirmed in the case of the electromagnetic wave<br />spreading in a homogeneous medium. Here the field pointers of E and H are directed<br />perpendicular to each other and are in a fixed relation to each other. But if the wave is<br />damped in the presence of matter, for instance by eddy currents, then by basing on<br />Maxwell's field theory the duality will vanish.<br />A good example for perfect duality provides the integral of a field strength vector along<br />the path from a to b:<br /><br />Urn if the integration takes place along a closed path then the circulation yields<br /><br />According to Ampere's law (3.1) the magnetic field can thus form enclosed currents and<br />spatially spreading eddy currents. The electric field on the other hand should be<br />irrotational (3.2).<br />Let's take the case that the electromagnetic wave is damped by eddy currents and the<br />magnetic field in this way becomes a vortex field. The electric field itself that, as said, is<br />in a fixed relation and perpendicular to the vortex field H, will show all the vortex-typical<br />properties. Hence nothing would be more obvious as to also grant the electric field a<br />formation of vortices:<br /><br />Critics of this dual approach, like for instance Jackson<i> or Lehner<ii>, point out that with<br />reference to the fourth Maxwell equation the electric field should be understood as a<br />source field:<br /><br />For a complete duality from the existence of electric monopoles, individual in the space<br />charge density contained charge carriers, the claim for magnetic monopoles is derived.<br />In spite of intensive search such north or south pole particles however until now could not<br />be found. Herein from the sight of criticism is seen a confirmation for the assumption that<br />Maxwell's field theory is self-contained and hence in principle may not be extended. The<br />critics have a problem of causality: They postulate source fields that at the same time<br />should be vortex fields. But if one asks how one should imagine such a field that is scalar<br />and at the same time vectorial, then it looks as if no one has ever made any thoughts about<br />it.<br />The from causality derived solution of the problem of lacking duality requires to extend<br />the Maxwell theory in one point, by introducing the potential vortex of the electric field<br />here and at the same time make a cut in another place:<br />div D = O (3.7)<br />With this formulation, the assumption of a freedom of sources in principle, the complete<br />duality already is reached: Now neither magnetic nor electric monopoles exist (Fig. 3.3)!<br />At first we have to accept the loss of the electron hoping that the calculation in the end<br />works out: the "exchange" vortices against particles, by which the quanta can be banned<br />from the field theory, suggests that the elementary particles themselves are nothing else as<br />spherical vortices that have found to an own physical reality.<br />3.4 Flow vortices<br />In fluid engineering convincing and strong indications for the correctness of the chosen<br />approach can be found. It benefits us that hydrodynamic vortices are visible or can be the<br />injection of smoke, e.g. in a wind-tunnel.<br />Already Leonardo da Vinci had observed at liquids that there exist two dual basic types<br />of plane vortices: "Among the vortices one is slower at the centre than at the sides, another<br />is faster at the centre than at the sides."<br />A vortex of the first type, also called "vortex with rigid-body rotation", is formed for<br />instance by a liquid in a centrifuge that due to its inertia of mass is pressed to the edge<br />because there the largest velocity exists. In an analogous way the electromagnetic vortex<br />in electrically conductive material shows the well-known "skin effect" (Fig. 3.4a).<br />To explain the other vortex Newton describes the experiment where a rod is dipped into a<br />liquid as viscous as possible and then is turned. In this potential vortex the velocity of the<br />particle increases the closer to the rod it is (Fig. 3.4b).<br />The duality of both vortex phenomena becomes obvious when we make ourselves clear<br />that in the experiment with the centrifuge the more liquid presses to the edge the less<br />viscous the medium is. And that on the other hand the potential vortex forms the stronger<br />the more viscous the medium is. As conclusion we read in text books that the viscosity of<br />the liquid decides whether a vortex with rigid-body rotation or a potential vortex is<br />formed.<br /><br />3.5 Rankine vortex<br />When we, in a third experiment, immerse the centrifuge filled with water into a tough<br />medium and let the centrifuge rotate, then inside the centrifuge a vortex with rigid-body<br />rotation forms and outside the centrifuge a potential vortex forms (Fig. 3.5).<br />It is obvious that one vortex always causes the other vortex with the opposite properties<br />and so the existence of one causes that of the other. So in the first case, that of the vortex<br />with rigid-body rotation, outside the centrifuge potential vortices will form in the<br />surrounding air, whereas in the second case, that of the potential vortices, the turning rod<br />itself can be interpreted as a special case of a vortex with rigid-body rotation.<br />Hence in all conceivable experiments the condition always is fulfilled that in the centre of<br />the vortex the same state of "peace", that we can fix as "zero", prevails as in infinity.<br />When we take a tornado as an example, thus a whirlwind. In the "eye of the cyclone"<br />there's no wind at all. But when I go away from this spot, then I'm blown to the outside. I<br />can really feel the vortex with rigid-body rotation in the inside. If. however, I am standing<br />on the outside, then the potential vortex tries to pull me into the vortex. This potential<br />vortex is responsible for the structure and in the end also for the size of the tornado.<br />At the radius of the vortex, the place with the largest speed of the wind, an equilibrium<br />prevails. The vortex with rigid-body rotation and the potential vortex at this point are<br />equally powerful. Their power again is determined by the viscosity, which thereby fixes<br />the radius of the vortex!<br />Therefore meteorologists pursue with interest whether a tornado forms over land or over<br />water. Over the ocean for instance it sucks itself full with water. In that way the potential<br />vortex increases in power, the radius of the vortex gets smaller and the energy density<br />increases dangerously.<br />If the knowledge from hydrodynamics is transferred to the area of electromagnetism, then<br />the role of the viscosity is taken over by the electric conductivity. The well-known current<br />eddy occurs in the conductor, whereas its counterpart, the postulated potential vortex,<br />forms in the bad-conducting medium, with preference in the dielectric. The duality of both<br />vortices is expressed by the fact that the electric conductivity of the medium decides<br />whether current eddies or potential vortices can form and how fast they decay, i.e. convert<br />their energy into heat.<br /><br /><br />3.6 Vortex and anti-vortex<br />Fig. 3.5 shows that vortex and dual anti-vortex mutually cause each other. In high tension<br />transmission lines we find a striking example for the combination of current eddy and<br />potential vortex. Within the conductor current eddies are formed. Thus the current density<br />increases towards the surface of the conductor (skin effect). Outside of the conductor, in<br />the air, the alternating fields find a very bad conducting medium. If one follows the text<br />book opinion, then the field outside the conductor should be an irrotational gradient field!<br />But this statement causes unsolvable problems.<br />When vortices occur inside the conductor, then for reasons of a detachment of the vortices<br />without jumps at the interface to the dielectric, also the fields in the air surrounding the<br />conductor must have the form and the properties of vortices. Nothing would be more<br />obvious as to also mathematically describe and interpret these so-called gradient fields as<br />vortex fields. When looking exact this argument even is mandatory!<br />The as laws of field refraction known boundary conditions<ii> in addition demand<br />steadiness at the interface of the conductor to the dielectric and don't leave us any other<br />choice. If there is a vortex field on one side, then also the field on the other side is a vortex<br />field, otherwise we offend against the law! Here an obvious failure of the Maxwell theory<br />is present.<br />Outside the conductor, in the air, where the alternating fields find a very bad conducting<br />medium the potential vortex not only exists theoretical; it even shows itself. Dependent<br />among others on the frequency and the composition of the surface of the conductor, the<br />potenial vortices form around the conductor. When the thereby induced potentials exceed<br />the initial voltage, then impact ionisation takes place and the well-known corona<br />discharge is produced. Everyone of us can hear this as crackling and see the sparkling<br />skin with which high tension transmission lines cover themselves.<br />In accordance with the text books also a gradient field increases towards the surface of the<br />conductor, but an even shining would be expected and not a crackling. Without potential<br />vortices the observable structure of the corona would remain an unsolved phenomenon of<br />physics (Fig. 3.6).<br />But even without knowing the structure-shaping property of the potential vortices, that in<br />addition acts supporting and that we'll have to derive, it can be observed well that<br />especially roughness on the surface of the conductor stimulate the formation of vortices<br />and can produce vortices. If one is looking for a reason why with large frequency the very<br />short impulses of discharge always emerge from roughness<iii>, then very probable<br />potential vortices are responsible for it. By means of a Kirlian photograph it can be<br />shown that the corona consists of structured separate discharges (Fig. 3.6).<br />With this the approach is motivated, formulated and given reasons for. The expositions<br />can't replace a proof, but they should stand a critical examination. Mathematical and<br />physical evidence will be furnished later.Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-65822854247860726412007-09-05T17:48:00.000+01:002007-09-05T17:53:05.671+01:002. tasks,first telsa physics infomation for engineers2.1 Tasks of the electromagnetic environmental compatibility<br />The environmental compatibility (EC) forms the generalization that includes both the<br />electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and the biological compatibility (BC). Besides the<br />technical and functional goals of an undisturbed functional course it also pursues ethical<br />and moral goals.<br />Technology should benefit to humanity and at the same time be in accord with nature.<br />This goal will not be reached when this technology directly or indirectly is endangering<br />humanity.<br />A direct attack on the health of people poses for instance the military usage of technical<br />apparatus or the negligent usage, by pretended ignorance and unsuspicion.<br />Is a technology posing a danger to the environment so humanity endangers itself indirectly<br />with this technology. After all are human beings a product of their environment. We<br />always should reckon on the environmental sins taking revenge on us sooner or later.<br />In fig. 2.1 a formal definition is given that in particular concerns the claims for an<br />undisturbed functional course: it concerns the compatibility aspects of unallowed emitted<br />and irradiated interference radiations, the reliability and quality safety with which a<br />function and task is fulfilled and finally the questions of the protection of health and the<br />safety at work.<br />Moreover fig. 2.1 provides an overview and the structure of the 2nd chapter. First we'll<br />treat the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) that first of all deals with the influence of<br />artificial but also natural interference sources on technical apparatus.<br />After that we'll throw a glance at the appearing fields in nature. The biological<br />compatibility (BC) deals with the influence on biological systems.<br />An especially sensitive area of the environmental compatibility (EC) than describes the<br />with a cross-link hinted influence of artificial interference sources on biological systems<br />that is popularly described as ,,electro smog".<br />The numerous aspects of the environmental compatibility for instance in the areas of<br />chemistry and biology that certainly are important, but do not fall in the area of<br />electromagnetism, can't be treated in the here marked framework.<br /><br />2.2 Tasks of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)<br />First of all the EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) is concerned with the function of<br />technical apparatus. Correspondingly rational and dry sounds the official definition:<br />"electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) describes the ability of an electrical setting-up (i.e.<br />of a construction element, of a construction group, of an apparatus or of an installation) to<br />function in an electromagnetic environment without stressing this environment by<br />electromagnetic effects in an unallowed fashion ".<br />Actually it concerns an old need for protection that should be as old as the usage of electro<br />technical apparatus. But in the beginning no one cared about it. The spark gaps with which<br />Heinrich Hertz 1888 in Karlsruhe has carried out the first radio technical experiments<br />were genuine ,,polluters", that would have been detectible at several hundreds of<br />kilometres distance with modern receivers. For these installations that he had assembled in<br />the lecture room with his students, today he would hardly get a permission of operation<br />and the since 1996 required declaration of conformity he would get not at all.<br />1925, as in Germany the number of radio listeners had exceeded the limit of one million,<br />for the first time a need for protection appears in the certificate of approval for radio<br />receivers: "The public telegraphs and telephone installations must not be disturbed by the<br />radio receiver".<br />Later on every backside of the good old steam radios there was found the following hint<br />(translated): "This apparatus meets the interference radiation regulations of the German<br />Post Office". So the manufacturers were urged to measure the emission of their apparatus<br />and in particular to screen the HF-oscillators in the superhet-receivers.<br />Since the fifties, in the VDE-institute EMC-examinations in the present day sense are<br />taken. The main point of the measurements and the by the VDE recommended limits,<br />however is about interferences bound to a circuit. On the supply lines of the network the<br />prevailing conditions are reproducible so that standards can be put through (Fig. 2.2).<br />For measurements of interference radiation maybe the time was not ripe enough or the<br />necessity was not big enough. The usual argumentation was: what we can't measure<br />reproducibly, can not be forbidden and certainly not be put under punishment. Therefore<br />merely recommendations were issued or impositions weak as wax were made like: "the<br />interference field strength ... must be so small that an undisturbed reception is guaranteed<br />as soon as the minimum field strength for utilization exists at the place where the antenna<br />is mounted"<i>.<br />In common parlance that means something like: "as long as no one bleats, everything is<br />allowed". Within a connected industrial area there even existed an officially legitimized<br />fools freedom. Merely at the fence of the industrial area limits had to be fulfilled.<br />Specially for the line-frequency of the screen one has decided to build a loophole in the<br />law so that one didn't have to throw the TV sets, that so successfully had conquered the<br />living rooms, out of the window. Of course the flickering screens did interfere exactly as<br />before but this EMC-interference now was officially approved.<br /><br />2.3 Declaration of conformity<br />In the EMC times seem to have gone as the standardizers had to fit in with the insufficiencies<br />of technology. Meanwhile the conditions have turned up. We owe this circumstance<br />first of all the EMC-law of 1992 that doesn't name any limits but it states the<br />political intention to demand from technical apparatus and installations an appropriate<br />stability against interference and at the same time limit the sent out interference.<br />As a consequence of this law the measurement facilities and measurement processes had<br />to be standardized to get reproducible measurement results that are not influenced by the<br />electromagnetic environment. That goes so far that even the floor covering of a<br />measurement hall is dictated because the conductivity of the floor influences the degree of<br />reflexion. Normally the examinee is situated on a revolving plate that is turned around for<br />360° during the measurement of the radio interference field strength. Is it however not<br />possible to turn the examinee than the antenna has to be led around it, thereby again<br />increasing the dimensions of the measurement hall. The distance to the antenna should be<br />up to 10 meters. Moreover it must be possible to move the antenna, up till a height of 4<br />meters to register the influence of the reflexions on the floor.<br />Moreover there is to plan a reflexion free zone around the measurement track (in elliptical<br />form) that depends on the reachable damping of reflexions of the used absorber. Used are<br />pyramids of foam material soaked with carbon and increasingly tiles of ferrite or<br />shieldings of wallpaper.<br />Taken all together for a measurement hall doing justice to standards there result<br />considerable measurements of for instance 18 m length x 10 m width x 7 m height.<br />Let's again come to talk about the EMC-law with which only the intention but not the way<br />is fixed. To form the claims catalogue in a way that is fulfillable in general, some concrete<br />prescriptions, the so called standards, have to be worked out. This task was transferred to<br />the European committee for electro technical standardization CENELEC, which has<br />established the workgroup TC 110 to at first work out some standards:<br />The basic standards deal independent of product with general questions of the EMC, of<br />the testing process and of the measurement environment.<br />The generic standards likewise deal independent of product with the so called<br />fundamental technical standards for apparatus in their dependence of the respective<br />electromagnetic environment (protected computer room or medical room, environment of<br />the house, office or industry).<br />The product standards concern the EMC-standards referring to products (7 product<br />families / approx. 50 products).<br />In Fig. 2.3 the arduous way through the jungle of paragraphs for a technical apparatus is<br />outlined. Corresponding to the requirements of use, first the relating ES-standards for the<br />apparatus have to be determined and than have to be measured according to own test<br />standards based on the fundamental technical standards. When the allowed limits for<br />stability against interference and for sending out interferences are not exceeded, the ECdeclaration<br />of conformity is handed out. Since 1.1.96 that declaration is needed when<br />apparatus are commercialized or - stated more exactly - "put in circulation" and operated.<br />When still further EC-guidelines are met in the end the CE-hallmark is awarded. Since<br />1.1.96 only with this hallmark the access to the common market of the EC is possible.<br />Violations can be punished with fines and if need be with imprisonment. But there are<br />great national differences in the EC. The Federal Republic of Germany with fines of up to<br />50.000 Euro counts as expensive for criminals.<br /><br />2.4 EMC-techniques to measure the emission of interference<br />Actually we already can be glad that it came to an europe-wide agreement for the<br />regulation of the EMC-set of problems. But the question if we can be satisfied with what<br />we have reached is still outstanding. All too often the lowest common denominator of the<br />measurable and checkable was sought and not so much the technical possible was taken<br />into consideration.<br />The main emphasis is put on the measurement of the emission of interferences.<br />Traditionally the interferences bound to a circuit are registered in a frequency range up<br />to 30 MHz. The corresponding wavelengths thereby can correspond with the length of the<br />supply lines and form standing interference waves. Primarily the spectrum of the<br />interference currents is measured e.g. over a HF-current converter. These currents<br />produce a voltage drop over the internal resistance of the feeding network. Because the<br />properties of the networks can vary very strong, a standardized end-resistor is required for<br />the measurement of the interference voltage. For this purpose an imitation of the network<br />is switched between the network and the examinee. This imitation in addition has the task<br />to keep away the interference signals that come from the supplying network with the help<br />of filter-elements (Fig. 2.4).<br />The measurement of the interference radiation, the field-bound interference emission,<br />lakes place between 30 MHz and 1 GHz. For that a free field or an absorber-hall with<br />little or no reflexions is required. The standardized distances of measurement are 3, 10 and<br />30 meters. The electric field strength is determined with dipole broadband antennas, the<br />magnetic field strength with frame antennas. It must be possible to both vary the receiving<br />antenna between horizontal and vertical polarization and to adjust the receiving antenna in<br />the height and the position to the test object.<br /><br />2.5 Electro-Smog<br />There is almost no end to the possibilities of variation and one needs already a lot of<br />overview and experience to determine the field strength maximum. Nevertheless we have<br />to ask ourselves if in this way really all emissions of interference are understandable, that<br />popularly are described as ,,electro smog".<br />Smog is the combination of the terms Smoke and Fog. It therefore describes a pressure on<br />the environment with fog like smoke. When for instance in the case of smog alarm all<br />interference sources are switched off, which means all kilns are brought to a stop and all<br />automobiles are stopped, than the fog like smoke therefore still is not vanished from the<br />air. It just distributes itself and dissolves only very slowly.<br />The transfer of the smog idea on the electromagnetic interference radiation is bound to fail<br />because, when the test object is switched off no emission of interference at all is detectable<br />with the usual measurement means. Nevertheless the rainbow-press is trying to enumerate<br />almost all electromagnetic field phenomena under the term ,,electro smog" without<br />consideration of the fact that this term is not at all a collection term.<br />From the sight of an expert one can only speak of smog when something like smog<br />remains and stays active further after the switching off of an electro technical apparatus. It<br />should be a phenomenon that is not understandable by the standardized measurements of<br />interference radiation. Such a phenomenon would be e.g. the vortex of the electric field.<br />However vortices are virtually not measurable in a direct way because they have the<br />unpleasant property to whirl about around the measurement probe. But they will be<br />detectable by their eddy losses and in the case of the electric field vortex appear as noise.<br />Until now the standardizer however haven't planned to investigate the influence of an<br />apparatus on the noise in the environment. Here we still grope in the dark.<br />At least the vortex shows a storing property that would justify the use of the idea "smog".<br />We'll have to investigate the phenomenon.<br /><br />2.6 EMC-techniques to measure the stability against interference<br />The question is: what kind and what intensity of an electromagnetic interference can an<br />apparatus cope with without limiting it regarding its technical function.<br />For that test generators are used and with their help interference signals are produced in<br />the test object. Fig. 2.6 shows the possibilities of a symmetrical, of an unsymmetrical and<br />of an asymmetrical production of interference voltage signals in the power supply lines of<br />an examinee. Over and above that the testing possibilities and testing methods are<br />numerous. In principle the following processes are used:<br />1. The simulation and production of interference factors typical for the network like<br />harmonic waves on network voltages, overlapping signal voltages, changes of network<br />voltage, decrease of network voltage, network interruptions, network unsymmetries and<br />network frequency changes.<br />2. The production of both energy-poorer and energy-richer interference impulses like they<br />can form in energy-networks by switching acts or by the effect of lightning (burst).<br />3. The simulation of the course of events when static electricity discharges.<br />4. Low-frequency magnetic fields like those that can form by network frequency operating<br />and loading currents or by short-circuit and lightning currents in the form of a pulse.<br />5. The stability against interference against the influence of an electromagnetic field also<br />called radio interference firmness. For this purpose high-frequency generators and<br />broadband antennas are used to expose the examinee to electromagnetic fields in a<br />frequency range between 10 kHz and 18 GHz. At the moment tests are only performed<br />between 27 and 500 MHz. The modulation of the carrier wave should be possible to be<br />able to imitate the interferences by radio technology as realistic as possible. Thereby<br />the field strength values can by all means reach up to several 100 V/m.<br />In accordance with expectation the result of this irradiation with an outside field is that<br />every conduction path and every wire can act as an antenna and therefore can produce<br />high-frequency currents and measurable potentials. Building parts of the analog technology<br />as a consequence battle with problems of drift whereas with digital logic parts and<br />computer parts the danger exists that switching states change unintentionally. Let us<br />remember again the overlap effect of fig. 1.4. The electromagnetic wave itself marches<br />wi t h the speed of light through the examinee. When a small part of the wave finds an<br />object that it can use as an antenna than the localized overlap comes into play. This than as<br />a cause is responsible for the effective and measurable antenna currents. Until here the text<br />books help us to explain the problems that happen and to remove them logically.<br />However time and again cases are reported where textbook physics can't help us any<br />further. Spectacular cases even came to court like e.g. the ABS (Antilock Braking System)<br />of a truck that had failed due to EMC-interference radiation. As a consequence the brakes<br />had failed. When after that the local radiation pollution is measured no anomaly at all can<br />be discovered. The measurable field strength is not higher as is usual in the whole area.<br />Maybe you also have made the experience that often the causes can't be found when your<br />computer suddenly "crashes" out of the blue.<br />Here the mentioned vortex of the electric field is capable to deliver plausible explanations<br />because it is not bound to the geometry of an antenna and in addition is highly active<br />without being detectable with the usual EMC measurement methods of the interference<br />radiation measurement!<br /><br />2.7 Tasks of the biological compatibility<br />The second leg of the environmental compatibility (EC) forms the biological compatibility<br />(BC) besides the electromagnetic environmental compatibility. Whereas the interests of<br />the EMC are looked after by electrotechnical engineers and electrophysicists, with the BC<br />also doctors, biologists and architects are addressed.<br />Moreover this leg is already very old and already existed long before artificial interference<br />sources could be created by mankind. The interaction between the arising interference<br />sources in nature and the biological systems in general and specially men always<br />interested the doctors, the priests, the druids and geomants, that not seldom looked after<br />several functions in personal union equally. Unfortunately they as a rule have kept their<br />knowledge and capabilities as secret knowledge, didn't make any recordings and merely<br />initiated and trained their respective successors. Through that a great deal got lost and<br />today non-medical practitioners, homeopaths and esoterics trouble themselves to take up<br />to the far-reaching buried knowledge.<br />Because this concerns pure knowledge by experience, often the with the topic occupied<br />persons themselves are not capable to say anything about the physical backgrounds and<br />causes. One concentrates entirely on the under certain circumstances reachable results and<br />only in rare cases on reproducable effects. In some areas the scientific assignment already<br />has succeeded, have parascientific phenomena managed their admission in the so called<br />"exact sciences", but in most experience disciplines the assignment is still due. There still<br />is a lot to do here.<br />In the time as there not yet were operated any artificial interference sources on our planet,<br />the senses of man naturally were a whole lot sharper for his electromagnetic environment<br />as today. Today, where there scarcely is a place on earth where we are not irradiated by<br />terrestrial transmitters, by satellites or by the netfrequency that is measurable everywhere.<br />In the bluntness of our senses perhaps the hybris of modern man is founded, with which he<br />wants to rise himself above esotericism, geomancy and other sciences of experience and<br />thereby dispute the electric and magnetic fields their biological effectiveness.<br />The fields of natural origin form an electromagnetic environment for men, that they have<br />adapted to and that they probably need for a life in accord with nature. The evolution has<br />taken care for a corresponding adaptation.<br />In fig. 2.7 in addition to the limits from fig. 1.1 the intensities of natural electromagnetic<br />fields are registered<i>. They lie clearly lower as the recommended limits but exactly in the<br />area wherein the first reactions of living beings are observable.<br />When we ask us how much electromagnetism is good for us and how much harms us so<br />the obvious answer is: exactly as much radiation as nature dictates in the fluctuations<br />between day and night, between the months, years and in the end between the cycles of<br />sunspots of 11 years. Here the guide value is found that man and nature have adapted<br />themselves to. In fig. 2.7 the corresponding area between the natural minimum and<br />maximum values is given.<br /><br />2.8 Natural fields<br />Our electromagnetic environment has something to offer:<br />From the magnetic north pole to the magnetic south pole of the earth run the field lines of<br />the earth's magnetic field that we are exposed to. With a compass we use the vector<br />character of the magnetic field to fix our position. The induction averaged over time is<br />approx. 50 uT. But it is overlapped by short-time fluctuations caused by geomagnetic<br />storms in the ionosphere.<br />These storms again are caused by the eddy currents and the currents of charged particles<br />that come from the sun. At the same time these eddy currents in the ionosphere together<br />with the earth's magnetic field form a protective shield with a excellent screening effect<br />for us inhabitants of earth.<br />In several layers like for instance the ozone and Heaviside layers a filtering and damping<br />until the complete suppression of the very broad cosmic spectrum is caused. This<br />extraterrestrial spectrum of radiation doesn't leave a single frequency out and has a lethal<br />intensity for us.<br />Only for a little window in the frequency spectrum, radiation can pass almost undamped,<br />as can be seen in fig. 2.8: the light with the spectrum of the colors. For this nature has<br />donated man a sense organ so that man can protect himself against too high dose values.<br />After all, who will look voluntarily into the sun? We only get into trouble when our sense<br />organ doesn't function any more (for instance in the fringe range of the visible spectrum,<br />the UV-range).<br />For other frequencies of electromagnetic radiation man neither has a sense organ but that<br />doesn't mean that he is not influenced by these. Here, as in the UV-range he only<br />indirectly notices that he has got too high a dose when he has to discover some influences<br />on his well-being and his health. Without the help of neutral measurement apparatus he<br />himself by no means is in a position to make a connection between an excessive<br />exposition to radiation and his health problems.<br />When natural field strengths should be used as a measure for technical limits, so there<br />should be paid attention to the fact that nature doesn't know intense continuous<br />irradiation. The values are subject to powerful fluctuations that leave men and nature the<br />chance to regenerate.<br />The television stations not even think it is necessary to reduce their broadcasting power<br />after the end of broadcasts and further sprinkle the sleeping population with test signals,<br />with senseless pictures of going by underground or nonstop program advertisements.<br />People need the intermissions. That again shows how good nature means it with us.<br /><br />2.9 Electricity of the air<br />The electrostatic field strength of the earth lies between 50 and 500 V/m. That is a whole<br />lot considering that voltages off 60 Volts can be lethal for man. But a living person<br />distorts the terrestrial E-field for reason of his own field and his electric conductivity, so<br />that there exists no danger for him as long as he doesn't grow into the sky.<br />Maybe the dinosaurs had to become extinct because they were to big and for instance the<br />E-field near the ground had risen with a jump by a meteorite that brought a high charge<br />from the cosmos. That would explain why the smaller living beings could survive the<br />natural disaster.<br />Also the thunderstorm electricity can become life-threatening. Burns, heart and brain<br />failures are the most common consequences. After all the probability to be struck by<br />lightning is four times higher as to have six right ones in the lottery.<br />Over the lightning channel of approx. 1 meter in diameter charges between 10 and 200 C<br />are transported what results in current strengths of 2000 up to 200,000 A. The main<br />discharge lasts between 10 and 50 usec. With the preceding and all the following<br />discharges it lasts over a second.<br />Field strengths on the scale of 4,000 V/m are typical but in a distance of 5 km these wear<br />off to 8 V/m. The frequency spectrum of a lightning reaches 4 powers of ten into the range<br />of the radio waves. In fig. 2.9 is shown the field strength measured in a distance of 1.6 km<br />from the place of origin<i,ii>.<br />The origin of lightnings is still an unsolved problem after the well-known models (Wilson)<br />arc not in a position to explain the reason for the origin of the potential difference of more<br />than 100 million Volts required for the ionization of the air. Also the lightnings that struck<br />in the direction of the ionosphere still are mysterious.<br />We'll have to come back to this<iii>.<br /><br />2.10 Biological effects<br />The in fig. 2.1 indicated connection between the EMC and the BC, by some authors<br />inofficially described as EMC-environment (EMCE), describes the effect of artificial<br />fields on biological systems. This concerns the sensitive range of tasks that is discussed<br />extremely controversially in the public. The problem thereby is that the artificially<br />produced field strengths lie above the natural field strengths for several scales.<br />In the thirties first reports about troubles were provided by navy radio operators that<br />complained about headache, dizzyness, concentration failure and indisposition. Besides<br />these negative reports concerning the so called "radio operator disease" at the same time<br />medical usages concerning high-frequency therapy were tested. In the beginning this<br />diathermy called healing method still was a short wave irradiation. Today it is extended<br />into the microwave range and uses the thermal effect of electromagnetic rays. The<br />increased temperature of the tissue causes an increased local blood flow. This supports<br />healing processes, loosens cramped muscles and can help in case of rheumatic fever.<br />The advantage of the HF-irradiation compared to contact heat by a hot-water bottle or by<br />infrared rays is the higher penetration depth. Herein short waves are superior to<br />microwaves. But microwaves can be better focussed on a certain part of the body.<br />Is the temperature further increased, so the tissue is damaged. This is used for the<br />treatment of cancer and is called hyperthermy. Because cancer cells as a rule are flowed<br />wi t h blood worse than healthy cells, they are more sensitive to heat and therefore are faster<br />destroyed than healthy cells at a correspondingly increased temperature. In this way for<br />Instance in the USA cattle with a so called cancer eye are treated. For that the spot<br />suffering from cancer is irradiated with 2MHz-waves for 30 seconds with a handheld<br />apparatus of 10 Watts broadcasting power. The rate of succes is given to be 90%!<br />The method of hyperthermy has not yet been able to establish in the area of the medicine<br />for humans. Also at our college corresponding research work is carried out in co-operation<br />with the radiological clinic of the university of Freiburg (Germany )<i>.<br />T he thermal effects of high-frequency fields are therefore well-known and subject of<br />scientific research. On the other hand and in spite of numerous publications, non-thermal<br />effects even today are denied by some scientists as non-existent<ii>. Here only a few<br />counter-examples will be listed.<br />Fig. 2.10 A shows the effect of a static magnetic field of 0.12 Tesla on the root (1) and on<br />thc plant (II) of barley seeds. The readable effect is an acceleration of the growth of the<br />treated seeds (dotted line) compared to the plants for checking (drawn line)<iii>.<br /><br />A static field naturally produces no induction and hence no heating will arise. In the case<br />of alternating fields the thermal effect in experiments is excluded by working with<br />cxtremly low stimulations. The example after fig. 2.10 B shows the measured increase in<br />the production (K) of colicin by colibacteria at only 0.01 mW/cm2 microwave power<i>.<br />In addition the example provides the interesting information that obviously only a certain<br />frequency and it's harmonic waves increase the production, other frequencies on the other<br />hand remain inactive. Because only minimal field strengths are used it more likely<br />concerns an information-technical as an energetic effect (curve a). This statement is<br />supported by the observation that an increase of the intensity not at all necessarily as a<br />consequence also increases the production (curve b). What the colibakteria need is<br />obviously neither energy nor heat but only a certain frequency that stimulates the colicin<br />production or the growth.<br />Should it really be confirmed that biological effects of electric and magnetic fields can be<br />produced by certain frequencies and can't happen by an energy transition so the<br />discussions about limits must seem ample meaningless.<br />Maybe the one or the other in thought already draws a connection to the acceleration, the<br />acclerated growth of kids, which is observed world-wide and stronger in cities than in the<br />country. It started for approx. 100 years simultaneous with the electrification of the homes<br />in the towns. In Asia the acceleration and also the electrification have started later.<br />Other growth stimulating effects like radio waves, X-ray examinations, atomic tests and<br />provable also the nourishment with vitamin B6 happened only until much later and at the<br />most could support the actual effect.<br />But how should a proof be offered when anyway the field strength not at all can have a<br />decisive influence on the growth of man after the statement of fig. 2.10 B? Which<br />information is authorative? Where lies the responsible frequency window? Does the<br />information actually manifest as frequency? Is the authorative influential factor also in this<br />case not at all noticed and measured?<br />A lot of pressing questions are still outstanding. But in any case the numerous influential<br />factors detected in experiments do not at all let themselves reduce to a sole factor, for<br />instance the nourishment. For a family doctor it may be comfortable to be able to give an<br />easy explanation: ,,Cause is the nourishment!" With such a reductionism on the other hand<br />the actual cause stays in the dark and the asked questions in this way won't let themselves<br />be answered.<br /><br />2.11 Artificial fields<br />The scepticism of people feeling close to nature is especially directed against artificial<br />fields that man can't see nor hear nor smell. Objects of doubt are first of all the<br />installations for the creation, distribution and conversion of electric energy.<br />An essential role plays the fact how close the supplying and the draining conductors are to<br />each other, so that the respective fields can compensate each other. The worst solution one<br />can think of is realized at the electrified railway. Here the rails and the earth are used as<br />the draining conductor for the current while there exists an ample large distance to the<br />supplying conductor. A compensation is almost impossible thus causing gigantic<br />interference fields that are detectable even at a distance of 10 kilometers. The increased<br />putting on of railway engines feeded by rectified current is likely to aggravate the set of<br />problems because the non-sinusoidal absorption of current is strongly afflicted with<br />harmonic waves.<br />With high tension transmission lines (fig. 2.11) the interference field strength is reduced<br />when the three cables are suspended with only little distance between them. But even the<br />selected phase order can play a role. Of course the optimal compensation effect is<br />guaranteed with cables in the earth. But these are expensive and technically not realizable<br />for such high voltage levels.<br />In the eighties also the computer screens got in the headlines. The terminals are furnished<br />with a cathode ray tube and have a very broad radiation spectrum that already starts at 0<br />Hz. Here already static maximum values of 64 kV/m are measured<i>!<br />I'requency range Measured maximum 30 cm in front of<br />values Emax resp. Hmax the screen<br />static field (0 Hz) 64 kV/m<br />30 Hz. 60 Hz 10 V/m and<br />0.2 - 1 A/m<br />5 Hz - 1 kHz 1800 V/m and 10 V/m and<br />4 A/m 0,6 A/m<br />50 Hz - 0,5 MHz 1 A/m<br />15 kHz-220 kHz 50 V/m and 15 V/m and<br />1.1 A/m 0,17 A/m<br />3 MHz -300 MHz < 0,2 V/m<br /><br />system used frequency<br />about<br />measured<br />value<br />radio broadcasting station<br />(MW 2O kW)<br />6OO kHz 2...17 V/m<br />radio broadcasting station<br />(SW 1OO kW)<br />15 MHz 1...25 V/m<br />SOS-transmitter<br />on a ship (1OO W)<br />41O kHz 1...3 V/m<br />Epitaxiedevice<br />(induction oven)<br />45O kHz 37...4OO V/m<br />HF-welting press<br />(welding of plastic foils)<br />27,12 MHz 70...85 V/m<br />radar on a ship<br />(TRN 311)<br />9,3 GHz 1...3O uW/cm2<br />radar of an airplane 9,2 GHz 45O...<br />28OO uW/cm2<br />domestic appliances measured in a distance of 3O cm:<br />hand mixer<br />refrigerator<br />5O Hz<br />5O Hz<br />5O V/m<br />6O V/m<br />Fig. 2.12: ____ the electric field strength resp. Power density<br />in our environment.<br /><br />2.12 Protection against artificial fields<br />Artificial fields more or less always occur in the neighbourhood of electric apparatus and<br />installations. Especially problematic are those that work with the free radiation of<br />electromagnetic fields, that is all the radio broadcasting stations, handheld and radar<br />transmitters.<br />Herewith it is important that not needed parts of the antennas are shielded, that antennas<br />with little close by field pollution are used and that the stand should be situated at least 3<br />km remote from inhabited areas. For instance at radar installations damping values of 10<br />dB and more can be obtained only by using a corresponding tree growth.<br />This obviously concerns a damping of the waves in a dielectric manner. We'll have to<br />come back to this because textbook physics does not know a corresponding damping term<br />in the wave equation.<br />The radiation leaking out in case of the high-frequency welding of plastic foils and of the<br />microwave oven should be minimized.<br />In the case of induction ovens or of motors an active shielding often causes problems so<br />that for simple domestic appliances like a hand mixer and especially for the electric hairdryer<br />non proportionally high field strength values are measured. Fig. 2.12 informs about<br />it.<br />Protective measures for the operator are hardly possible. To protect uninvolved people not<br />only the apparatus but also the rooms and eventually whole parts of buildings had to be<br />shielded and grounded.<br />Sometimes also fairly simple possibilities are helpful like e.g. the usage of a remote<br />control. By clearing away the cable salat at the workplace and at the sleeping place<br />induction loops can be removed. Alarm-clocks operated by batteries should have<br />preference over those operated by the network. Mattresses with metal in them and springbeds<br />which clearly act as an antenna should be avoided. In extreme cases even so called<br />"current-free switches" and shielded network lines are recommended (fig. 2.13).<br />In the area of the network supply lines a choking coil can help decrease the spreading of<br />high-frequency interference radiation. It is especially important that all the conducting<br />metallic objects like e.g. water pipes, heatings, steel racks, machines, switching racks,<br />steel armaments and metallic windows should be grounded properly, because otherwise<br />extremly high static charges could result instead of a shielding. Construction biologists<br />recommend to when possible do without metals when building houses and furnishing,<br />what of course is only realizable with limitation.<br />In any case numerous measures are known that to a lesser extent find their legitimation in<br />classical physics, but more likely in precaution. As long as we do not know which<br />phenomenon causes the electrosmog and we don't have a measuring-instrument at our<br />disposal, precaution is really the only thing we can do irrespective of the effectiveness of<br />the measures and of the arising costs!<br /><br />2.13 Unsolved tasks<br />The report concerning the actual state of research could be continued at will. But the<br />expositions should suffice, to understand what are the tasks of the electromagnetic<br />environmental compatibility (fig. 2.1) and which questions still have to be supplied with a<br />solution. One can get deeper into every of the addressed points and then discover that<br />some questions can be expressed sharper and maybe conceivable answers can be found,<br />but at the same time and unavoidable the number of new questions increases faster.<br />Let us again take up the example of the handheld wireless telephones (chapter 1.2). At<br />least it now is clear to us that the usage of the built-in microwave antenna of a handy is<br />problematic. In the interior of an automobile it never should be used. If, however, one uses<br />the antenna installed on the outside on the sheet metal then the damping and screening<br />effect of the sheet metal chassis is advantageous at least for the handy user.<br />With that of course the central question is not answered. The question of what the cause is<br />for the interfering and at worst health endangering effect of the HF-radiation. Field<br />freedom we can't find anywhere on this world. Possibly we even need the fields. But then<br />the question is how much is necessary, how much is healthy and how much makes us ill.<br />The gap of explanation especially gets clear in the case of the static or of the lowfrequency<br />magnetic field: away from technical interference sources normally fields on the<br />scale of 10 nT are measurable. Construction biologists say that 20 nT, so twice that value,<br />should not be exceeded at the sleeping place and maybe 50 nT at the desk. These values<br />however are determined purely empirical.<br />When a person is examined in a nuclear magnetic resonance tomograph that person is<br />exposed to a field that lies between 0.2 and 1.5 Tesla. that is a value 7 till 8 powers often<br />higher than before mentioned without this leading to the death of that person. Entirely on<br />the contrary this method is regarded as especially caring and safe compared to the X-ray<br />examination.<br />Here again the legitimation of the thesis put forward is entirely comfirmed. The thesis that<br />the well-known physically measurable and controllable phenomena can not be considered<br />as a cause and that possibly a until now undiscovered field phenomenon should be called<br />to account.<br />Should such a phenomenon exist it should be derived, calculated and proved. We must go<br />to endless troubles and try everything. The actual difficulties wherein the electromagnetic<br />environmental compatibility is stuck are a challenge.Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-10989135365029383292007-09-05T17:41:00.000+01:002007-09-05T17:47:39.196+01:001. Introduction,first telsa physics infomation for engineers1.1 Discussion about limits<br />Whoever follows the public discussions concerning electro smog always sees two arguing<br />parties, whose standpoints lie so far apart that they inevitably talk at cross purposes and<br />there can be found no consensus.<br />On one side the "affected" find together who maintain to have found the electromagnetic<br />radiation as the damaging cause for their problems. They are to be taken serious, even<br />when only their personal sensitivity serves as means of measurement and proof and a more<br />or less distinct sensitivity against electromagnetic phenomena. This group occasionally<br />finds support of homeopaths who can base on reproducible laboratory results that fit as<br />few into the view of life of science as the empirical statements of affected and possibly<br />hurt people.<br />On the other side stand the representatives of the energy-supply companies and the<br />runners of radio networks who argue with the needs of our modern industrial society and<br />give "limits" prescribed to them by scientists. These, for their part, proceed according to<br />strictly scientific methods. Their presented results are reproducible and there's no doubt<br />about them.<br />The limits after all are fixed far below those that are recommended from a scientific<br />viewpoint. Nevertheless both groups are separated from consensus by powers of ten.<br />When we want to know how deep the ditch is we want to bridge, we should take a look at<br />the determined limits (Fig. 1.1).<br />The limits stem from the 1RPA (International Radiation Protection Association) an organ<br />of the World Health Organization that in turn has appointed the INIRC (International Non<br />Ionizing Radiation Committee). These now state to have used all available scientific<br />research results as basis for the given guidelines.<br />Moreover a safety range was worked into them. So the limits were fixed at substantially<br />lower levels to guarantee that no health damage arises. In this way first the limits were<br />determined for the people who for reasons of profession are exposed to electromagnetic<br />fields.<br />For the population in general the limits for the so called non-professional exposition were<br />reduced further to one half till one fifth for reasons of caution and care. In Fig. 1.1 these<br />limits are registered. Thereby is distinguished between magnetic fields and electric fields<br />that appear stationary or at extremely low frequencies (ELF describes frequencies between<br />1 Hz and 100 Hz). Moreover limits for low-frequency (1-10 kHz) and high-frequency (1-<br />10 MHz) alternating electromagnetic fields are given.<br />The graph should serve as a rough orientation and show us the proportion of scale. As<br />further information some thresholds of measured reactions of biological systems are<br />registered (after Konig*1*). Because a logarithmic scale was chosen to fit all the values on<br />one graph it becomes clear that between the first reactions and the recommended limits<br />there lie up to five powers often. The ditch seems to be insurmountable.<br /><br />1.2 Wireless telephones<br />Measuring technical surveys with regard to the influence of brain currents by digital radio<br />signals by the university hospital in Lubeck have startled handy manufacturers and users<br />equally <i>. Although in this case measurement errors could be detected, the ,,bugaboo on<br />the wall" remains that we are sitting unsuspecting in a restaurant and a neighbour draws<br />his handy out of his pocket to make a digital telephone call. Thereby synchronizing the<br />brain currents within a radius of 100 meters on the broadcasting signal and occupying our<br />brain useless with technical signals. The derivation will show that from the start this can't<br />happen to all visitors, because as a prerequisite conditions of resonance must be fulfilled.<br />But would there be an affected, he or she for sure would have considerable problems,<br />because informations that are not picked up over the sense organs can neither be classified<br />timely nor as regards content.<br />An affected whose brain has picked up technical signals not even is able to register by<br />itself that it was fed with incorrect informations. It would be reasonable when the visitors<br />of the restaurant would defend themselves and put the radio operator on the doorstep. The<br />number of restaurants where apart from cats and dogs also handy's have to stay outside is<br />increasing. How should we keep out of the way of electromagnetic fields? Should we walk<br />around permanently with a steel helmet or even better in a knight's armour and even go to<br />bed with them? It would be worse than in the dark middle ages.<br />Summarizing: it should be guaranteed that the operation of electro technical apparatus<br />causes neither health damage nor unintentional influence or irritation. A systematic and<br />scientific procedure should investigate in the laboratory all relevant physical phenomena<br />individually for their interaction. Electro physics bases on two phenomena in connexion<br />with electro-smog: on the one hand the radiation and on the other hand the thermal effect,<br />but at a close look both factors prove to be of only little importance!<br />In radiation measurements the intensity of the electromagnetic wave at a certain place is<br />determined. In laboratory experiments the field strength is increased so long till biological<br />reactions are observed. Thermal limits are determined in a similar way. As said, the values<br />lie about powers of ten above those that possibly bother you when you hold a handy to<br />your ear. It is true that the microwave radiation penetrates into your head but we also<br />know that it marches out again on the other side and this visit in your head happens with<br />the speed of light.<br />Exactly like this are guest in your body constantly your local radio station, your local<br />television station the satellites with hundreds of programs and anyway the whole radio<br />technical world even when you did not invite them.<br />For an electromagnetic wave to become receivable, the field strength must lie clearly<br />above the common noise signal and this can only be achieved by a permanent overlap, by<br />standing waves, like in a cavity tuned to a specific frequency or an antenna. As long as<br />people don't let themselves grow antennas on their heads they hardly have to fear direct<br />biological effects of electromagnetic waves.<br />That leaves as the second phenomenon the thermal effect. With a handy held to your<br />cheek there comes into being a local fever in your head. But that is not at all unusual or<br />unnatural for the human body. Something like that happens to a far greater degree when<br />you take a hot foot bath or let yourself be irradiated at one side from the sun at a tourist<br />grill.<br /><br />1.3 Absorption of waves<br />The with the theme dealing physicians logically have to put up with criticism that they<br />work only with two phenomena that not at all can be involved authoritative in the causes<br />for biological effects. A third factor can be considered, a field phenomenon until now<br />stayed unnoticed by science: the vortex of the electric field, the so called potential vortex.<br />A vortex is to be considered as an oscillation around a fixed point. Through that a<br />permanent overlap is caused, like what happens at an antenna only that the vortex is not<br />bound to the dimension of an antenna. The potential vortex is contracting and in this way<br />reaches extremely high energy densities at very little spatial measurement, densities that<br />lie far above those that field strength measurements are pretending to us [Al]<i:>.<br />When again you take the handy at hand with which you ,,blow" the pulsed microwaves<br />into your head. Don't worry, because with the speed of light and without provable damage<br />almost everything comes out again on the other side, but only almost everything. A little<br />damping of the wave has taken place and your head has absorbed this part of the irradiated<br />wave (Fig. 1.3). Who claims this is already the thermal factor actually should realize that<br />there exists no corresponding term in the wave equation. Here there are found merely two<br />dual vortex phenomena as a possible damping term: the eddy current and the potential<br />vortex. An eddy current damping is ruled out because of the bad conductivity of the head.<br />But this favours his dual anti-vortex, the potential vortex [A1]<i>.<br />Seen physically the following is taking place in your head: the absorbed waves roll<br />themselves up to vortices and through that become localized and overlap themselves<br />permanently (Fig. 1.4b). In the course of time the vortices decay and produce the wellknown<br />eddy losses that lead to the measurable increase in temperature. When reactions or<br />biological effects arise, simply and solely the vortex can be considered as the possible<br />cause. Thereby play two points an important role: the number of the generated vortices<br />and their lifetime that is determined by the time of decay.<br />In anticipation of the mathematical calculation of the potential vortices it is pointed out<br />here that these are favoured not only by a low conductivity, but also by a high<br />dielectricity. Because water has an unusual high dielectricity ( = 80) and our head<br />consists predominantly of water doubts in dealing with handy's are reasonable.<br />Also the relaxation time constant representative for the lifetime can be calculated [A2]<ii>.<br />We must proceed from the assumption that both the number of the vortices and their<br />lifetime, that is all the at a fixed point in time in our head existing and effective vortices,<br />can be a cause and therefore have to be considered and investigated scientifically.<br /><br /><br />1.4 Overlap effect<br />The graph at the left (Fig. 1.4) should clarify once more that only the in space localized<br />and permanently overlapping field appearances can be considered as a cause for biological<br />effects. This can concern an over an antenna standing wave (a) or a vortex (b) which is to<br />be taken as localized by nature.<br />It would be allowed to in general speak only of a vortex because the standing wave can by<br />all means be understood as a special case of the vortex. The essential difference is that the<br />vortex is not bound to the size of a fixed antenna and can contract itself at any time to<br />achieve in this way a substantial higher energy density. As a result this than will lead to an<br />increased biological effectiveness.<br />It should be pointed at a further omission. In the discussion about limits, without<br />exception, the absolute field strength of the broadcasting signal is valued and not the type<br />of modulation. The last mentioned should actually not at all play a role according to the<br />prevailing scientific opinion.<br />Totally different is the case with a vortex that acts damping. Such a vortex shows near it's<br />centre a considerable smaller wavelength than more to the outside and through that it has a<br />big frequency bandwidth [A5]<i>. It is to be expected that in the extremely broadband<br />pulsed signals of the digital networks the creation of vortices (or eddies) will be favoured<br />considerably stronger than in amplitude- or frequency-modulated signals (AM/FM/Cnetwork).<br />In connexion with analog modulated radio- or handy-signals until now there<br />never has been reported of any synchronization of the brain currents with handy-signals<br />from a comparison of the EEG with the broadcasting signal.<br />Interestingly the for EMC-measurements usual stepped broadband antennas have exactly<br />the construction that certainly would be favourable to the measuring technical registration<br />of vortex phenomena (Fig. 1.4c).<br />With the dipole antennas of different lengths for different wavelengths there still are<br />measured waves and not vortices but these measuring techniques is certainly<br />accommodating to the until now unnoticed and stayed undiscovered vortex phenomenon.<br />So there are some good reasons that the vortex is a dominating influential factor for EMCproblems.<br />By means of the example of the handheld wireless telephones can be studied and<br />discussed with which set of problems the very young discipline of science of the<br />environmental compatibility has to fight in the future. And in which ways there can be<br />found approaches towards a solution of the problem. When the comfortable and trodden<br />out ways of textbook physics do not lead to the goal than we will have to force our own<br />way through the jungle of science.<br />At first we'll have to obtain a short overview of the actual level of research and<br />knowledge. From the criticism to this we than can derive the tasks of the electromagnetic<br />environmental compatibility and in particular the unsolved tasks.Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-43236698710811918242007-09-05T17:34:00.000+01:002007-09-05T17:35:07.339+01:00Vibrations that Split MoleculesSeawater - or even dirty rainwater - could be transmuted into fuel through a new technique serendipitously discovered by a researcher in medical electronics.<br /><br />Dr. Andrija Puharich has found a way to split water molecules by tuning in on the vibrations of their atoms and breaking the molecules into hydrogen, which could become fuel, and oxygen.<br /><br />Alternating-current impulses augment naturally occurring vibrations in the H2O molecules. By boosting the vibrations out of control, Puharich makes the molecules fly apart into the component atoms.<br /><br />He likens the water-splitting effect to the way soldiers marching in step across a bridge risk damaging the structure by making it vibrate at a critical, stress-producing rate.<br /><br />Electrolysis by simple direct current would create hydrogen and oxygen with a net energy efficiency of only 54 percent, according to Puharich, a Virginia-based inventor. But he says his alternating-current system reaches better than 90 per cent efficiency.<br /><br />A former physician, Puharich discovered the water-splitting technique a dozen years ago but has only recently presented his findings publicly.<br /><br />Originally, he was investigating the DISRUPTIVE EFFECT of electrical resonances on blood clots and noticed a peculiar thing: in dilute blood, a SPECIFIC FREQUENCY made bubbles appear in the liquid.<br /><br />Lab analysis showed that the bubbles were composed of oxygen and hydrogen.<br /><br />A barrel-shaped cavity contains the water in Puharich's recently refined system. He introduces alternating current at A KEY FREQUENCY of 600 cycles per second.<br /><br />The cavity resonates with the impulses in somewhat the same way the body of a violin resonates with the sound of one string, ADDING HIGHER AND LOWER HARMONICS TO THE PRINCIPAL TONE.<br /><br />The additional harmonics, Puharich says, cause the proton in the hydrogen atom TO ROTATE, further forcing the hydrogen to split from the oxygen.<br /><br />Puharich suggests that the splitting energy could be provided by solar or wind generators. The hydrogen could then be stored and used conveniently in fuel cells or hydrogen-powered cars.<br /><br />------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Vangard notes...<br /><br />This paper is quite astounding in that it correlates with Keelys' claim that water can be progressively dissociated at 620, 630 and 12,000 cycles per second. These are on the molecular, atomic and etheric levels respectively.<br /><br />It is interesting that the etheric level of 12,000 / 20 = 600 (Puharich's frequency) found by original experimentation. This 600 cps frequency is therefore a harmonic of the 12,000 cps frequency which Puharich discovered.<br /><br />Keely also claims that the disruption of water occurs at 42,800 cycles per second.<br /><br />The direct quote from the book "Keely and His Discoveries" by Bloomfield Moore, published in 1893 ;<br /><br />"The orders of intensification for accelerating dissociation would not be understood by any explanations that could be made, if unaccompanied by the demonstrations witnessed by the late Professor Leidy, Dr. Brinton, and others.<br /><br />"When the ether flows from a tube, its negative centre represents molecular sub-division carrying interstitially (or between its molecules) the lowest order of liberated ozone.<br /><br />"This is the first order of ozone and its wonderfully refreshing and vitalizing to those who breathe it.<br /><br />"The second order, or atomic separation, releases a much higher grade of ozone; in fact, too pure for inhalation, is the one that has been (though attended withe much danger to the operator) utilized by Keely in his carbon register to produce the circuit of high vibration that breaks up the molecular magnetism which is recognized as cohesion.<br /><br />"The acceleration of these orders is governed by the introductory impulse on a certain combination of vibratory chords, arranged for this purpose in the instrument, with which Keely dissociates the elements of water, and which he calls a Liberator.<br /><br />"In molecular dissociation one fork of 620 is used, setting the chords on the first octave.<br /><br />"In atomic separation two forks, one of 620 and one of 630 per second; setting the chords on the second octave.<br /><br />"In the etheric three forks; one of 620, one of 630, and one of 12,000, setting the chords on the third octave.<br /><br />As a matter of further clarification, Keely states that you cannot DIRECTLY dissociate a single level of aggregation due to the shell structure of matter.<br /><br />In other words, if you wish to dissociate the Atomic level, you must first dissociate the molecular to be able to get to the atomic. That follows also if you wish to dissociate the etheric, you must disrupt the molecular AND the atomic, THEN the etheric.<br /><br />Keely refers to this technique as progressive dissociation.<br /><br />In 1988, we had Andrija Puharich in Dallas for about 4 days as a joint speaker for Vangard Sciences and MUFON Metroplex. We spent many hours with Andrija and discussed a wide variety of subjects.<br /><br />At that time, I asked him about this experiment and he said the original research was done in the late 50's, early 60's by him in a dual attempt. One was to selectively remove gases from the blood and the other to dissolve clots.<br /><br />Andrija had not heard of Keely or his work with dissociation or disruption of matter with acoustic frequencies. He was quite interested that the work had been done almost 100 years ago and wanted to know more about Keely.<br /><br />Dr. Puharich has dropped out of sight over the last few years, so we have lost contact with him. He was at that time (1988) very concerned about the ecology and was working on some type of retreat for future hard times.<br /><br />They were re-building an old hydro-electric power system fed by a small lake on the land they had in Virginia. Puharich at that time was living on land donated by R. J. Reynolds.<br /><br />We heard recently that Reynolds was attempting to get the land back. Since we have not seen or heard from Andrija in about 2 years, we don't know what is going on with him.<br /><br />We hope this information is of use in your researches.<br /><br />As with all Vangard information and KeelyNet text files, you are free to reproduce or distribute as you wish.Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-41354050068520557882007-09-05T17:32:00.000+01:002007-09-05T17:33:47.527+01:00Alternative Energy Institute: Dr. Thomas Henry Moray<p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size:+1;color:#669933;">Dr. Thomas Henry Moray, like Nikola Tesla,</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;color:#669933;"> </span></strong><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;">believed that the earth is enveloped in an electrical energy zone that was free to be harnessed with the right equipment. Anyone who has witnessed the electrical phenomenon of the aurora borealis can attest to the energy streaming around us. The problem is how can that free energy be reliably and safely tapped. For thirty-four years, from 1909 to 1943, Dr. Moray, an electrical engineer and inventor, worked on the development of what he called "Radiant Energy." Dr. Moray invented the Moray Radiant Energy device. The whole apparatus was enclosed in a small box less than three feet square. One wire led from the box to a special balanced antenna and another wire was simply a ground connection. Apparently, the device siphoned energy directly from the air. Moray used a specially constructed high frequency transformer to control the voltage so that any desired level of power could be obtained.</span></p><p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size:+1;color:#669933;">Dr. Moray's invention</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;color:#669933;"> </span></strong><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;">allegedly worked similar to how a radio receives radio waves. In fact, it was stated that it should be as easy to accept the fact that a solid-state device had been constructed for the purpose of receiving energy waves from the Universe as it is to accept a radio that receives radio frequencies. If one transposes electrical waves to sound while another transposes energy waves into heat, light or power, the fundamentals are the same in both radio receiving and the "radiant-energy" device (</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;color:#ff0000;">1</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;">). <strong>Moray's circuit of inductors, capacitors and oscillators were tuned to respond to the oscillating wave frequency emitted by the Universe</strong>. High frequency currents are especially difficult to insulate, but this problem was avoided by the ingenious operation of the oscillator tubes, which reduced the frequency on the output side. Dr. Moray demonstrated his invention many times in the presence of hundreds of reliable men and women, many of whom were highly trained physicists and electrical engineers.</span> </p><p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size:+1;color:#009900;">Research compiled by the technical staff</span></strong><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;"> of the Chicago Institute of Technology states that planet Earth receives energy from the sun continuously at the rate of nearly 160,000 horse power per inhabitant at the present time. In 1939, Dr. Gunn of the U.S. Navy Research Laboratories stated that the earth itself is a huge dynamo, producing 200,000 amperes of electrical current. There is little doubt that free energy is all around us. The conversion of matter to energy in the stars and the energy emitted during radioactive disintegration are well understood. Our planet is bombarded every minute by high frequency energy pulsing from our sun. Dr. Moray intended to tap this free energy and many believe that he succeeded. Tesla said, "Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by power obtainable at any point in the Universe � Is this energy Static or Kinetic? If Static, our hopes are in vain; if Kinetic, and this we know it is for certain, then it is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature."</span></p><p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size:+1;color:#009900;">Did Dr. Moray achieve Tesla's dream</span></strong><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;"> in the Utah desert? Scientists and scholars frequently visited Dr. Moray's laboratory in Salt Lake City, Utah. On October 29,1926, the Mormon inventor agreed to demonstrate his Radiant Energy device for a small group of potential investors. Dr. Moray packed his device into the trunk of the car. In order to make the test completely legitimate, the men drove 52 miles past the nearest power line and 26 miles from the nearest one-wire rural telephone line. In his letter of affidavit, eyewitness E.C. Johnson wrote, "Moray requested that we select a place near a stream of water so that the ground pipe could be sunk in its bed and be more effective, as the ground in the mountain was frozen. The antenna wire was put up without any aid or instructions whatever from Moray, as it had [already] been "balanced," except that Moray suggested that the wire be stretched tighter to prevent so much sag at the center. The antenna wire was insulated from the poles with two quartz glass insulators about six inches long. A piece of wire about two feet long connected each insulator with the pole. The lead-in wire was fastened to the antenna wire at a point about 10 or 15 feet from the east pole. I helped Moray solder the connection where the lead-in wire fastened on to the antenna wire and also helped him solder the ground wire to the rod. I stepped the distance between the two antenna poles and estimated it to be 87 feet as I took 29 steps intended to be three feet each."</span> </p><p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size:+1;color:#009900;">Dr. Moray removed his equipment</span></strong><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;"> from the automobile and set it on a seat cushion that they had placed on the ground. As a precaution against electric shocks, the inventor stood on a rubber mat that was supported by two dry boards. Johnson continued with his observations; "Very light snowflakes fell occasionally and a tarpaulin was hung over the top of the opened auto doors to protect the equipment from getting wet. When all of the wire connections were made, and the device synchronized in resonance by Moray, it was just 1:05 p.m. by my watch. After "tuning in" for slightly more than 10 minutes the key or switch was put on the operating post and the light appeared immediately. While the lights were burning, the antenna lead-in wire was disconnected from the apparatus and the lights went out. Connected again and the light re-appeared. Moray disconnected the "ground wire" and the lights went out. He then re-connected it and the lights appeared again." (</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;color:#ff0000;">2</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;">)</span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:+1;color:#009900;">Another testimonial, dated February 21, 1927</span></strong><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;">, apparently written by then Secretary of the State of Utah, Nilton H. Welling, is very persuasive. He wrote, "I first witnessed a demonstration of this device three months ago. The cabinet containing the machine has been simplified and improved. It was quite apparent there was no possible faking of the power produced. The tuning in device was improved and the time required to bring in the energy was shortened from five minutes to less than a minute. The operation was as simple as 'tuning in' a well-equipped radio set. This was shown by a lady who was witnessing the demonstration for the first time operating the device as easily as Dr. Moray himself, after she had seen him 'tune in' the energy. A pilot light on the cabinet first became illuminated. The switch was then moved connecting a light rack with the current. Instantly, thirty 50-watt lamps and five 100-watt lamps were brilliantly lighted. A regular Hot Point flat iron was then connected without [dimming] the lights in the least. The inventor asserted that the result would have been the same had one hundred lights been used in place of the 35 on the light rack. The lights and iron together were consuming more than four-horse power of electric energy. On account of the brilliancy of the light it was apparent that much more than the ordinary voltage was going into these lamps and when excessive heat developed in one spot, it made me feel that they would soon burn out, but they did not. I confidently believe that Dr. Moray is on the threshold of perfecting one of the most amazing fundamental inventions in history."</span></p> <p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size:+1;color:#009900;">Dr. Moray once described the operation</span></strong><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;"> of his device as follows: <strong>"Oscillations by synchronization are started in the first stage of the circuit of the device by exciting it with an external power source such as a potential difference between two points. The circuit is then balanced through synchronization until the oscillations are sustained by harmonic coupling with the energies of the universe. The reinforcing action of the harmonic coupling increases the amplitude of the oscillations until the peak pulses spill over into the next stage through special valves which then prevent the energy from the proceeding section from returning."</strong> (</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;color:#ff0000;">3</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;">)</span></p> <p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size:+1;color:#009900;">According to</span></strong><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;"> <em>Who's Who in Engineering</em>, Thomas Henry Moray was born and raised in Salt Lake City where he graduated from The Latter Day Saint's Business College. He completed an Electrical Engineering course with the International Correspondence School. He later earned his E.E. degree at the University of Upsala. In his professional career, Dr. Moray held the following positions: Electrical Engineer and Designer with the Utah Power & Light Co., he was Assistant Chief Engineer with the Arastard Construction & Engineering Co. and Division Electrical Engineer with Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co. (</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;color:#ff0000;">4</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;">)</span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:+1;color:#009900;">Like many inventors, Dr. Moray's</span></strong><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;"> insistence on absolute secrecy regarding the inner workings of his Radiant Energy device was part of his undoing. His demonstrations had led to widespread interest by outsiders but it ultimately resulted in harassment and deception. In 1940, Dr. Moray was shot in his laboratory and was repeatedly threatened until he stopped his active research three years later. Attempts to interest the U.S. government in funding his project during the 1950's and 60's failed, mostly due to his insistence upon complete secrecy. Since Dr. Moray's death, the Cosray Research Institute located in Salt Lake City, Utah, has been attempting to collect his papers on Radiant Energy in order to reproduce the original device. The principle objective of the Cosray Research Institute is to eventually develop a practical radiant energy system and a theory to explain its operation. Dr. Moray's 1930 book, "Sea of Energy" is also available from the Cosray Research Institute.</span></p> <p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size:+1;color:#009900;">Not a believer in "perpetual motion, perpetual light or perpetual power,"</span></strong><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;"> Dr. Moray did think, however, that the supply of radiant energy is ample for all mankind's power needs indefinitely. The history of the work done with radiant energy conversion seems to have been suppressed. T.H. Moray may have built a device capable of producing usable watts of energy, which if rebuilt, could be capable of answering the world's needs with a non-polluting form of energy. With good research and a little luck, maybe the question to the world's energy problems will be answered by tapping into radiant energy.</span></p><p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size:-1;">Here are the footnotes (in parentheses and red above) for this page. They are hyperlinked when possible.</span></strong></p> <p align="left"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;">(</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;color:#ff0000;">1</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;">) </span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030804202420/http://www.cyberportal.net/nuenergy.moray2.html"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;">www.cyberportal.net/nuenergy.moray2.html</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;"> Short article on the operation of the Moray Radiant Energy device and a photograph of Dr. Moray and his invention lighting a rack of electric lightbulbs. </span> </p> <p align="left"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;">(</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;color:#ff0000;">2</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;">) www.cyberportal.net/nuenergy/manuscript.html </span><span style="font-size:-1;"> [Note: This link is broken and will be updated in the near future.]</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;"> The Moray Valve Manuscript. An account and brief explanation of the Moray Radiant Energy device which reportedly utilizes the vast store of energy throughout the universe through ionic oscillations. </span> </p> <p align="left"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;">(</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;color:#ff0000;">3</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;">) <a href="http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/5971/moray.html" title="www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/5971/moray.html">www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/5971/moray.html</a> </span><span style="font-size:-1;"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;">[Note: This link is broken and will be updated in the near future.] Twenty-eight page document offering a supportive overview of the life and times of Dr. T. Henry Moray. Includes address for the Cosray Research Institute which is engaging outside consultants on a contract basis. If you feel you are qualified by virtue of a background in physics or engineering, you are encouraged to write for an application. Each consultant hired will be leased a complete set of Dr. Moray's notes and diagrams as well as any surviving equipment. </span></p> <p align="left"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;">(</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;color:#ff0000;">4</span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;">) </span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030804202420/http://www.twelvestar.com/Sourceworks/Thomas%20Moray.html"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;">www.twelvestar.com/Sourceworks/Thomas%20Moray.html</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;font-size:-1;"> Article reprint from the September 1956 issue of Fate Magazine, published when Moray was still living. It entails some of the work that Dr. Thomas Henry Moray was doing as he attempted to tap into cosmic energy.</span> </p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;"><br /></span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Univers,Zurich BT,sans-serif;"><br /></span></p>Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-1917392771341435812007-09-05T17:31:00.000+01:002007-09-05T17:32:25.502+01:00Viktor Schauberger - Man who Gazed at Rivers<span style="font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:100%;">V</span>iktor Schauberger (1885 – 1958), though little known, is one of the great geniuses of this or any century.<br /><span style="font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:100%;"><br />In an attempt to, as he put it, "build a better mousetrap," Frank Germano — a former aerospace engineer, professional musician, and president of a company that made Tesla-design turbine engines — became aware of Schauberger's work.<br /><br /> "It was," Germano says, "stuff I was never taught in college. I never even knew it existed."<br /><br /> <strong>Susan:</strong> How did Viktor Schauberger make his discoveries about water?<br /><br /> <strong>Germano:</strong> Schauberger was not technically educated. He was a naturalist, a forester. He observed nature. He watched rivers. He watched the way water flowed. He wondered how it was that fish, with very little exertion of energy, could be moving upstream in a fast-flowing river, and he started to put things together in his head. That was how he discovered the principle of implosion and the energy of the vortex.<br /><br /> <strong>Susan:</strong> Could you explain how that works and why it's important?<br /><br /> <strong>Germano:</strong> Vortexes exist throughout the natural world — tornados, hurricanes, whirlpools. If you look at a vortex of water, you see that when water is forced to spiral in this way there is an imploding effect at the center of the flow. And, when water is put into a spiral vortex pipe, for some peculiar reason, this effect actually <em>eliminates the effect of friction</em> on the wall of the pipe.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:100%;">But what Schauberger saw was that the implosion effect not only negates friction, it actually adds energy. In other words, the water picks up speed.<br /><br />So if you put into a pipe certain kinds of guides that force the water into a spiral vortex, the water flows faster. This "whirling spiral" shape is found throughout nature.<br /><br /> <strong>Susan:</strong> What does implosion mean?<br /><br /> <strong>Germano:</strong> Basically, it's inward movement. At the center of a vortex, things are imploding — cooling and condensing. It's nature's natural functioning. Everywhere you look, you see examples of implosion.<br /><br />Water meanders like a snake. In a river, it hits the left bank, rolls inward, forms a clockwise spiral vortex, then starts straightening out, releasing energy. Then it hits the other bank and starts spiraling counter-clockwise. And it's because of temperature variations that we have this movement of water. Water seeks to be at 4 degrees Celsius (about 39.4 degrees Fahrenheit). It's called the "anomaly point." At 4 degrees Celsius, water is at its most dense state. So whenever the water is cooler or warmer than that, energy is created as it seeks to reach that point of stability, the point where it's the most dense.<br /><br />This is why one of the worst things you can do is to deforest the banks of a river. It's not just because this causes erosion. If trees are there, then each bank receives the sun's rays part of the day. So there is a balance. The heat shifts back and forth because of the trees, and the energy differential creates the energy of the river.<br /><br />When you look at the mechanics of the Earth, isn't it amazing how balanced it is? The ocean contains moving currents. Rivers flow. This marvelous machinery is all at work because water is continually seeking to be at its anomaly point.<br /><br />So it's the differences in temperature, the implosion effect, that creates the vortex energy. If you kept those differences in balance in a tornado, for example, the tornado would go on forever. The shifting of the sun's energy from side to side in a river keeps the river in balance.<br /><br />Observing all this, Schauberger advocated "putting a tornado in a box." Sustaining this implosion effect. To quote Schauberger: "I must furnish those, who would protect or save life, with an energy source, which produces energy so cheaply that nuclear fission will not only be uneconomical, but ridiculous, This is the task I have set myself in what little life I have left."<a href="http://www.spiritofmaat.com/archive/dec3/germano.htm#fn" target="_blank"><u>[1]</u></a> If we could actually get to the point of sustaining that implosion effect, you would see engines that just continuously run, using the wheelworks of nature itself.<br /><br /> <strong>Susan:</strong> And I understand that you've created a super-efficient engine that makes use of this idea.<br /><br /> <strong>Germano:</strong> Yes. It started with a turbine engine built according to the patent of Nikola Tesla. As a boy, I was fascinated by Tesla, and later, while working as an engineer, I decided to build the Tesla Bladeless Disk Turbine, which involves an engine that's much more elegant and efficient than standard engines in current use.<br /><br />The Tesla design worked! I now had a product that investors considered marketable, and this led to the formation of my company, <a href="http://www.bladeless.net/" target="_blank"><u>International Turbine and Power, LLC</u></a>.<br /><br /> So then I found Schauberger's implosion and vortex energy ideas, and used them to make the Tesla turbine even more efficient.<br /><br /> <strong>Susan:</strong> Could you discuss some of the other applications for this technology?<br /><br /> <strong>Germano:</strong> The most obvious application is to use flowing water to power the turbine. When I say "flowing water" I am not talking about using current technology that requires building a dam, where the hydroelectric energy comes from gravity. Schauberger's work proved that there is more energy available by forcing water to flow into a spiral vortex than is available by free-fall of comparable footage. The technology is very simple and can be implemented today. We can supply industrial quantities of electricity to any community simply by using water power from rivers — without a dam — and it is totally ecologically sensible and sustainable.<br /><br />Another application would be to get power from the Earth's oceans. For example, if you were to sink a deep well in the middle of the ocean, putting a pipe down to the level where it meets the 4-degree anomaly point, the water below that point would be relatively deoxygenated. So then if you were to pump water down into that pipe, water that was highly oxygenated, the water below it, which was "starved" for oxygen, would seek that level. And as this oxygen-starved water sought the oxygenated water, it would be forcefully "ejected" back up the pipe to the surface level, under great pressure and velocity. A device like our Bladeless Disk Turbine would easily capture that energy from the flowing water and, through a generator, convert it to electricity. Again, this is ecologically sensible power generation.<br /><br />This principle can be used in air conditioning and heating systems. The temperature differential creates energy, and this energy not only can be used, but it's very efficient. A home or building that was temperature controlled with this type of technology would use only about one-third of the electricity of standard systems currently in general use.<br /><br /> <strong>Susan:</strong> Does your company carry these kinds of systems?<br /><br /> <strong>Germano:</strong> Yes, we've got all that ready to go.<br /><br /> <strong>Susan:</strong> I guess I just don't understand. If there are engines out there that are three times more effective than the kind we are using, why doesn't everybody have one? If there are heating and air conditioning systems that could save people so much money and energy, why doesn't everybody know about this?<br /><br /> <strong>Germano:</strong> This is the problem we're facing. I don't really have the answer. We're not going to run out of fossil fuels. What we're going to run out of is our ability to live on the planet. The misuse of fossil fuels is a worldwide problem. For whatever reason, we're treating energy the wrong way. And we do have the technology to change this. What we don't have is the infrastructure. It would take billions of dollars.<br /><br /> <strong>Susan:</strong> My guess is that the fossil fuel industry doesn't want this to change. It wants us to consume more and more fossil fuels.<br /><br /> <strong>Germano:</strong> Just to begin with, we never, ever needed to use fossil fuels in the first place. We could have used water all along and not had this pollution problem.<br /><br />Once a <a href="http://blog.hasslberger.com/2007/06/water_vortex_drives_power_plan.html">water-power driven plant is built</a>, the energy is now "free" from nature. It's non-polluting, and it lasts as long as the river lasts. You get ecologically sensible alternative energy. If you were using the river's energy correctly, you could easily power the entire United States on just the Mississippi.<br /><br />The cost of solar and wind energy is still too high. But water power is right there, readily available. Our Tesla Turbine engine simply carries that energy. It's basically a "better mousetrap": a bladeless disk engine, very simple, very easy to understand, and we took that a little further by forcing the water into a spiral vortex.<br /><br /> <strong>Susan:</strong> We've talked a lot in the <em>Spirit of Ma'at</em> about water-powered cars...<br /><br /> <strong>Germano:</strong> We should have had a hybrid electric drive vehicle a long, long time ago. It is simply a better way to use our technology. Electric powered cars are much more efficient.<br /><br />We are just now seeing hybrid drive cars coming out from the auto manufacturers. The problem is that the infrastructure does not exist to supply hydrogen for alternative energy vehicles.<br /><br />But yes, water itself can be used as a fuel. For example, there is the Hunt Hydrogen Thermolysis Reactor. We've had extensive negotiations with them. The Hunt Reactor is simply a technology that liberates hydrogen from water for use as fuel. It splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. Run that through a turbine and what are the "pollutants" that come out the tailpipe? Water vapor!<br /><br />So it's not just about using implosion technology to make more efficient fossil-fuel engines. It's also about using water, including the power of flowing water, to create energy in the first place. I sometimes wish I could go back in time and talk to Henry Ford.<br /><br /> <strong>Susan:</strong> Let's talk about drinking water, now. I understand that Schauberger had very definite ideas on that subject.<br /><br /> <strong>Germano:</strong> Schauberger said that if you took the most absolutely pure water you could find, that water would literally rob you of vital nutrients, because that type of water is absorbing.<br /><br /> <strong>Susan:</strong> You mean, instead of giving, it takes.<br /><br /> <strong>Germano:</strong> Yes. According to Schauberger, that is the worst water we can possibly drink. Surface water soaks up nutrients from our bodies. It has nothing to offer us. And yet we drink mainly surface water: water from lakes and reservoirs.<br /><br /> For drinking, we need mature, vitalized water. Water does have a memory (see <a href="http://www.spiritofmaat.com/archive/dec3/bveniste.htm"><u>Digital Biology and the Memory Effect of Water</u></a>); it gains properties as part of its "history," and we receive those properties when we drink it.<br /><br />Water rises in a vapor, condenses in a cloud, and falls down to the ground as rainwater, and that water is not good to drink. It has few of the possible life-giving "properties" that water can possess. It's not until water's gone through a natural process that it begins to carry the strengthening and healing characteristics of the Earth.<br /><br />It's also important how we store water. Way back in the earliest civilizations, they stored <a href="http://livingwaterflowforms.com/amphora.htm">water in egg-shaped clay pots</a>. The ancients knew about water. They knew that the water could actually "breathe" in that clay. When you look at the outside of a <a href="http://www.implosionresearch.com/cir1/water_egg_instructions.pdf">clay pot</a> that's storing water, you can see the condensation. And based on implosion dynamics, the egg shape of the old water jars caused a kind of spiraling, so that the water was continually moving in the pot.<br /><br />So we store water wrong, we move it wrong, where we're getting it is wrong, and we're totally destroying all the health benefits that water can give us.<br /><br /> <strong>Susan:</strong> You talk about water's gaining "properties" in its journey through the Earth and into our groundwater. What exactly are these properties?<br /><br /> <strong>Germano:</strong> That's the subject of a lot of research, and much more is needed. It needs real scientific study. Our bodies are made mostly of water, so why wouldn't we just <em>want</em> to investigate what kind of water is healthy and what kind is of most benefit to us?<br /><br />If someone told us we couldn't eat meat or drive our cars, people would be screaming. But our water supply is not healthy and it's dwindling and nobody seems interested.<br /><br />If you dumped an eight-ounce cup of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool, you could taste it. You would not want to drink that water. Yet we dump oil into the ground and it goes into our drinking water supply, and nobody cares.<br /><br /> We take water for granted. We go, "Yup, there's water."<br /><br />But water is a mysterious substance. Our planet and our bodies are mostly water. It amazes me as a scientist that people do not want to investigate how we can make our water the best it can be.</span>Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-26311032948504172152007-09-05T17:29:00.000+01:002007-09-05T17:30:36.221+01:00Tesla - Schauberger Vortex/Implosion connection<p>There must be a connection? </p> <p> </p> <p><br /> <a href="http://www.shout.net/%7Ebigred/UnlimEng.html">http://www.shout.net/~bigred/UnlimEng.html</a> "...Tesla was sure he could devise an engine which was turned not through oil combustion nor through stored electricity, but by magnetic field actions alone. His <strong>"magnetic vortex motors" </strong>baffled electrical engineers. ..." </p> <p>"...Tesla also pioneered "broadcast electricity," a way to send electricity through space without wires. He challenged prevailing notions of electricity, defining space as "that which conducts electricity" and claiming that "space flowing electricity" is the real electricity and that it is not made of electrons. Space-flowing electricity fills all of "space" ("that which conducts electricity") and is a vast reservoir of unsurpassed power. [1]..." </p> <hr /> <p><br /> <a href="http://www.luminet.net/%7Ewenonah/new/tesla.htm">http://www.luminet.net/~wenonah/new/tesla.htm</a> </p> <p>Tesla's life came into a new focus while walking in a park with some friends, the year 1881. It was late afternoon, and Tesla became entranced with the sight of a glorious sunset. Moved to indescribable emotions, he began quoting a verse from Goethe's "Faust"; </p> <p>"The glow retreats, done is our day of toil; it yonder hastes, new fields of life exploring, ah, can no wing lift me from this soil... upon his track to follow, follow soaring?" </p> <p>As he reached this last line of verse, Tesla was suddenly seized by an overwhelming vision. In it, he beheld <strong>a great vortex, whirling eternally</strong> in the sun and driving across the earth with its infinite power. Completely absorbed in this glory, he became catatonic and irresponsive ... to the great fear of his companions. His mind and body buzzing with the power of the vision, he suddenly blurted out, "see my motor here ... watch me reverse it". They shook him, believing he had lost his mind completely. </p> <p>Rigid and resisting all of their efforts, he would not move until the vision subsided. When he was finally led to a bench, he seemed completely transformed. The remainder of the day was spent in a grand and joyous celebration, Tesla's remaining funds supplying the feast. Throughout the long hours of that night he shared with his friends the great sight he had beheld. They spoke of the sure implications portended for the world's future, and departed with very great expectations. </p> <p>Moving to Strassburg, he was employed as an engineer in a telephone subsidiary of the Continental Edison Company. It was in a small machine shop that he constructed <strong>the world's first brush less motors. He called them "magnetic vortex motors".</strong> Their <strong>whirling</strong> magnetic fields baffled electrical engineers. Now, Tesla's professors were studying his work. Goethe was absolute in his judgment of science and human nature: nature leads humanity to "follow, follow soaring". </p> <p>Tesla's strange whirling devices worked on their very first trial. There were no connections between the rotors and stators, no sparking, lousy brushes. The motion was smooth and efficient. Numerous alternating current generators, transformers, and "brush less" motors, all were developed by Tesla in quick succession. The vision in material form. Himself a professional draftsman, he mapped out his entire Polyphase System. Tesla immigrated to America with a full portfolio of plans. America would be the place where his dreams would find fulfillment...."</p> <hr /><p> </p><p> </p><p> <a href="http://www.ultralightamerica.com/edav.htm" target="_self">http://www.ultralightamerica.com/edav.htm</a></p> "...Another man by the name of Victor Schauberger who had met with Mr. Tesla several times on fluid dynamic problems, begins his research on the “<strong>Repulsin</strong>”. It is my belief that Victor was designing the air vehicle Tesla had dreamed about. Although there is no hard evidence to link this assumption between them, I’ll let the history speak for itself. Victor was quoted once as saying “levitation devices will go six times faster than the Boeing 747 (3900 mph) at a fraction of the running costs without pollution or any noise, the possible size being unlimited.” The <strong>Repulsin</strong> used Tesla’s high-speed turbine design to get the air movement required to lift the vehicle into the air. Victor went one step further with his design of the wave plate to push the limits of air movements to its ultimate speed. Victor once said that the wave plate was a geometrical nightmare to build. I totally agree with his assumption...."Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-57147817015383490782007-09-05T17:24:00.000+01:002007-09-05T17:28:15.506+01:00Man Ahead Of His Time; Tesla's Flying Machine<p><strong><strong class="highlight">Nikola</strong> Tesla</strong>, inventor of alternating current motors, did the basic research for constructing electromagnetic field lift-and-drive aircraft and spacecraft. From 1891 to 1893, he gave a set of lectures and demonstrations to groups of electrical engineers. As part of each show, <strong>Tesla stood in the middle of the stage, using his 6' 6" height</strong>, with an assistant on either side, each 7 feet away. All 3 men wore thick cork or rubber shoe soles to avoid being electrically grounded. Each assistant held a wire, part of a high voltage, low current circuit. <strong>When Tesla raised his arms to each side, violet colored electricity jumped harmlessly across the gaps between the men</strong>. At high voltage and frequency in this arrangement, electricity flows over a surface, even the skin, rather than into it. This is a basic circuit which could be used by aircraft and/or spacecraft. It's time to see what Tesla really had envisioned. Let's go to the source - <strong class="highlight">Nikola</strong> Tesla, himself, shall we? According to Tesla:</p> <p>"<em><strong>I am now planning aerial machines devoid of sustaining planes, ailerons, propellers, and other external attachments, which will be capable of immense speeds</strong></em>" - <strong>"My Inventions" - Tesla's autobiography. </strong>To a Westinghouse manager, Tesla wrote, "<em><strong>You should not be at all surprised, if some day you see me fly from New York to Colorado Springs in a contrivance which will resemble a gas stove and weigh as much. ... and could, if necessary, enter and depart through a window.</strong></em>" - "Tesla: Man Out of Time," by Margaret Chaney, pg.198. Tesla intended the world to have a free, wireless, source of power "<em><strong>My power generator will be of the simplest kind - just a big mass of steel, copper and aluminum comprising a stationary and rotating part, peculiarly assembled</strong></em>." Further, according to museum officials at The <strong class="highlight">Nikola</strong> Tesla museum in Belgrade, "<em><strong>he left sketches of interplanetary ships. This information, however, has not been made available to western scholars.</strong></em>" Telsa: Man Out Of Time, pg. 203.</p> <p>This all sound fantastic. We have Tesla, himself, vividly describing a new type of Flying Machine. Presented with those statements, perhaps we can find out just what Tesla envisioned. We have now something confronting us which, has up until now, been misunderstood. Let's take a look at some quotes from Tesla in the <strong>"New York Herald Tribune" on October 15th, 1911, entitled "Tesla's Monarch Of Machines" - </strong></p> <blockquote> <p><em><strong>"And it makes the airplane practical," </strong> </em> <strong>I suggested</strong>. </p> <p><em><strong>"Not the airplane, the flying machine," </strong></em><strong>responded Dr. Tesla.<em> "Now you have struck the point in which I am most deeply interested--the object toward which I have been devoting my energies for more than twenty years - the dream of my life. It was in seeking the means of making the perfect flying machine that I developed this engine."</em></strong></p> <p><strong><em>"Twenty years ago I believed that I would be the first man to fly; that I was on the track of accomplishing what no one else was anywhere near reaching.</em></strong><em> I was working entirely in electricity then and did not realize that the gasoline engine was approaching a perfection that was going to make the airplane feasible. <strong>There is nothing new about the airplane but its engine, you know. What I was working on twenty years ago was the wireless transmission of electric power. My idea was a flying machine propelled by an electric motor, with power supplied from stations on the earth. </strong>I have not accomplished this as yet, but am confident that I will in time. When I found that I had been anticipated as to the flying machine, by men working in a different field<strong> I began to study the problem from other angles, to regard it as a mechanical rather than an electrical problem. I felt certain there must be some means of obtaining power that was better than any now in use, and by vigorous use of my gray matter for a number of years I grasped the possibilities of the principle of the viscosity and adhesion of fluids and conceived the mechanism of my engine." </strong> </em> </p> <p><strong><em>"Now that I have it, my next step will be the perfect flying machine." </em></strong>"An airplane driven by your engine?" I asked.<strong> <em>"Not at all,"</em> said Dr. Tesla. <em>"The airplane is fatally defective. It is merely a toy, a sporting plaything. It can never become commercially practical. It has fatal defects.</em></strong><em> One is the fact that when it encounters a downward current of air it is helpless. The 'hole in the air' of which aviators speak is simply a downward current, and unless the airplane is high enough above the earth to move laterally but can do nothing but fall. There is no way of detecting these downward currents, no way of avoiding them, and therefore the airplane must always be subject to chance and its operator to the risk of fatal accident. Sportsmen will always take these chances,<strong> but as a business proposition the risk is too great."</strong></em></p> <p><em><strong>"The flying machine of the future - my flying machine - will be heavier than air, but it will not be an airplane. It will have no wings. It will be substantial, solid, stable. You cannot have a stable airplane. </strong>The gyroscope can never be successfully applied to the airplane, for it would give a stability that would result in the machine being torn to pieces by the wind, just as the unprotected airplane on the ground is torn to pieces by a high wind. <strong>My flying machine will have neither wings nor propellers. You might see it on the ground and you would never guess that it was a flying machine. Yet it will be able to move at will through the air in any direction with perfect safety, higher speeds than have yet been reached, regardless of weather and oblivious of 'holes in the air' or downward currents.</strong> It will ascend in such currents if desired. It can remain absolutely stationary in the air even in a wind for great length of time. <strong>Its lifting power will not depend upon any such delicate devices as the bird has to employ, but upon positive mechanical action."</strong></em></p> <p><em>"You will get stability through gyroscopes?"</em> I asked.<strong> <em>"Through gyroscopic action of my engine, assisted by some devices I am not yet prepared to talk about,</em></strong><em>"</em> he replied. <em>"Powerful air currents that may be deflected at will, if produced by engines and compressors sufficiently light and powerful, might lift a heavy body off the ground and propel it through the air,"</em> I ventured, wondering if I had grasped the<img src="http://www.scene.org/%7Eesa/search/frank.germano.com/2006_03_10/images/tesla_deathray.jpg" align="right" border="0" height="429" width="300" /> inventor's secret.</p> <p><strong>Dr. Tesla smiled an inscrutable smile. <em>"All I have to say on that point is that my airship will have neither gas b</em></strong><em><strong>ag, wings nor propellers," </strong></em><strong>he said. <em>"It is the child of my dreams, the product of years of intense and painful toil and research. I am not going to talk about it any further. But whatever my airship may be, here at least is an engine that will do things that no other</em></strong><em><strong> engine ever has done, and that is something tangible.</strong>" END.</em></p> <p>Further, from <strong class="highlight">Nikola</strong> Tesla's autobiography, "<u><strong>My Inventions</strong></u>" we have this quote<em> - <strong> "As stated on a previous occasion, when I was a student at college I conceived a flying machine quite unlike the present ones. </strong>The underlying principle was sound, but could not be carried into practice for want of a<strong> prime-mover of sufficiently great activity. </strong>In recent years, I have<strong> successfully solved this problem and am now planning aerial machines <u>devoid of sustaining planes, ailerons, propellers, and other external attachments</u>, which will be capable of immense speeds and are very likely to furnish powerful arguments for peace in the near future. Such a machine, sustained and propelled entirely by reaction, </strong>is shown on one of the pages of my lectures, and is supposed to be controlled either mechanically, or by<strong> wireless energy. By installing proper plants, it will be practicable to project </strong>a missile of this kind into the air and drop it almost on the very spot designated, which may be thousands of miles away...<strong>" See artist illustration, right.</strong></em></p> </blockquote> <p><strong>Tesla's Flying Machine:</strong></p> <p><strong>Firstly</strong>, compliments to Bill Smith, through Keely-Net (2001) for the basis of this article, below. The artist illustrations (below and right) best describe the remainder of the article. How could we identify the shape, and then the operation of Tesla's Flying Machine?<strong> Let us also make no mistake; although Tesla did patent (#'s - 0165513, and 0165514; Method Of Aerial Transportation)</strong> a type of Flying Machine, and both powered by his amazing Tesla Turbine, this craft is <em><strong>certainly not</strong></em> what he is referring to in these writings. <strong>Note, in every case, Tesla states that his craft would not have wings, propellers, nor gas bags</strong>. With this behind us, let's dive into some thought on what this new type of Flying Machine might be<strong>. </strong> Here, in<strong> Part One, </strong>we will delve into the eclectically powered version of the flying machine.<strong> <a href="http://www.frank.germano.com/flying_machine2.htm">In Part Two</a>,</strong> we will explore yet another possibility, entirely.</p> <p><strong> Let's begin with the hull for this version</strong>. The hull is best made of a twin (double sided) thin, machine-able, slightly flexible ceramic. This becomes a good electrical insulator, has no fire danger, resists any damaging effects of severe heat and cold, and has the hardness of armor. Besides being easy for magnetic fields to pass through, with our modern Ceramics, it is also easy to mass-produce. The inner hull is covered on it's outside by wedge-shaped, thin metal sheets of copper or aluminum, bonded to the ceramic. Each sheet is 3 to 4 feet wide at the horizontal rim of the hull and tapers to a few inches wide at the top of the hull for the top set of metal sheets, or at the bottom for the bottom set of sheets. Each sheet is separated on either side from the next sheet by 1 or 2 inches of uncovered ceramic hull. The top set of sheets and bottom set of sheets are separated by about 6 inches of uncovered ceramic hull around the horizontal rim of the hull.</p> <p> <img src="http://www.scene.org/%7Eesa/search/frank.germano.com/2006_03_10/images/origadvertizing.jpg" align="left" border="0" height="313" width="200" />The outer hull protects these sheets from being short-circuited by wind blown metal foil (Air Force radar confusing chaff), heavy rain or concentrations of gasoline or kerosene fumes. If unshielded, fuel fumes could be electro-statically attracted to the hull sheets, burn and form carbon deposits across the insulating gaps between the sheets, causing a short-circuit. The space, the outer hull with a slight negative charge, would absorb hits from micro-meteorites and cosmic rays (protons moving at near the speed of light). Any danger of this type that doesn't already have a negative electric charge would get a negative charge in hitting the outer hull, and be repelled by the metal sheets before it could hit the inner hull. This wouldn't work well on a very big meteor, I might add. The hull can be made in a variety of shapes; sphere, football, disc, or streamlined rectangle or triangle, as long as these metal sheets, "<em><strong>are of considerable area and arranged along ideal enveloping surfaces of very large radii of curvature,</strong></em>" (<em>p. 85. "My Inventions" , by <strong class="highlight">Nikola</strong> Tesla</em>.)</p> <p>The power plant for this machine can be a standard diesel electric for long range and long-term use, or, as Tesla my have envisioned - his <strong><a href="http://www.frank.germano.com/teslaturbine.htm">Tesla Turbine</a></strong>, running on either steam, or combustibles, which turns the generators. A short range machine can use a hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell to run a low-voltage motor to turn the generators, occasionally recharging by hovering next to high voltage power lines and using antennas mounted on the outer hull to take in the electricity. The short-range machine can also have electricity beamed to it from a generating plan on a long-range aircraft / spacecraft or on the ground. <em>Reference: St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Nov. 24, 1987, Vol 109, No. 328, "The Forever Plane" by Geoffrey Rowan, (p.D1, D7 and "Popular Science", Vol 232, No. 1, Jan. 1988, "Secret of Perpetual Flight? Beam Power Plane," by Arthur Fisher, (p. 62-65, 106)</em>.</p> <p>Another fascinating concept would be through the use of <strong> <a href="http://www.frank.germano.com/teslamagtrans.htm">Tesla's Magnifying Transmitter</a></strong>, to "beam" the power directly to the craft from bases on the ground. From my perspective, this option is quite probably what Tesla had in mind all the time. Lastly, it is also quite possible that <strong>Tesla had envisioned his aerial machine to draw its power directly from the Ether, powering the craft directly from the wheel-works of nature itself.</strong> See my page, "<strong><a href="http://www.frank.germano.com/blackbox.htm">Tesla's Black Box</a></strong>" for yet another theory regarding the use of a smaller transmitter, that purportedly powered the infamous 1933 Pearce Arrow car. Time will tell. See artist sketch, below, right.</p> <p>One standard for the generators is to have the same number of magnets as field coils. <strong>Tesla's preferred design was a thin disc holding 480 magnets with 480 field coils wired in series surrounding it in close tolerance; at 50 revolutions per minute, it produces 19,400 cycles per second</strong>. The electricity is fed into a number of large capacitors, one for each metal sheet. An automatic switch, adjustable in timing by the pilot, closes, and as the electricity jumps across the switch, back and forth, it raises it's own frequency; a switch being used for each capacitor.<img src="http://www.scene.org/%7Eesa/search/frank.germano.com/2006_03_10/images/tesla_flyingmachine.gif" align="right" border="0" height="422" width="300" /></p> <p>The electricity goes into a Tesla transformer; again, one transformer for each capacitor. In an oil tank to insulate the windings and for cooling, and supported internally by wood, or plastic, pipe and fittings, each Tesla transformer looks like a short wider pipe that is moved along a longer, narrower pipe by an insulated non-electric cable handle. The short pipe, the primary, is 6 to 10 windings (loops) of wire connected in series to the long pipe. The secondary is 460 to 600 windings, at the low voltage and frequency end. The insulated non-electric cable handle is used through a set of automatic controls to move the primary coil to various places on the secondary coil. This is the frequency control. The secondary coil has a low frequency and voltage end and a maximum voltage and frequency end. The greater the frequency the electricity, the more it pushes against the earth's electrostatic and electromagnetic fields.</p> <p>The electricity comes out of the transformer at the high voltage end and goes by wire through the ceramic hull to the wide end of the metal sheet. The electricity jumps out on and flows over the metal sheet, giving off a very strong electromagnetic field, controlled by the transformer. At the narrow end of the metal sheet, most of the high-voltage push having been given off, the electricity goes back by wire through the hull to a circuit breaker box (emergency shut off), then to the other side of the generators. In bright sunlight, the aircraft / spacecraft may seem surrounded by hot air, a slight magnetic distortion of the light. In semi-darkness and night, the metal sheets glow, even through the thin ceramic outer hull, with different colors. The visible light is a by-product of the electricity flowing over the metal sheets, according to the frequencies used.</p> <p>Descending, landing or just starting to lift from the ground, the transformer primaries are near the secondary weak ends and therefore, the bottom set of sheets glow a misty red. Red may also appear at the front of the machine when it is moving forward fast, lessening resistance up front. Orange appears for slow speed. Orange-yellow are for airplane-type speeds. Green and blue are for higher speeds. With a capacitor addition, making it oversized for the circuit, the blue becomes bright white, like a searchlight, with possible risk of damaging the metal sheets involved. The highest visible frequency is violet, like Tesla's stage demonstrations, used for the highest speed along with the bright white. The colors are nearly coherent, of a single frequency, like a laser.</p> <p>A machine built with a set of super conducting magnets would simplify and reduce electricity needs from a vehicle's transformer circuits to the point of flying along efficiently and hovering with little electricity. When Tesla was developing arc lights to run on alternating current, there was a bothersome high-pitched whine, whistle, or buzz, due to the electrodes rapidly heating and cooling. Tesla put this noise in the ultrasonic range with the special transformer already mentioned. The aircraft / spacecraft gives off such noises when working at low frequencies.</p> <p>Timing is important in the operation of this machine. For every 3 metal sheets, when the middle one is briefly turned off, the sheet on either side is energized, giving off the magnetic field. The next instant, the middle sheet is energized, while the sheet on either side is briefly turned off. There is a time delay in the capacitors recharging themselves, so at any time, half of all the metal sheets are energized and the other half are recharging, alternating all around the inner hull. This balances the machine, giving it very good stability. This balance is less when fewer of the circuits are in use.</p> <p>Fairly close, the aircraft / spacecraft produces heating of persons and objects on the ground; but by hovering over an area at low altitude for maybe 5 or 10 minutes, the machine also produces a column of very cold air down to the ground. As air molecules get into the strong magnetic fields that the machine is transmitting out, the air molecules become polarized and from lines, or strings, of air molecules. The normal movement of the air is stopped, and there is suddenly a lot more room for air molecules in this area, so more air pours in. This expansion and the lack of normal air motion make the area intensely cold. This is also the reason that the aircraft / spacecraft can fly at supersonic speeds without making sonic booms. As air flows over the hull, top and bottom, the air molecules form lines as they go through the magnetic fields of the metal sheet circuits. As the air molecules are left behind, they keep their line arrangements for a short time, long enough to cancel out the sonic boom shock waves.</p> <p><strong>Outside the earth's magnetic field, another propulsion system must be used, which relies on the first</strong>. You may have read of particle accelerators, or cyclotrons, or atom-smashers. A particle accelerator is a circular loop of pipe that, in cross-section, is oval. In a physics laboratory, most of the air in it is pumped out. The pipe loop is given a static electric charge, a small amount of hydrogen or other gas is given the same electric charge so the particles won't stick to the pipe. A set of electromagnets all around the pipe loop turn on and off, one after the other, pushing with one magnetic pole and pulling with the next, until those gas particles are racing around the pipe loop at nearly the speed of light. Centrifugal force makes the particles speed closer to the outside edge of the pipe loop, still within the pipe. The particles break down into electrons, or light and other wavelengths, protons or cosmic rays, and neutrons if more than hydrogen is put in the accelerator. At least 2 particle accelerators are used to balance each other and counter each other's tendency to make the craft spin. Otherwise, the machine would tend to want to start spinning, following the direction of the force being applied to the particles. The accelerators push in opposite directions.</p> <p><strong>As the pilot and crew travel in space, outside the magnetic field of a world, water from a tank is electrically separated into oxygen and hydrogen</strong>. Waste carbon dioxide that isn't used for the onboard garden, and hydrogen (helium if the machine is using a fusion reactor) is slowly, constantly fed into the inside curves of both accelerators. The high speed particles go out through straight lengths of pipe, charged like the loops and in speeding out into space, push the machine along. Doors control which pips the particles leave from. This allows very long range acceleration and later deceleration at normal (earth) gravity. This avoids the severe problems of weightlessness, including lowered physical abilities of the crew. It is possible to use straight-line particle accelerators, even as few as one per machine, but these don't seem as able to get the best machine speed for the least amount of particles pushed out.</p> <p>Using a constant acceleration of 32.2 feet per second per second provides earth normal gravity in deep space and only 2 gravities of stress in leaving the earth's gravity field. It takes, not counting air resistance, 18 minutes, 58.9521636 seconds to reach the 25,000 miles per hour speed to leave the earth's gravity field. It takes about 354 days, 12 hours, 53 minutes and 40 seconds (about) to reach the speed of light - 672,487,072.7 miles per hour. It takes the same distance to decelerate as it does to speed up, but this cuts down the time delay that one would have in conventional chemical rocketry enormously, for a long journey. A set of superconducting magnets can be charged by metal sheet circuits, within limits, to whatever frequency is needed and will continue to transmit that magnetic field frequency almost indefinitely.</p> <p>A shortwave radio can be used to find the exact frequencies that an aircraft / spacecraft is using, for each of the colors it may show whole a color television can show the same overall color frequency that the nearby, but not extremely close, craft is using This is limited, as a machine traveling at the speed of a jet airliner may broadcast in a frequency range usually used for radar sets. The craft circuits override lower frequency, lower voltage electric circuits within and near their electromagnetic fields. One source briefly mentioned a 1941 incident, where a shortwave radio was used to override automobile ignition systems, up to 3 miles away. When the shortwave radio was turned off, the cars could work again.</p> <p>One construction arrangement for this craft to avoid such interference is for the metal sheet circuits to be more sharply tuned. Quartz or other crystals can be used in capacitors; in a very large number of low-powered, single frequency circuits, or as part of a frequency control for the metal sheet circuits. The aircraft / spacecraft easily overrides lower frequency and lower voltage electric circuits up to a 6 mile wide circle around it, but the effect is usually not tuned for such a drastic show. It can be used for fire fighting: by hovering at a medium-low height at low frequency, it forms a double negative pole magnet of itself and the ground, the sides being a rotation of positive magnetic pole. It polarizes the column of air in this field. The air becomes icy cold. If it wouldn't put the fire out, it would slow it down. Tesla went broke in the early 1900's building a combination radio and electric power broadcasting station. The theory and experiments were correct but the financiers didn't want peace and prosperity for all.</p> <p>The Japanese physicist who developed superconducting material with strong magnetism allows for a simplified construction of the aircraft / spacecraft. Blocks of this material can be used in place of the inner hull metal sheets. By putting electricity in each block, the pilot can control the strength of the magnetic field it gives off and can reduce the field strength by draining some of the electric charge. This allows the same amount of work to be done with vastly less electricity used to do it. It is surprising that Jonathan Swift, in his "Gulliver's Travels", 1726, third book, "A Voyage to Laputa", described an imagined magnetic flying island that comes close to being what a large superconducting aircraft / spacecraft can be build as, using little or no electric power to hover and mover around. Compliments: Bill Smith, Keely-Net, 2001. Used by permission.</p> <p align="left">If you enjoyed this read...take some time to look over the book, <strong>"Wonder Of The Worlds" By author Sesh Heri.</strong> Author Sesh Heri has done a brilliant job taking historical and highly accurate scientific facts from Tesla's life, and interweaving them into a story that will keep you reading till the very end. It has great characters, such as <strong class="highlight">Nikola</strong> Tesla, Mark Twain, Harry Houdini, and of coarse, those darn Martian villains. Tesla's Flying Machine literally jumps out of the pages at you! Heri maintains Tesla's characteristic wit, and the entire book is extremely sound from a scientific basis. You may be interested in looking at something brilliant from turn of the century multi-millionaire,<strong> John Jacob Astor - "A Journey In Other Worlds"</strong> - Absolutely fantastic and two years in the writing. Buy the way, you may remember that the unfortunate <strong>Astor was on the maiden voyage of the Titanic and went down with the ship</strong>. Had he lived, and used his unlimited wealth to pursue the ideas presented in this book, we may have had <strong>Tesla's Flying Machine</strong>, and a few others, already! Buy the books from Amazon.com, below. To continue with our exploration of Tesla's Flying Machine with a different version..</p><br /><p><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:130%;">The Tesla "flying stove" Space Drive</span></b></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">"<i><b>I am now planning aerial machines devoid of sustaining planes, ailerons, propellers, and other external attachments, which will be capable of immense speeds</b></i>" - Tesla's autobiography, "My Inventions." To a Westinghouse manager, Tesla wrote "<i><b>You should not be at all surprised, if some day you see me fly from New York to Colorado Springs in a contrivance which will resemble a <u>gas stove and weigh as much</u>. ...and could, if necessary enter and depart through a window.</b></i>" - TESLA: Man Out of Time, by Margaret Chenney, pg.198<br /><br />Tesla intended the world to have a free, wireless, source of power "<i><b>My power generator will be of the simplest kind - just a big mass of steel, copper and aluminum comprising a stationary and rotating part, peculiarly assembled.</b></i>"<br /><br />According to museum officials at The Nikola Tesla museum in Belgrade, "<i><b>he left sketches of interplanetary ships. This information, however, has not been made available to western scholars.</b></i>" - again, TESLA: Man Out of Time, pg. 203</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">From my previous section in "Part One," and from trying our best to figure out what Tesla was trying to create, we know he intended to build a Flying Machine. <i><b>It was the product of his dreams, and, his life-long passion</b></i>. We know that Tesla invented many things which no one else has been able to duplicate since. He spoke of even more which he intended to do but never got around to. There are many books written by people claiming to have some of this, and or other, information. <b>"Tesla, Man of Mystery" is one of those books</b>. Along with general information on Tesla and a few fables, there is one diagram and enough information about it, for us to duplicate the device.<b> They call it the "Tesla space Drive"</b>. It may be the heart of what <b>Tesla said would look like flying on "<i>a gas stove</i></b>" and is "<b><i>peculiarly assembled.</i></b>" (above): The Tesla Space Drive - <b>click to enlarge image</b>. Here comes fellow engineer <b>Greg Smith's</b> take on Tesla's Flying Machine...this is one of the most original, brilliant pieces of work that we have seen in our twenty plus years at reverse-engineering of the Tesla systems.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><a href="http://www.frank.germano.com/images/Tesla_motor_page_31.gif"> <img src="http://www.frank.germano.com/images/Tesla_motor_page_31_small.gif" image="images/Tesla_motor_page_31.gif" align="left" border="2" height="162" width="100" /></a></b></span></p> <p><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">Diagram from page 31 of Tesla, Man of Mystery © 1992<br />Chapter 4: "The Tesla Space Drive"</span></b></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">According to Greg: I found the machine easy to build, the rotational speed needed was not so easy. "<i><b>The first step in developing this system is to cause a counter-clockwise (sense chosen arbitrarily) acceleration of the center of mass of the four eccentrics (refer to diagram) in a circular orbit about the X axis... there is a common point about which the center of mass of the eccentrics and the center of mass of the device as a whole gyrate</b></i>." pg.32, "Tesla, Man Of Mystery."</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">"<i><b>The reaction to this angular acceleration is a linear acceleration along the system axis (X) and directed outward from the page. ...this system functions in accordance with the right-hand rule. ...[ It will ] wobble noticeably at low thrust levels. This effect fades out, however, as the thrust is increased.</b></i>" pg.34-35</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"><b>Compliments: Greg Smith, Pompano Beach, Florida. </b>To continue; My first observation is that it is a set of 4 spinning weights arranged on a frame <b>"<i>peculiarly assembled</i>" as Tesla said</b>. It is so simple (easy & cheap!) to build, and yet, it does something Phenomenal. The object is not spinning nor do any one of the spinning weights match the orbit of the object (frame) and yet, the mass of the object is in orbit. Like electrons in orbit in a stationary coil - an area in which Tesla is already famous. Instead of acceleration by the left hand rule, now it is by the right hand rule. Even that makes sense. No one seriously interested in a new, cheap, source of propulsion need question or dispute anything, just build it and see what happens. If you can put enough speed into it.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">Collectively, the center of orbit of the four "eccentrics" defines a circle for which the center point is the center of mass for the frame the eccentrics are built on. The direct approach is to build the device symmetrically about the center point: with a top as well as a bottom. Nothing is mounted on the base. The 4 eccentrics must be able to spin. They are mounted above the base. Everything is mounted between the top and base plates: "...there is a common point..." which won't exist unless the unit is symmetrical. It needs a top plate to keep it as rigid and as light weight as possible as well as symmetrical. I believe whoever wrote this chapter in this book, did not have a clear picture of Tesla's intentions, directions, for the building of this device-motor and, who but Tesla would think of this novel, phenomenal, assembly. (Pictured below is Tesla's "Flying Stove")</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"> <img src="http://www.frank.germano.com/images/tesla_flying_stove.jpg" align="left" border="0" height="310" width="357" />An issue not mentioned is the speed requirement. The necessary speed is going to make things a little difficult. A significant motor (always a pair) will be required. I started out using a 1,000 rpm, 1/6 hp, electric motor, upgraded to a 1/4th hp 10,000 rpm electric motor, then, lastly, to a 1/2 hp 22,000 rpm air motor. It was not till the 2nd set of motors that I figured out the required speed and only with the last motors that I realized just how far short I was from producing enough power to get there. However, just for demonstration purposes, I may not have been too far short. The air motors were light-weight enough and powerful enough to see a reaction occurring (at only 300 to 400 rpm) but, no forward, up, motion. None of the motors would get the system "up to speed" which was in the neighborhood of 2,000 to 10,000 rpm - depending on the amount of weight I put on the eccentrics (see below). Because the motors did not have the power to handle the inertia and weight of the "eccentrics". I started looking at some hydraulic motors, one of which only weighed 2 or 3 pounds and developed 25 hp. (If this was Tesla's intent, ie. higher HP motors, it seems obvious that from his statements - the <b>Tesla Bladeless Disk Turbine</b> was probably intended to power this machine.) To continue:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">"<i><b>We recently received a set of plans from a former pupil* of Nikola Tesla who believes that a space ship, ...can actually be constructed.</b></i>" "<i><b>He bases his plans, he told us, upon existing files he secretly obtained shortly before Tesla's death, and before these could be seized by the authorities. He and Tesla had been very close friends and had worked together on a number of projects.</b></i>" pg.30</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">*<b>Bloyce D. Fitzgerald is virtually the only person that this could refer to. He was the one of two who worked with Tesla daily during the few weeks before his death. <i>He studied Tesla's papers, carrying them home to study every night and took them back the next day.</i> He had never met Tesla before and <u>he was the one who called the authorities upon Tesla's death and then tried to view the sealed papers two years later</u>.</b> <b>See TESLA: Man Out of Time by Margaret Cheney; pages 270-277.</b> Bloyce must now be 70+ (or more) years old and among the few surviving to have studied under Tesla - over 50 years ago. Surely he did not want his name given out because he is an old man and wants to be left alone. In any case, anything that has been dormant for 50 years is not likely to change now, unless it changes hands. It is likely that he realizes it will go with him to his grave if he does not "give it to the public" before it is too late, which he has just done. If he no longer felt any reason to hide anything, then, what is not mentioned, is not known.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:130%;"><b>The Tesla Space Drive<br /></b></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"><br /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b>The Flying Stove Aerial Machine; </b></span><b> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Tesla's Invention: what it is, what it does, and how it works</span></b></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">This device converts inertial energy into centrifugal acceleration which, according to the right-hand rule, generates linear acceleration. The principal is the same for the way that the centrifugal acceleration of electrons, in a coil, exert linear acceleration on a metal rod placed in the center of the coil. Here, the acceleration is exerted on the frame. An electric motor is the result of electrons in orbit; this (protonian) motor is the result of protons, entire atoms, in orbit.<br />The rotation (rpm) necessary to generate acceleration depends upon:</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">1. the mass of the entire device<br />2. the mass of the 4 rotating inertial loads, (4 masses),<br />3. the radius of those 4 loads (aka 4 eccentrics, 4 masses)<br />4. and, gravity<br /><br />1st: If the mass of the 4 inertial loads totals 1/10th the total mass of the entire device, then the radius of rotation of the center of mass of the system (the entire device) is 1/20th that of the radius of any one of the rotating loads, not 1/10th. This is just geometry but, I overlooked it for a time (only 2 of 4 weights going left to right and only 2 of 4 going front to back.)</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">2nd: It is the rotation of the entire system (device) that must get up enough centrifugal acceleration to defeat gravity.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">3rd: Examples of that speed are: On a 50 inch radius, something in the range of 40 to 50 rpm are necessary, (this can be observed with a weight on a string; less than 30 rpm and it just hangs at your feet, the same as it would if it were not spinning at all). A 1/2 inch radius requires 4,000 to 5,000 rpm, a 1/4 inch radius requires 8,000 to 10,000 rpm, etc.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">4th: Example system: If the mass of the 4 inertial loads totals 1/10th the total mass of the entire device, and the center of mass of each of the 4 masses is out 5" from its shaft, then the net radius for the system is 1/4" and the needed speed is 8 to 10,000 rpm. Also, the force exerted by each mass on each shaft (in pounds) is: the rotating mass (in pounds) times the radius in inches times the RPM's squared ( rpm x rpm ) times 0.0000284 = "X" pounds of force exerted on each shaft.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">1. Four identical Inertial Loads (weights, masses) (labeled 1 through 4) are mounted on 4 shafts arranged on a square, with the center of mass of each inertial load out at some same measurable radius from the center point of each side of the square (labeled 2R). Each one, or more, is mounted, progressively, at a 90 degree angle to the previous one with respect to the center: that is, if one is mounted pointing DOWN, the next one, traversing one way (arbitrarily) around the square, will be pointing horizontally IN, toward the center, the next will be pointing UP, the next will be pointing OUT, away from the center, and the next will be pointing DOWN, again, and is where we started.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">The shafts are driven (geared) so that they stay synchronized: 1:1 ratio rt. angle drives ("miter" gears). This unique arrangement for the 4 inertial loads is such that, as they revolve about their axes, their collective center of mass (center of gravity) takes on a circular orbit where the center of the orbit is also the center of mass of the rest of the device. This aggregate circular orbit is the first necessary condition and is labeled ILCoM (the orbit of the 4 Inertial Loads Center of Mass). (<i>See note #1, below for detailed exposition</i>) It is the induced orbit in the center of gravity of the stationary object, the frame, which forces a reaction from the object, a linear acceleration according to the right-hand-rule.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">2. Whatever collection of materials is used to mount and rotate the shafts, for an initial point of reference, the center of mass of the frame (the entire device minus the 4 weights) is at the center of the square array of shafts (labeled C in the drawing).</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">3. If ILCoM is the orbit of the 4 Inertial Loads' (weights) Center of Mass and if the weight of the entire system (device), the 4 loads included, is 5 times the weight of the 4 loads by themselves, then the radius of orbit of the System's Center of Mass ( SCoM ) will be 1/5th of ILCoM which is 1/10th the radius of orbit of any one of the 4 Inertial Loads (weights, masses) Center of Mass ( ILCoM ), as drawn in the diagram. <i>(see note #2, below</i>)</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"><b>Click on each picture below to enlarge to full size</b>. These picture depict the actual machine that was constructed. Fig 1- first build; Fig 2- stronger frame; Fig 3- Side view with additional weighting; Fig 4- Top, Side, and Front views; and Fig 5- Close-up of mechanism; Fig 6- combined views.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"><b>NOTE #1</b>: In the drawing (Fig.1) the centers of mass (aka gravity) of loads 1 and 2 are each marked with a '+'. As shown, the center of mass for load #1 is at 'A'. The center of mass for #1 and #2 combined is exactly halfway between their 2 individual centers, at point 'B'. The center of mass for #3 and #4 combined is halfway between their 2 individual centers, at point 'C' (since load 3 is the same distance down (2R) that load 4 is up, 'C' is at the center of the frame with respect to all 3 coordinates). The center of mass for all 4 combined, is halfway between 'B' and 'C', at point 'D' and that Radius, from C to D, is labeled R. Since 'B' is the midpoint between #1 and #2 and is also always at the '2R' distance (the radius of each individual mass) from the center 'C', 'R' (the radius of ILCoM) is always 1/2 the radius of the individual weights. (because only 2 out of 4 are shifting in each direction - front to back or side to side)</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"><b>NOTE #2</b>: Example: If the total system weight, the 4 inertial loads included, is 10 times the sum of the weight of the 4 inertial loads, by themselves, then the ratio of the SCoM to ILCoM is 1:10 and the ratio of the SCoM to the radius of any one of the loads, weights, is 1:20. If the arm, rod, holding any one of the weights is about 3cm long, then the orbit of the center of mass is 1/10 of 1/2 of that or, about 0.15cm</span></p> <p><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">GENERAL NOTES</span></b></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">The 4 weights are not the only loads on the system, the gears constitute an overhung load on the system and if the 4 weights revolve fast enough, and they may, the air resistance will become an overhung load also. However, the greatest problem is that, if the rpm of the weights is doubled, the radial load on the shafts is quadrupled (mass x radius x rpm x rpm x K = force).</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">If the mph of the 4 weights reaches or exceeds the speed of sound, a shock wave will be created (the sound barrier), which will quickly escalate and break apart the weights and their mountings and risk damage to anything and everything around it. In production, creating a partial vacuum will help eliminate this issue and reduce part of the load on the system. A minor issue: If the speed reached, matches the resonance of the shafts, the resulting vibration will tear everything apart.</span></p> <dl><dd><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"><b>footnote:</b> Tesla intended the world to have a free, wireless, source of power, as quoted, "<b><i>My power generator will be of the simplest kind -- just a big mass of steel, copper and aluminum comprising a stationary and rotating part, peculiarly assembled,</i></b>" and further, "<b><i>this device is...peculiarly assembled.</i></b>" By changing the orientation of the weights so that energy is produced without producing thrust (?), one might have the heart of the "wireless source of power" system that Tesla built but was unable to see commercialized???</span></dd></dl> <p align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><!--webbot bot="HTMLMarkup" startspan --><ad- me="" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=teslatechnolo-20&o=1&p=8&l=as1&asins=0938294784&fc1=000000&IS2=1<1=_blank&lc1=0000ff&bc1=000000&bg1=ffffff&f=ifr" style="width: 120px; height: 240px;" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0"><ad- ame=""><!--webbot bot="HTMLMarkup" endspan --> <!--webbot bot="HTMLMarkup" startspan --><ad- me="" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=teslatechnolo-20&o=1&p=8&l=as1&asins=0743215362&fc1=000000&IS2=1<1=_blank&lc1=0000ff&bc1=000000&bg1=ffffff&f=ifr" style="width: 120px; height: 240px;" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0"><ad- ame=""><!--webbot bot="HTMLMarkup" endspan --> <!--webbot bot="HTMLMarkup" startspan --><ad- me="" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=teslatechnolo-20&o=1&p=8&l=as1&asins=0972747281&fc1=000000&IS2=1<1=_blank&lc1=0000ff&bc1=000000&bg1=ffffff&f=ifr" style="width: 120px; height: 240px;" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0"><ad- ame=""><!--webbot bot="HTMLMarkup" endspan --> <!--webbot bot="HTMLMarkup" startspan --><ad- me="" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=teslatechnolo-20&o=1&p=8&l=as1&asins=1892062313&fc1=000000&IS2=1<1=_blank&lc1=0000ff&bc1=000000&bg1=ffffff&f=ifr" style="width: 120px; height: 240px;" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0"><ad- ame=""><!--webbot bot="HTMLMarkup" endspan --></ad-></ad-></ad-></ad-></ad-></ad-></ad-></ad-></span></p> <p align="left"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"><b>Ending notes from Greg Smith</b>. Greg is a programmer with a degree in Math and Physical Science (+ 2 years work on a 4 year Master of Theology degree) ...There were a couple inventions mentioned in the book, one in particular, where I could visualize the one drawing provided and it seemed simple enough that it could easily be built and either prove or disprove the books claims. I did build it and, though I did not get it "up to speed", the speed that we did achieve was enough that a friend, with some of the equipment that I needed to use, was even more impressed than I was that "Something is going on here". With lighter weights and higher speeds, the vibrations should have diminished but, they intensified.</span></p> <p align="left"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">In the process, I figured out the necessary speed required, not mentioned in the book, and that, became my stumbling block - inadequate motors to drive it. I then found <b>Tesla's biography, Man Out Of Time, by Margaret Cheney</b>, a thick, well received, book with lots of reliable information on the man. There I found how Tesla had contracted with both<b> Allis Chalmers and with Westinghouse's railway and lighting division to build a 35,000 rpm turbine </b>to "<i><b>fly from New York to Colorado Springs in a contrivance which will resemble a gas stove</b></i>" - July 7th 1912. If the <b> <a href="http://www.frank.germano.com/teslaturbine.htm">turbine</a></b> was to be a, relatively, lightweight power source to drive it, then that was what stopped Tesla (we may possibly be talking - again - about the use of the Bladeless Boundary Disk Turbine). The metals of his day stretched under the centrifugal forces and he got no further, publicly. Today, "<i><b><a href="http://www.frank.germano.com/thecompany.htm">The turbine is inexpensive and easily machined.</a></b></i>" - SunWind Ltd. 3-12-79. In addition to weak metal alloys, Tesla had to contend with "negative reports" from engineers who did not understand his designs "<i><b>claiming they would not build it as he wished...</b></i>They said Tesla refused to supply enough information."</span></p> <p align="left"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">Maybe, again, they just could not understand something from Tesla "which had no theoretical precedent". Talking to an engineer, it took undue effort on my part to convince him that the center of gravity of the device, does travel in a circle. How could I explain that a force is generated "according to the right hand rule" (as opposed to the left hand rule for electricity)? How did Tesla know that? And, even if sliding the motor a little off-center, in different directions, could control speed and direction, how did Tesla know how much movement is needed? How did he "SEE" that in his mind, the way he seemed to see everything that he intended to build?<br /><br />Definitions of a Motor are: 1. anything that produces or imparts motion. 2. an engine for propelling a vehicle 3. Elec.: a machine for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. Definitions of an Engine are: 1. any machine that uses energy to develop mechanical power - especially for transmitting motion to another machine.</span></p> <p align="left"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">An electrical coil sends electrons flying in a circle, in orbit about a center-point that is not the nucleus of the atom. The coil is sitting there, going nowhere, but its electrons are flying around in orbit and that paradox sets up a magnetic force-field. The coil is just sitting there; nothing is seen to be moving. But a voltage is applied and suddenly a magnetic force field appears and things do visibly start moving! Here we have a frame with some weights flying around in circles, going nowhere, just spinning, but it is "<i><b>peculiarly assembled</b></i>" and the net result is that the center of gravity of the entire device, still just sitting there, is in orbit - <b>now we have the same paradox but the center of mass of the entire object is in orbit, not just the electrons</b>.</span></p> <p align="left"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"><b>Now, we have the potential for an atomic force field - the entire atoms are generating an orbital force field instead of just the electrons</b>. Atoms being about 2,000 times more massive than their combined electrons, <b>the force being generated here could be a few thousand times stronger.</b> Because the protons are the charged particles doing the work, instead of the electrons, the force operates by the right-hand rule. However, even the 1/2 hp air motors were not powerful enough to handle the weight and the inertia of the "eccentrics". A more powerful motor is needed - and still keep the weight to a minimum The two air motors were great. They totaled only 24 oz. The massive air compressor was not part of the "system". Knowing that when it takes off, it will break loose from the air hoses and fall back down is no problem. Just proving that it works is enough to "turn heads" and start things rolling.<br /><br />Next: Hydraulic motors? I am just experimenting. I don't know. I have been told by an engineer that slight imperfections in the balance and geometry of the system are nothing compared to the imbalances caused by the rotating weights. So that is a minor issue. Get "close enough" and we should be fine. From experience, I can tell you that the electric motors I used, started up so fast that 1 or more weights often came loose. The air motors gave more control - and so should hydraulics. END.</span></p> <p align="left"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">Greg Smith's original site - <a href="http://www.pwsdb.com/Tesla-force-field-motor/Tesla-Flying-Stove-motor.php"> http://www.pwsdb.com/Tesla-force-field-motor/Tesla-Flying-Stove-motor.php</a>. Used by permission.</span></p> <p align="left"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">So, what we have are the following: It would seem that Tesla envisioned, and I'm sure built - three, perhaps four, distinctly different types of Flying Machines. One type was the cylindrical type (pictured in the artist's illustrations in Part One, which was powered either directly from the Ether, or from his Magnifying Transmitter. The Second type was again cylindrical in shape, and was probably powered by his bladeless disk turbine. The Third type is the one augmented on in this Part Two section, being mechanically derived, and controlled as if by the wheel-works of nature (taking the atom as its motive force, and re-creating it in a mechanical, oscillating form, as described above). The Fourth version was what we see in Tesla's patent regarding "Flying Machine Of Novel Principals" and is coined "the Fliver." All I can say is we've got to build them all and see what happens! </span></p> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;">Frank Germano, Global Energy Technologies.<br /><br /><br /></span>Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-63779136681806447352007-09-05T17:17:00.000+01:002007-09-05T17:23:57.289+01:00The Joe cell<p align="left"><b><u>Intention </u></b>My intention ( to the best of my ability ) is to remove some of the mystery, secrets, guesswork and plain misinformation that surrounds the construction of the " cell ". The aim is to help the constructor make a cell in a laid out, step by step, method that I employ to make my own cells. My knowledge comes from making the cells. As I have built many working cells, this experience has given me the knowledge, not by guesswork or reading someone's book or listening to second or third hand " expert " opinions. I now pass this information on to you. and it will always stay as my opinion and information until you build your own cell. Only then will you know how to make a cell, and not before!</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Joe</u></b> In approximately 1992 a new form of a generator was constructed in Australia. In preparation for this book, I spoke to both the designer and his fiancee, regarding my wish to give him the due credits, etc., for his 7 years of work and cooperation with all involved parties. Unfortunately due to the lunatic fringe and money grabbers that dealt with him, this poor, victimised individual has decided to relinquish any further involvement with the cell that bears his name. So in respect to his wishes, he will simply be referred to as Joe. I would simply like to say, dear Joe, that if it was not for rare individuals like you, we the vast brainwashed majority, would never find the true beauties of Mother Nature's gifts.</p> <p align="left">It is now probably to late to save Mother Earth from the years of pollution and desecration caused by the thoughtless money-grabbing multinationals. As a species, we are unique. Even a little simple bird keeps its nest clean, yet we the most intelligent of creation, destroy our only home! Yet, individuals like Joe show us that there is a better way, a simple pure way, Nature's way. Without the benefit(?) of years of dogmatic mind shrinking education, Joe found, by intuition, how to ask Nature a question in such a way that it answered. The answer was a method of powering machinery without the use of our primary resources or the creation of pollution. This method is well known to the select few and the technology has been around for centuries. Joe has made a crude easy to build version of this generator. The generator is called a Joe cell.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>What is a Joe cell?</u></b></p> <p align="left">To find out, let us look at some of the characteristics of the cell as stated by Joe:</p> <p align="left">* The water in the cell is not consumed.</p> <p align="left">* The cell runs cold to the touch.</p> <p align="left">* It takes a period of time before the engine will run from the cell. It then has an erratic</p> <p align="left">power output and works in an intermittent fashion.</p> <p align="left">* When the cell is removed from the car, the engine takes an appreciable time to return</p> <p align="left">to " normal " and run from the original fuel.</p> <p align="left">* If the cell is left in the car for a long period, the engine becomes " charged ". From</p> <p align="left">this point, the cell is not required for the motor to run.</p> <p align="left">* All spark plug leads can be removed and the engine will still run as long as the</p> <p align="left">ignition coil and distributor remain functional.</p> <p align="left">* The output of the cell, does not have to be connected to the internals of the engine, a close external coupling will do.</p> <p align="left">* The cell requires the " charging " of the water to work.</p> <p align="left">* The " charged " water can be poured from one container to another without losing the</p> <p align="left">" charge ".</p> <p align="left">* The cell requires a specific style of construction, little understood by most constructors.</p> <p align="left">* An empirical construction style has evolved with little, if any, science or success.</p> <p align="left">* The source of power for the cell and its use has great value for some individuals. These</p> <p align="left">* individuals are creating misinformation, cloaking operations and fear to the cell constructors.</p> <p align="left">* Human presence can affect the operation of the cell in a positive or negative way.</p> <p align="left">There is much more information on the Joe cell that is available to the privileged few, but we have enough information from the above clues to identify the energy type. From the above, it is plain to see ( as I will explain to you ) that without a shadow of a doubt in my mind, the Joe cell is a crude Orgone accumulator, and that the cell runs on, or collects Orgone. There is a 100% correlation with Orgone energy and its properties. As these accumulators have been and are in use all over the world, the constructor can share in this vast pool of knowledge. For example, as early as the first of January 1867 a French patent, number 60,986 was issued to a Martin Ziegler for an accumulator of a living, non electrical type of force . The experimenter can with a little research, and notes like these, bypass the myths, misinformation and the mongers of secrets and get on with scientifically based facts. Also, he can be prepared to realise and meet the <b><u>DANGERS</u></b> that await the rash and fool hardy. </p> <p align="left">I would like to mention here the special dangers that are associated with the use of the life force, more particularly the Orgone energy. I presume that the reader is familiar with the arts required to experiment with hydrogen and oxygen, and is also competent in the use of the tools required to achieve the required results. You have read the disclaimer and I will leave it at that.</p> <p align="left">As you may be unfamiliar with Orgone, I would like to mention some additional precautions.</p> <p align="left">Orgone is very sensitive to disturbances and agitations from many sources. Thus the Orgone energy is very easily excited or irritated to produce toxic effects.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>The following should be avoided:</u></b></p> <p align="left">* Any cathode ray device such as a TV sets, computers, oscilloscope, etc.</p> <p align="left">* Microwave ovens, fluorescent lights, luminous face watches, smoke detectors and electric blankets.</p> <p align="left">* Mobile phones and towers, courier radio telephone service or similar instrumentalities, airport radar and communication services, TV, AM, FM radio transmitters, radio traffic lights, police radar, high tension power lines, nuclear power plants, nuclear waste or storage facilities, and past or present nuclear testing areas.</p> <p align="left">The above electromagnetic and nuclear devices and materials are known to irritate Orgone energy, driving it into a severely excited state which Reich identified as the <i>Oranur effect.</i> These effects persist long after the irritation is removed ( years ). Under such persisting agitation, the Orgone energy eventually becomes immobilised and " dead ". Reich identified this deadened energy state as <i>Dor ( Deadly Orgone ).</i> A typical human reaction to Dor is lethargy, immobilisation and emotional remoteness. The most important effect is, that it tends to drive latent medical symptoms to the surface.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED!</u></b></p> <p align="left">If Oranur or Dor is present, an accumulator will amplify these tendencies .If my cells " play-up ", I feel very tired, my face looks and feels bloated, I have trouble with my eyes, and I feel as if I was sun burnt. You should <b><u>dismantle the cell immediately and find the cause. As for yourself, have a cold shower as soon as possible</u></b> and you should feel better. </p> <p style="text-align: center;" align="left"> <u><b>Chapter 2.</b></u> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><u><b>ORGONE</b></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>" How else should it be done then? , was always the immediate question. The answer is simple:</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>Exactly in the opposite way that it is done today! "</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">Viktor Schauberger.</p> <p align="left">As all known effects of Orgone are seen in the functioning of a Joe cell, it is reasonable to assume that the reader should have a good working knowledge of Orgone energy. Additionally, as the cell obeys all known Orgone laws and as the cell's operation does not contradict even one Orgone effect, it is safe to assume that this is the energy that is utilised in the cell. In honour of, and respect to one of the world's great, forgotten, and scorned scientists, namely Wilhelm Reich, I will continue to use the name Orgone as used by Reich. A multitude of other scientists, great and small, have given this mysterious force a name. In a following chapter I have listed at least 70 names by various individuals for the same or a similar force.</p> <p align="left"><u>Orgone energy is the live cosmic energy of Nature.</u> To quote Reich <i>... The Cosmic OR Energy fills the universe ... </i>and <i>... it is a spontaneously pulsating, mass-free energy ..</i>.</p> <p align="left">For interested readers, there is a huge collection of facts, opinions and absolute rubbish on the Internet regarding Reich and Orgone. As the aim of this book is to focus on the Joe cell, the above definition will suffice.</p> <p align="left"><u>Some properties of Orgone energy</u></p> <p align="left">Thousands of properties have been observed for the life force and I would like to list and explain the main ones relating to the cell.</p> <p align="left">1. It is mass free. ie. Orgone energy has no inertia or weight etc. So conventional test equipment that requires a reaction or something to " push " against to measure a force will be ineffective.</p> <p align="left">2. It is present everywhere, but more importantly to the Joe cell user, the concentration is variable from place to place and from time to time. Therefore, if the cell is leaky and located in a low concentration area, it may stop breeding or even loose the seed. The external signs are a motor that will not produce full power or will not run at all.</p> <p align="left">3. It in constant motion. It has an uneven movement from West to East at a speed considerably greater than the earths rotation. The motion is a pulsating expansion and contraction and a flow normally along a curved path. Inside an accumulator, the energy is emitted as a spinning, pulsating wave. Both of these can be seen to varying degrees in a charging vat and/or cell. These signs are very important to the experimenter as they are his tools in the different stages of seeding and breeding of the cell.</p> <p align="left">4. It negates the laws of entropy. Orgone energy flows from lower concentrations to higher concentrations ie. Orgone attracts concentrations to itself. This is the normal process of creation and as such is a proof of Orgone being a living energy. For the experimenter, this is very important, especially in the seeding stage. If the cell is located in an unfavourable location, it may not seed or take a long time to seed. I have had cells taking 4 weeks to seed, others take only a few days.</p> <p align="left">5. Matter is created from it. Under appropriate conditions, which are not rare or unusual, I have had different minerals formed from identical cells. This in my case is usually a white or green powder that forms as very fine colloid that eventually sinks to the bottom of the cell. You definitely do not want this to occur in the Joe cell as the cell will not run the car and the only solution is to completely dismantle, repolish and clean all components. For the sceptical, you may assume that the deposits are coming out of the water. I strongly disagree.</p> <p align="left">6. It can be manipulated and controlled. We do this in the cell by forming alternate organic and non-organic " cylinders " to form an accumulator for the Orgone. Thus the organic layers attract and soak up the Orgone and the metallic layers draw it from the organic material and radiate it into the interior of the accumulator. Additionally we use electricity, magnetism and electrolysis to assist with the breeding process.</p> <p align="left">7. It comes from the sun in vast quantities. As such, allowing for thermal lag, the Orgone density peaks in the afternoon and diminishes in the early morning hours. As people have found, a leaky cell will not function as it " dies " around 3 am to 4 am.</p> <p align="left">8. It is affected by weather, ie. humidity, cloud, temperature and time of day affects the accumulation of Orgone. For the experimenter with a leaky cell this explains the weird behaviour of leaky cells ie. sometimes they work, other times not, but if you stand on one foot, talk to it, try different water, chemistry, more or less power etc. it will " come good ". This has created a whole religion of what you must do or not do, to such an extent that with the blind leading the blind, the cell in the hands of a casual constructor is doomed to failure.</p> <p align="left">9A. It moves in the direction of a magnetic field. This is highly significant to the cell builder. This factor controls the position and polarity of the cell's internal wiring as well as controlling how much residual magnetism the steel can have and still allow the cell to work. This is critical in the choice and cutting operations of the related metals. Again, a whole mythology has developed around this area. From reading previous material on the subject, it seems that the steel has to be cut by vestal virgins in the Black Forest on a moonlit night!</p> <p align="left">9B. It moves at right angle to an electrical field. Again, highly important, as it dictates polarity and wiring connection to the cell.</p> <p align="left">10. It is absorbed by water. This is one of the reasons that we use water in the cell. To be successful, the water has to be the right type of water. By the way, for example, we could have used bees wax instead of water, but as we want to encourage the breeding process with all the tricks in the book, the bees wax would have prevented the use of electrolysis.</p> <p align="left">11. It is polarised. As Orgone is polarised, that is , we can have positive or negative Orgonic force, so we can build a positive or negative cell. But, if you mix your positive and negative construction materials as most people do, then your result is a leaky or non-operational cell.</p> <p align="left">12. It will penetrate or travel along all known materials. All bodies of continuous structure are equally good conductors eg. It may travel through 70 feet or more of metal. As such, do not think that you are trapping it in the cell. The only reason it stays in the cell at all is because it wants to. It is up to the experimenter to set up a seeding and breeding environment that is conducive to Orgone and not try to create an imaginary prison that the experimenter hopes will trap the Orgone. As a side note, mankind has created synthetic materials in recent times that can greatly stop the penetration of Orgone. I am talking about polymers.</p> <p align="left">13. It has a slow conduction rate. Orgone will take 20 seconds or more to traverse 50 yards of wire. For the experimenter, this means that you should wait about 30 seconds after turning power on to the cell before you can expect to observe Orgone action at a stable rate.</p> <p align="left">14. It exhibits a constant upward tendency, raising vertically. Highly important in creating a non-leaky cell installation in an car.</p> <p align="left">15. It cannot remain in steel or water longer than about 1 hour. Simply said, if you cell is not breeding, it will die in about 1 hour. This explains the use of a 1.5 Volt battery across leaky cells to maintain a breeding process. What you achieve with the small potential across the cell, is a very low rate of electrolysis that matches the leaking of the cell and thus maintaining the breeding process.</p> <p align="left">16. It radiates a great distance. From a typical cell the radiation circumference is at least 160 feet. Think about it!</p> <p align="left">17. It follows optical laws. It can be refracted by a prism, reflected by polished surfaces, etc. This explains the reason for the mirrored or highly polished surfaces in some parts of the cell. It also allows us to control some leaking by utilising optical laws.</p> <p align="left">18. It surrounds itself with alternating spherical zones of opposite polarity. This is utilised by us to determine cylinder diameters and consequential spacing in the optimisation of the cell.</p> <p align="left">19. It is affected by living beings. Again, important, as the experimenter and his attitude can interact with the cell</p> <p align="left">20. It can only be concentrated to a finite amount. If a cell is charged to its maximum degree so that it can hold no more, the Orgone will transform itself into electricity, and in this way or form, find a discharge. By the visual observation of the bubbles, pulsations, and surface tension of the water, we utilise this fact to our advantage. </p> <p align="left">21. Torsion ( Orgone ) fields transmit information without transmitting energy, and they propagate through physical media without interacting with the media.</p> <p align="left">22. Torsion ( Orgone ) fields cannot be shielded by most materials, but can be shielded by materials having certain spin structures. As in point 12 above.</p> <p align="left">23. Each physical object, in living or non-living nature, possesses its own characteristic torsion ( Orgone ) field.</p> <p align="left">24. All permanent magnets possess their own torsion ( Orgone ) field.</p> <p align="left">25. Torsion ( Orgone ) fields can be generated as a result of a distortion of the geometry of the physical vacuum. This is demonstrated by pyramids, cones, cylinders, flat triangles, etc.</p> <p align="left">26. Torsion ( Orgone ) fields can be screened by aluminium. This allows the use of aluminium coated mirrors, or highly polished aluminium to reflect our Orgone ( Torsion ) field. See point 17 above.</p> <p align="left">27 It will pass through all materials, but at different speeds. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><u><b>Chapter 3</b></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><u><b>COMPARATIVE NAMES FOR THE LIFE FORCE</b></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>" Matter is latent force, and force free matter "</i> The mystic school</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">.At no stage do I even remotely hint that the following terms are identical. The purpose of the list is to show the many names given to unexplainable forces of which Orgone is one.</p> <p align="left">Akasa. <i>Hindus.</i> Animal magnetism. <i>Mesmer.</i></p> <p align="left">Arealoha.<i> Francis Nixon.</i> Astral light. <i>Kabbalists.</i></p> <p align="left">Baraka. <i>Sufis.</i> Bio-cosmic energy. <i>Dr. Oscar Brunler.</i></p> <p align="left">Biodynamic Ether.<i> Rudolf Steiner.</i> Biofield. <i>Yu. V. Tszyan.</i></p> <p align="left">Bioplasma. <i>Russians.</i> Biotronic. <i>Czechs.</i></p> <p align="left">Brahma. <i>Hindus.</i> Ch'i.<i> Chinese.</i></p> <p align="left">Chronal field. <i>A. I. Veinik.</i> Cosmic energy.</p> <p align="left">Cosmo-electric energy <i>George Starr.</i> D-field. <i>A. A. Deev.</i></p> <p align="left">Dige. <i>Apache.</i> Digin.<i> Navaho.</i></p> <p align="left">Dynamis.<i> Ancient Greeks. </i>Eckankar.</p> <p align="left">El. <i>Hebrews.</i> Elan-vital.<i> Henri Bergson.</i></p> <p align="left">Electrogravitation. <i>T. T. Brown. </i>Elima.<i> Nkundu.</i></p> <p align="left">Eloptic energy.<i> T. Galen Hieronymus.</i> Eloptic radiation. <i>Hieronymus.</i></p> <p align="left">Entelechy. <i>Dreisch.</i> Ether. <i>Aristotle.</i></p> <p align="left">Ethertricity. <i>Gaston Burridge.</i> Fermi Energy.</p> <p align="left">Fluroplasmic energy. <i>B. Hilton. </i>G-field.<i> Sir Oliver Lodge.</i></p> <p align="left">Gravity field energy.<i> H. A. Nieper. </i>Hike. <i>Egyptians.</i></p> <p align="left">Hullo. <i>Chickasaw.</i> Ka. <i>Egyptians.</i></p> <p align="left">Kerei. <i>Indonesians. </i>Kirlian effect.</p> <p align="left">Latent neutral.<i> Keely.</i> Life Force.<i> Dr. Aubrey T. Westlake</i>.</p> <p align="left">Logoital plasma.<i> Hieronymus.</i> Magnetic Fluid. <i>Mesmer.</i></p> <p align="left">Manitou. <i>Algonquian. </i>Manna of the<i> Polynesians.</i></p> <p align="left">Manna. Israelites. Maxpe. <i>Crow.</i></p> <p align="left">Mitogenetic emanation. <i>A. G. Gurvich.</i> Mon-emanation. <i>I. M. Shakhparnov.</i></p> <p align="left">Multipolar energy.<i> V. V. Lensky.</i> Mumia. <i>Paracelsus.</i></p> <p align="left">Mungo. <i>African. </i>N-emanation<i>. M. R. Blondolt.</i></p> <p align="left">Negative entropic energy. <i>James DeMayo.</i> Nervous Ether<i>. Richardson.</i></p> <p align="left">Nervous Ether. <i>Richardson. </i>Neutral force. <i>Kabbala.</i></p> <p align="left">Neutricity. <i>Gallimore. </i>Neutrino sea. <i>P. A. A. Dirac.</i></p> <p align="left">Numen. <i>Romans.</i> Odic Force. <i>Baron Karl Von Reichenbach.</i></p> <p align="left">Orenda.<i> Iroquoi. </i>Orgone Energy. <i>Dr. Wilhelm Reich.</i></p> <p align="left">Pneuma. <i>Gallien. </i>Prana. <i>Hindus.</i></p> <p align="left">Psychotronic energy. <i>Czechs.</i> Pure non manifest energy.<i> Todd R. Knudtso</i></p> <p align="left">Reiki. <i>Japanese. </i>Scalar energy.</p> <p align="left">Space energy. Spiritus. <i>Fludd.</i></p> <p align="left">Tachyon energy. Telesma. <i>Hermes Trismegistus.</i></p> <p align="left">Time emanation. <i>N. A. Kozyrev. </i>Tinh.<i> Annamites of Vietnam.</i></p> <p align="left">Tondi. <i>Sumatra. </i>Universal life force. <i>Baron Eugene Ferson.</i></p> <p align="left">Virtue.<i> Jesus.</i> Vis medicatrix. <i>Hippocretes.</i></p> <p align="left">Vvis naturalis. Vital Fluid. <i>Alchemists.</i></p> <p align="left">Vril. Wakan. <i>Sioux.</i></p> <p align="left">Wakonda. <i>Omaha.</i> X-agent. <i>H. Moriyama.</i></p> <p align="left">X-Force. <i>L. E. Eeman.</i> Z-emanation.<i> A. L. Chizhevsky.</i> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>Chapter 4</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>ORGONE POLARITY</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>" It was especially forbidden to divulge the law of attraction and repulsion,</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>which constitutes nature's greatest secret. "</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b>Mrs. Bloomfield-Moore, circa 1893.</b></p> <p align="left">As Orgone is polarised, either positive or negative, it can be manifested sometimes as both polarities for a short period of time. In our search for the perfect Joe cell, it is essential to utilise polarity-conducive materials in the construction of the cell. With the use of suspect materials that encourages the creation or retention of both polarities, the cell is not only a poor breeder ,but also leaky. I would strongly encourage the experimenter to choose to construct either a negative or positive cell and not to use materials at random or what happens to be handy or cheap. This is a sure way to failure.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Positive ( Warm ) Negative ( Cool )</u></b></p> <p align="left">Root fibres of plants Tips of plant leaves</p> <p align="left">Negative electricity Positive electricity</p> <p align="left">Iron Selenium</p> <p align="left">Copper Sulphur</p> <p align="left">Tin Iodine</p> <p align="left">Lead Palladium</p> <p align="left">Brass Cobalt</p> <p align="left">German silver Phosphorus</p> <p align="left">Alkalies Acids</p> <p align="left">Alkaloids Charcoal</p> <p align="left">Argentinium silver Evaporation</p> <p align="left">Mercury Steaming</p> <p align="left">The base, ( non pointy end ), of crystals Tip of crystals</p> <p align="left">Friction Sound</p> <p align="left">Magnetic South Magnetic North</p> <p align="left">Left hand Right hand</p> <p align="left">Left side of body Right side of body</p> <p align="left">Back of neck Forehead</p> <p align="left">Running water Distillation</p> <p align="left">Bismuth Vibration</p> <p align="left">Zinc Tellurium</p> <p align="left">Osmium Decomposition</p> <p align="left">Titanium Oxides</p> <p align="left">Potassium Haccoid salts</p> <p align="left">Calcined lime Chemical reaction</p> <p align="left">Caffeine Vinegar</p> <p align="left">Paraffin Alcohol</p> <p align="left">Creosote Mouth and tongue</p> <p align="left">Moon Sun</p> <p align="left">Planets Stars</p> <p align="left">Red end of sun's spectrum Blue end of sun's spectrum</p> <p align="left">As seen from the above short list, chemical reaction, electrolysis, evaporation, steaming, vibration, sound and chemicals are the most common goings on in the cell and in the motor. To rephrase, since the natural events in our cells habitat favour these actions, I would suggest that the experimenter builds a cell that utilises as many of these parameters as possible, until he gains the knowledge of the causes of the cell behaviour. I personally only build acid cells. I have a dislike of the corrosion associated with alkaline cells and also find that the water remains crystal clear and the insulators do not fail in my acid cells. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>Chapter 5.</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>THEORY OF CELL DESIGN</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>" Everything that is natural is silent, simple and cheap "</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">Viktor Schauberger.</p> <p align="left">After 6 years of experimentation, I made the assumption that the Joe cell was working on Orgone energy. This assumption came as a result of hundreds of hours of reading and experimentation. In all that time, all the recorded effects of Orgone, ( and there are hundreds ) have matched the behaviour of the Joe cell. There has never been a departure from the known recorded effect of Orgone energy, not even <b><u>one!</u></b> As such it would take a far braver man than I to argue with the huge supporting evidence of thousand's of man-hours and the work from hundreds of qualified individuals from all over the world. So, as my own humble experiments agree with the majority, I have said, and will repeat many times, the cell runs or more correctly, accumulates Orgone energy.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Theoretical requirements</u></b></p> <p align="left">Sometimes I have to restate the obvious, namely, if we are to accumulate Orgone energy, we must have an Orgone accumulator! We are not designing this cell to use Neutrino's, Deuterium, Nitro-glycerine, steam, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Hydroxy, or any other author's pet opinion to the contrary. You will have to read other publications for those topics and cell designs, this train goes to Orgone country. <u>We are designing our cell to run on Orgone energy!</u> When I say " we ", I am assuming that the reader is following suit, and will build a cell closely matching these instructions. As such, a close study of the chapters on Orgone properties and cell polarities would be in order. If you were a naughty boy and skipped over these sections, I would suggest that you read them now. So what have you discovered? You should be in agreement with me on at least two points, ie. that the cell should use as many of one type of Orgone polarity materials and properties as possible, and additionally, we want to utilise as many as possible of all external forces available to us to assist us in the accumulation of the Orgone energy.</p> <p align="left">Are we on the right track with our Joe cell accumulator? What would we aim for in the design of a perfect energy accumulator ? Is there any better way to go? Maybe we are on the wrong track? At this stage it may be a good idea to consider the design parameters for the ultimate energy source. After all, why waste our time with the Joe cell if there is a " better " way of getting our energy. Better meaning, cheaper, parts effective, less polluting, less destructive, longer lasting, etc. If we look at the quote from Viktor Schauberger at the start of this chapter, "... natural, silent, simple and cheap..." is a very good starting point. Let me give you a brief list of the requirements of this magic accumulator and see if we are on the right track with the Joe cell:</p> <p align="left">* The Joe cell is natural as it operates on the life force ( Orgone ). It is the only natural man-made energy producing device that does a direct interchange from a primary energy source to the final energy supply. As such it seems to provide " free energy " and thus be an impossibility. This is a huge stumbling block for people who do not understand the concept of " free energy ".</p> <p align="left">* The Joe cell is silent. There are no moving parts. A solar panel or Peltier effect device would be the closest highly inefficient relations.</p> <p align="left">* The Joe cell is simple. No moving parts, a set of cylinders and water, you could not get it any more simple.</p> <p align="left">* The Joe cell is cheap. After the initial outlay, there are no further material costs or replacements required to worn-out parts. The Joe cell is virtually everlasting. If you build one with second hand components, your total outlay should be under AUS $200.00</p> <p align="left">* When we use energy that is at its fundamental stage ie. the energy cannot be broken up into any other energy constituents that are at a smaller level; we have no waste by-products and thus no pollution. The Joe cell runs on the life force energy ( Orgone ) which is a fundamental force of the Universe. You are not going to get any more basic than that!</p> <p align="left">* Any centrifugal, expanding and exploding force is wasteful due to the creation of heat. Any device that generates heat as part of its operation can never be considered an efficient energy source.</p> <p align="left">Nor can it ever be an over unity device. The Joe cell runs cool and so does the motor that runs from it.</p> <p align="left">* Any energy produced from a set of conversion stages is wasteful. For example, a nuclear submarine has a nuclear reactor to create heat. The heat is used to create steam from water. The steam drives a steam turbine. The steam turbine is used to run an electric generator. The electric generator is used to drive an electric motor. The electric motor turns a propeller. The propeller twists in water thus providing a thrust. The thrust propels the submarine. You would have to be kidding! No wonder that superior beings roll on the floor with laughter on observing our " technology ". How unnatural is all that? The Joe cell converts the primary life force ( Orgone ) into an expanding multiple use force in one step. Beautifully simple!</p> <p align="left">* The Orgone does not have to be stored or converted and stored. It is an on-demand system and thus there is no infra-structure required to store, distribute, ship, sell, etc. Unlike petrol, it is the same price each week ( free ). Definitely not good news for the oil multi-national concerns. Maybe that is why we are not using this force? <>.</p> <p align="left">So to summarise, I would say that, ( to the best of my knowledge ) as there is no alternative energy device to compete with the Joe cell, we would be on the right track if we build a cell that ran on Orgone. Please note that the Joe cell and its construction has limitations and negatives as you have already read and will read in later chapters. As we do not live on a perfect world, we are not perfect humans and the Joe cell is not a perfect device.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Making a theoretical cell</u></b></p> <p align="left">By reading through the list of Orgone properties and selecting the ones that look useable, you should have selected these:</p> <p align="left"><i>Property 14. </i>As it has a preference for a vertical and constant upward alignment, we will have the outlet of our cell at the top most point of the final structure.</p> <p align="left"><i>Property 6</i> As it can be manipulated, it means that we can build a container to house it. We will have cylindrical cylinders, concentric and with a vertical axis to fit in with P<i>roperty 14.</i></p> <p align="left"><i>Property 10.</i> As it is absorbed in water, we are going to make a water cell. As we are dealing with water, the cell has to be water proof and non corrosive.</p> <p align="left"><i>Property 20.</i> As it can only be concentrated to a final amount, we know that sooner or later something will occur in the vertical plane and with our outlet located at the top of this vertical axis, ie. <i>Property 14</i>, something will come out.</p> <p align="left"><i>Property 9A</i> As it moves in alignment with a magnetic field, we know that if we place one of our potential's at the bottom of our " conductor ", and the other potential at the top of our " conductor " a magnetic field will result and the Orgone field will move in the same direction. As our conductors are the metal cylinders, they now must have a concentric vertical alignment to fit in with <i>Property 14</i>. As we are dealing with magnetic fields, our cell material should not interfere with the chosen field that assists the Orgone to follow in a vertical alignment. Also, as we are dealing with water, electrolytes and magnetism, the cell material suitable for the simple cell should be stainless steel with a low as possible magnetic residual. Just on the side, our " conductor " is a complex combination of water, stainless steel cylinders and ion flow. Nevertheless, it will create a directional magnetic field</p> <p align="left"><i>Property 9B.</i> As it move at right angle to an electrical field, our concentric vertical cylinders prove a perfect match, ie. the electric current flow is from the inner most cylinder, to the outer most cylinder in horizontal lines. As the Orgone flows at right angles to this field, the end result is again a vertical alignment of Orgone. Good stuff!</p> <p align="left">Now, from the table of Orgone polarities, we can get a few more " helper's " to coax the Orgone force to work for us;</p> <p align="left">The electrolysis will be very interesting to it, and as Joe said, connecting the power to the cell when the engine is running is like switching the turbocharger on full boost, man you are off! Like wise the friction from the reciprocating parts in the engine will get it to go in and have a peek and then, " got you! ", we can use it! The sound and vibration are additional bonuses when the car is running.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Capacitor effect</u></b></p> <p align="left">For the electronically versed readers, let me explain to you one way that the cell acts as a concentric energy accumulator. It is a well known fact that the charge of a capacitor is proportional to the surface area of the plates. Similarly, we know that the potential increases as we bring the plates closer together. Now look at the beauty of the Joe cell. We have a set of concentric plates with an obvious reduction of surface area as we move towards the middle of the cell, ie. as the cylinder gets smaller in diameter, the surface area reduces proportionally. Now, as the surface area of the cylinders decrease towards the middle, we <b>automatically </b>have the charge increasing as we move towards the center! Therefore, the greater the number of cylinders, the greater or more intense is this charge build up. So, thrown in at no extra design cost is an automatic magnifier for the Orgone force that is concentrated automatically at the center of the cell. The above applies only if the water can act as an dielectric, ie. that it does not have too many ions in the water. Thank you Nature! By the way, on a larger scale, the earth is the middle of the accumulator and the different atmospheric layers are the cylinders that concentrate the sun radiations.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>End result</u></b></p> <p align="left">We now have a theoretical cell. It is made from a plurality of concentric stainless steel cylinders in water, with an application of a suitable electric and magnetic field, and a top-located outlet on a vertical aligned cell.</p> <p align="left">So, the above is the layout and the logic in the construction of a theoretical cell. Now, dear Joe did not do any of the science, did not know any of the scientists, did not read any related books and did not know what Orgone was, but by a stroke of sheer luck and intuition, he made his final cell in the above configuration, and the rest is history! Yes, dear friend, our theoretical cell is exactly how you should make you practical working cell. This will be explained in the next chapter.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>Chapter 6</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>MATERIALS AND CELL DESIGN</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>" There is no ideal crucible, no crucible so perfectly sealed and protected that it can be considered a closed system, a unit absolutely isolated from the rest of the universe.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b>Raymond Abellio, circa 1975.</b></p> <p align="left">In this section, I would like to take you step by step, through the cell construction process. I have stated in other sections of this book and I would like to also state here that there are countless methods of constructing Orgone accumulators. The method described here is based on the Joe cell construction techniques. For a very comprehensive description of this type of cell, I would presume that the reader has read, or has access to, a copy of Barry Hilton's book, "How to run Your Car on Zero Point Energy ". This book contains in words and diagrams what Joe wanted the public to know about his cell. As such it is essential reading.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Note.</u></b> I have a copy of the above book and recommend it to others, <b><u>but</u></b>!, that does not imply that I agree with the theories or facts as expressed by Barry and Joe. Nor does it imply that I promise you that if you buy the above book, you will be able to " run " your car, or even have a working cell. Simply stated, I see Barry's book and my own, as pieces similar to the pieces of others, in a jig saw puzzle. If you put all the pieces together, you will understand the life force, or whatever else you want to call it. You do not require all the pieces if you only want to " run " a car, but the more pieces you have, the greater is you understanding of the causes, not just the effects. Thus the car will run for a longer period of time without mysterious " down times ".</p> <p align="left">I am not interested, as established before, in arguing, challenging, debating, competing, or defending my written notes with any parties. I give you these notes freely as a pointer, to show you a method of cell construction that works for me. If you have something constructive to contribute, I will gladly alter my notes.</p> <p align="left">Right, with the preamble out of the way, lets get to work. I will go through each step:</p> <p align="left"><b>A.</b> Parts list.</p> <p align="left"><b>B.</b> Selection of materials.</p> <p align="left"><b>C. </b>Machining operations.</p> <p align="left"><b>D.</b> Options.</p> <p align="left"><b>E.</b> Assembly.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>A. Parts list.</u></b></p> <p align="left">The following parts lists, tie in with section <b>D.</b></p> <p align="left">Common to all vats and cells, you will require lugs that can fit over a ½ inch ( 12 mm. ) bolt, and multi strand wire capable of flowing 10 Amps continuously, red for positive and black for negative. You may want to purchase an in-line fuse holder and a few 5 Amp fuses to suit.</p> <p align="left">A1. Charging vat. ( Optional item ).</p> <p align="left">This vat can be any suitable low paramagnetic food grade steel container. A favourite with Joe and others is a stainless steel beer keg. These seem to be plentiful,. but be wary of quality. The seam welds are particularly paramagnetic. There is a story of Joe testing about a hundred kegs before he found one that he liked. Unless you are going to use the large cones, about 10 inches ( 250 mm. ) diameter, I see no useful purpose to have such a large charging vat. Even if you employ it to fill up your radiator, it is still a hell of a lot of water. I could see a use for one as a shared club or group resource, but not for one individual. I personally use a much smaller vat with an internal working height of 11 inches and a diameter of 8 inches. This type of keg has the advantage of not being seam welded horizontally half way up the container. This is exactly where you do not want any magnetic bands! My cone diameters are either 5.5 inches or 6 inches depending on the scrap metal dealer.</p> <p align="left">So, you will need:</p> <p align="left">1 x Keg of your chosen size.</p> <p align="left">8 x Cones of chosen size.</p> <p align="left">1 x Nylon, or similar, central cone support rod.</p> <p align="left">8 x Nylon, or similar, spacer washers to suit cones and central support rod.</p> <p align="left">16 x Neoprene O-rings to suit central support rod</p> <p align="left">1 x 300 mm. long by 6 mm. diameter ( approx ) stainless steel support rod. ( Use horizontally across keg to hold central rod and cone assembly ).</p> <p align="left">1 x 1 meter long ( approx ), by 12 mm. wide stainless steel strap, approximately 1 mm. thick.</p> <p align="left">6 x Stainless steel pop rivets.</p> <p align="left"><b>Note.</b> If you just want to get on with it, and you only want to charge your car cell, you do not require a charging vat. Its main virtue is the quantity of water and the ability to remove any scum from the top of the water. Unfortunately, as you car cell is enclosed, this scum is not so readily removed, <b>but</b> there is nothing to stop you charging the water in your car cell, tipping out you stage 3 water in a glass container, filtering this water and reintroducing it back into you car cell. Anyway, if you use the methods described in these notes, you will find that your scum will be at a minimum. I have always charged my car cells as a stand alone unit, ie. no charging vat. The advantages are that you know that the cell and the water are okay and not just the water, as the case would be, if you simply added the water out of your charging vat into your car cell.</p> <p align="left">A2. 4 cylinder test cell.</p> <p align="left">The test cell is a vital piece of equipment that you should make. It has two main functions: One, it is a training aid for you while you are learning about the different stages of charging the water. You will easily be able to observe the different bubble types, surface tensions, deposits in the sump and colloidals suspensions in the water. Two, you will be able to fill it up with suspect water from you main car cell and test to see if the water is still at stage 3. You do not have to be Einstein to work out that your test cell container should be transparent.</p> <p align="left">You will need;</p> <p align="left">1 x Glass or clear ( not translucent ) acrylic container about 6 inches ( 150 mm. ) diameter by about 8 inches ( 200 mm. )tall. The container must have a lid!</p> <p align="left">1 x Set of 1 inch, 2 inch, 3 inch and 4 inch cylinders about 5 inches ( 125 mm ) long.</p> <p align="left">18 x ½ inch ( 12 mm. ) diameter by ½ inch long spacers.</p> <p align="left">1 x Approx. 10 inches ( 250 mm ) stainless steel strap as per charging vat parts list.</p> <p align="left">2 x Small stainless steel nuts and screws to secure the strap to the plastic or glass container.</p> <p align="left">2 x Stainless steel pop rivets.</p> <p align="left">1 x 1.5 feet ( 500 mm. ) of heat shrink tubing to fit over you stainless steel strap.</p> <p align="left">2 x Lower acrylic support combs, ( to be described later ).</p> <p align="left"><b>Note.</b> If you use the glass jar, you may want to insert the negative via a ½ inch ( 12 mm. ) stainless steel bolt via a hole that you drill through the bottom of the jar. In that case, you will need a 3 inch ( 76 mm. ) stainless steel bolt, nut and washer, plus two Nylon or Teflon machined washers where the bolt exits the glass container. The extra effort may not be worth it unless you can get the parts cheaply.</p> <p align="left">A3. 4 cylinder car cell.</p> <p align="left">The construction of the 4 cylinder and 5 cylinder cells are the same except for the extra cylinder and 6 spacers. Thus I will only describe the construction of the 5 cylinder cell. If you want to make a 4 cylinder cell, follow the construction of the 5 cylinder cell without the extra cylinder.</p> <p align="left"><b>Note.</b> The only reason that I mention the 4 cylinder cell at all, is again due to the myths that have developed in the " field ". Basically, the story goes like this: It is rumoured that if you do not use the charging vat, you can only charge and run you car with a 5 cylinder cell. You supposedly cannot charge you water with a 4 cylinder cell, only run you car on it. Joe also mentions in his video that he thinks that the 4 cylinder may even run the car better than the 5 cylinder cell. Personally, I have found that you can charge both a 4 and a 5 cylinder cell and thus, they will also run the car. As the leakage of a cell is determined by the " layers " or number of concentric cylinders, the 5 layer cell is a better cell. I have found that a 5 cylinder cell works much better for me and I really have nothing to recommend the 4 cylinder cell for, except that it is a smaller cell. There is still meagre feedback from constructors, so the jury is still out.</p> <p align="left">A4. 5 cylinder test cell.</p> <p align="left">This is my favourite configuration. My very first test cell was a glass 5 cylinder cell with 7 inch long cylinders. This cell has been in constant use now, for about 6 years, still not broken after countless dismantles and services. The insulators and cylinders after 6 years are as good as they were on day 1.</p> <p align="left">This cell uses the ½ inch bolt-through-the-bottom alternative.</p> <p align="left">The construction is the same as the 4 cylinder test cell, with the addition of 6 extra spacers to support the extra 5 inch cylinder. That's it.</p> <p align="left">A5. 5 cylinder car cell.</p> <p align="left">This is the one, dear people. You either get this one right or end of Joe cell as reality and back to fantasy. This is the baby that has to seed and breed for you. This is the one that has to be reliable and sludge free. This is the one that people will judge your sanity on. If it does not work, you go down the path of all other failures and dreamers. Conversely, when you get it working, you will not be able to count all your new " friends ". They will all want one, just " like the wizard made ".</p> <p align="left">There are variations, I will give you my favourite one, you will need:</p> <p align="left">1 x Set of hand selected, polished, clean, low paramagnetic, ( maybe heat treated ) 1 inch, 2 inch, 3 inch and 4 inch inner cylinders, of 8 inch length, or length very close to 8 inches, as calculated from own your calculations as per Chapter <b>7.</b></p> <p align="left">1 x 5 inch diameter outer cylinder, as above, but 10 inches long.</p> <p align="left">1 x Lower plate, one 5 inch thread, one 5 inch O-ring seal and one 5 inch nut to suit the above</p> <p align="left">outer casing. This is not of-the-shelf. You will need machine work to make the press fit</p> <p align="left">section. See diagram.</p> <p align="left">1 x Top cone. This is a standard 5 inch to 1 inch tube reducer. Apex angle to suit material but between 60 and 90 degrees and optimally 57 degrees for 316L stainless.</p> <p align="left">24 x ½ inch diameter by ½ inch long ebonite or similar spacers.</p> <p align="left">1 x 3 inch long by ½ inch diameter stainless steel bolt, nut and washer.</p> <p align="left">2 x Nylon or Teflon machined insulators for bolt exit.</p> <p align="left">1 x 1 inch ( 24 mm.) diameter compression fitting for your cell outlet. This outlet will be a right- angle or straight fitting depending on your individual requirement. This is where your 1 inch ( 24 mm. ) outside diameter aluminium engine pipe fits in.</p> <p align="left">1 x A suitable length of 1 inch outside diameter ( 24 mm. ) aluminium tube for your cell to engine blind plug fitting. ( My tube has a 20 mm. inside diameter but this is not critical ).</p> <p align="left">1 x 1 inch ( 24 mm. ) long, ½ inch ( 13 mm. ) inside diameter stainless steel tube. This slips over the stainless steel bolt and holds the inner cylinders clear of the bottom</p> <p align="left">3 x Acrylic combs to support the inner cylinders. Optional, to be described later.</p> <p align="left"><b>Note.</b> All components should have the minimum paramagnetic field possible. Your test magnet can be slightly attracted, but must not stick and support its own weight! All parts are to be cleansed in mild vinegar or acetic acid that has been added to juvenile water. Do not leave finger prints on any stainless steel surface.</p> <p align="left">Regarding heat treating, as the Curie point of most stainless steel is 800F and higher, our heat treatment must exceed this temperature. Two methods that work are:</p> <p align="left"><b>1. </b>Local advice from a Melbourne heat treatment operator: he suggests to place the material in an oven at 1200F for three hours in a Nitrogen gas, then reduce the temperature slowly to atmospheric over twelve hours.</p> <p align="left"><b>2.</b> TM Technology, ( <a href="http://.www.tinmantech/html/faq_stainless_working_joe-c.html" title="http://.www.tinmantech/html/faq_stainless_working_joe-c.html">http://.www.tinmantech/html/faq_stainless_working_joe-c.html</a> ) suggest 800F to 1200F for ½ to 2 hours.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>B. Selection of material.</u></b></p> <p align="left">Material selection can be broken down into:</p> <p align="left">B1. Stainless steel cylinders and cones or domes.</p> <p align="left">A vast amount of good advice and pure drivel has been written on this subject. So much so, that I had cell builders from USA telling me that the right grade 316l stainless steel is unobtainable over there, and Australia is the only place that is can be sourced from! I have also been told by " experts " that this steel can only be made in the Southern Hemisphere ( due to the Earth's magnetic field rotation, ) and that is why the Joe cell only works in Australia and New Zealand! When I tell them that I cannot afford to buy new steel and obtain most of my stock via scrap metal dealers from dismantled American and British food machinery, they then think I am hiding the truth from them and that I am somehow refusing to show them the " secrets " of the cell design. What can you do with some people?</p> <p align="left">So, where do we go to get this " unobtanium " material? Where is the line between fact and fiction?</p> <p align="left">First of all, let's go to the start of Joe and his cell designs. You would have noticed historically that he used plastic and stainless steel in his designs and, irrespective of the material used, <b><u>ALL</u></b> types of cells worked for him. So it does not <u>have to be</u> stainless steel at all! As I will show in a later book, stainless steel is really quite a lousy material, but will suffice for this cell. However, as people, including Joe, experimented with various chemicals, they discovered that some stainless steels had three main advantages; namely, it formed a good pressure container, it was impervious to the majority of chemicals and it was " non-magnetic ".</p> <p align="left">I will list some of the " non-magnetic " stainless steel, but please note that all stainless steel will be magnetic to some slight degree:</p> <p align="left"><b>AISI 304.</b> Used in dairy, textile, dyeing and chemical industries for containers subject to different types of corrosive conditions.</p> <p align="left"><b>AISI 316. </b>Parts for chemical and food plants, wearable for high temperature.</p> <p align="left"><b>AISI 316L.</b> As for 316, but with superior corrosion resistance when exposed to many types of chemical corrosives, as well as marine atmospheres. It also has superior creep strength at elevated temperatures.</p> <p align="left"><b>AISI 310.</b> Furnace parts, radiant tubes, annealing boxes and heat treatment fixtures.</p> <p align="left"><b>AISI 410.</b> Cooking utensils, turbine blades, coal screens and pump rods.</p> <p align="left"><b>AISI 420.</b> For the automobile and aircraft industry. Components such as valves, pistons, and nuts and bolts.</p> <p align="left"><b>AISI 431.</b> Parts requiring highest strength and rust resistance.</p> <p align="left">Now, for reasons that I do not fully understand, the Joe cell fraternity has decided that <u>only</u> <b>316L</b> will do. I have proved over and over that this is a myth. Not only that, I would challenge any builder to pick 316L stainless from similar grades at a scrap metal dealer! What we are looking for are cylinders, cones and domes that have the least remanent paramagnetism. This is easily checked by taking your faithful rare earth magnet to your metal dealer. My magnet is only 5 mm. diameter by 3 mm thick and is attached to a convenient length of fishing line. By swinging the magnet near the stainless steel you will easily see how paramagnetic the steel is. Especially check the longitudinal or spiral seam welding. The magnet will be attracted to the seam, but reject the material if weld seam is discoloured for more than ¼ of an inch ( 6 mm. ), or it is a different thickness to the rest of the metal, or the magnet sticks and stays there supporting its own weight.</p> <p align="left"><u><b>Note.</b></u></p> <p align="left">* Always have a keeper on your test magnet when you carry it in you pocket, as it just loves to " wipe out " credit cards and similar magnetic stripe products!</p> <p align="left">* Do <b><u>not</u></b> use a ferrite magnet! similar to the easily obtainable round speaker magnets that every experimenter has in abundance. These are nowhere near strong enough and you will be deluded into thinking that you have found " Joe cell steel heaven ", as the stainless steel will pass your magnetic tests.</p> <p align="left">If you plan to heat treat you cell components after all machining and welding operations, the selection process does not have to be quite so rigorous. I personally would get the least paramagnetic steel anyway, as it is no extra in a scrap dealer and you may not have to heat treat the completed cell.</p> <p align="left">* If you are buying new stainless stock be prepared for some awfully dodgy 316L stainless.</p> <p align="left">It seems to vary tremendously with the country of origin. I have found that certified stainless in a plastic wrappers and with '316L' written longitudinally and repetitively along the whole length is generally fine. You will find that when you spin a good piece in a lathe and gently hold it with your hand, a good piece will feel " round ", but with a bad piece, you will feel longitudinal ripples. Similarly when you are cutting a piece of genuine 316L you will hear a ringing and the saw will be really working to cut it. I have cut some so-called 316L that cuts like butter! Believe me, real 316L is a bitch to work with.</p> <p align="left">Summary of the above. Since 316L is " the best ", try to buy some certified 316L stock. Try to buy some seamless tube if you can. Do not buy any on some salesperson's guarantee that it is non-magnetic. <b>Test it!</b> If they will cut it free of charge, see how they cut it and get it cut at least 1 inch, ( 25 mm. ) oversize. Usually a top supplier will charge about a $1.00 a cut with a liquid cooled band saw. In such a case, you do not require a large waste margin, a ¼ inch will do for you truing operation on the lathe. Make sure that there are no dents or major scratches in the sections that you purchase.</p> <p align="left">The cones are usually an off-the-shelf reducer and you should have no problems in getting what you want ( except for price ). The cones normally have seam welds, so check these. You can also get of-the-shelf, any compression fitting, flange, thread, blanking cap, bolts, nuts and washer. What you can buy is only limited by the size of your wallet All certified stock, even the washers, will have '316' written or stamped into the component. If you are using dome ends of varying geometrical configurations, you will have to have them hand beaten or spun to you dimensions. I don't have to tell you that anything to do with stainless is expensive. Think about it three times and buy once only! Consider carefully what cone angle you want to use. For example, a cone reducer from 5 inches to 1 inch can be made in many different angles. Do not assume, that because the end holes are the correct diameter, that this automatically makes the optimum cone angle.</p> <p align="left">B2. Insulation material and cylinder spacers.</p> <p align="left">The insulation material that is used where the ½ inch ( 12.5 mm. ) bolt exits the lower cell fitting is not that critical. I have used Nylon, Teflon and similar polypropylene and polycarbonates. They all work fine. Find a plastics supplier and rummage through his bin of rod offcuts, or if that fails, you will have to buy some. The colour is not important. I use a white or off white as a preference. Teflon is by far the best, if you can afford it. I do not use it. I buy 2 inch ( 50 mm. ) greasy Nylon rod that is far cheaper and that I machine to my final sizes.</p> <p align="left">The insulators between the cylinders are a different story. These tend to have deposits formed on them over a long ( over 6 months ) period of time. The can also crack or loose their elasticity causing the cylinders to move, or they will disintegrate or turn to jelly. When I first started on this project, I copied Joe and used rubber " counter hose " as found on the roads in that era for traffic monitoring. This hose material is no longer in use, and there was really nothing special about it, just handy as it was always laying around on some road or other <>.</p> <p align="left">As my cell design developed, I started matching my materials with the Orgone polarity. I found sulphur based product ideal for the acid cell, so now I use ½ inch ( 12 mm. ) ebonite rod. I am not telling you to start using ebonite rod, only that it is a suitable spacer. Ebonite rod is quite cheap eg. ½</p> <p align="left">inch diameter by a meter long is about AUS $6.00. In Melbourne you can obtain it from E. C. Menzies Pty. Ltd., 19 Ewing St. Brunswick. Phone is <span fn_index="0" info="Call +44393875544;0;+44393875544;0;" onmouseup="SetCallButtonPressed(this, 0,0)" onmousedown="SetCallButtonPressed(this, 1,0)" onmouseover="SetCallButton(this, 1,0);skype_active=CheckCallButton(this);" onmouseout="SetCallButton(this, 0,0);HideSkypeMenu();" context="(03) 9387-5544" rtl="false" class="skype_tb_injection" id="__skype_highlight_id"><span title="Change country code ..." onclick="javascript:if(1){doRunCMD(event, 'chdial','0');}else{doRunCMD(event, 'call','+44393875544');}event.preventBubble();return false;" onmouseout="SetCallButtonPart(this, 0);" onmouseover="SetCallButtonPart(this, 1);" class="skype_tb_injection_left" id="__skype_highlight_id_left"><span style="background-image: url(chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/cb_normal_l.gif);" class="skype_tb_injection_left_img" id="__skype_highlight_id_left_adge"><img src="chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/cb_transparent_l.gif" style="height: 11px; width: 7px;" class="skype_tb_img_adge" height="11" /></span><span class="skype_tb_injection_left_img" id="__skype_highlight_id_left_img"><img style="width: 16px;" src="chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/famfamfam/gb.gif" title="" class="skype_tb_img_flag" name="skype_tb_img_f0" /><img src="chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/space.gif" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 1px; width: 1px;" class="skype_tb_img_space" height="1" width="1" /><img src="chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/space.gif" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 1px; width: 1px;" class="skype_tb_img_space" height="1" width="1" /><img src="chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/arrow.gif" title="" class="skype_tb_img_arrow" name="skype_tb_img_a0" /><img src="chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/space.gif" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 1px; width: 1px;" class="skype_tb_img_space" height="1" width="1" /><img src="chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/space.gif" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 1px; width: 1px;" class="skype_tb_img_space" height="1" width="1" /></span></span><img src="chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/space.gif" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 1px; width: 1px;" class="skype_tb_img_space" height="1" width="1" /><span title="Call this phone number in United Kingdom with Skype: +44393875544" onclick="javascript:doRunCMD(event, 'call','+44393875544');event.preventBubble();return false;" onmouseout="SetCallButtonPart(this, 0)" onmouseover="SetCallButtonPart(this, 1)" class="skype_tb_injection_right" id="__skype_highlight_id_right"><span class="skype_tb_innerText" id="__skype_highlight_id_innerText"><img src="chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/space.gif" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 1px; width: 1px;" class="skype_tb_img_space" height="1" width="1" /><img src="chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/space.gif" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 1px; width: 1px;" class="skype_tb_img_space" height="1" width="1" /><img src="chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/space.gif" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 1px; width: 1px;" class="skype_tb_img_space" height="1" width="1" /><img src="chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/space.gif" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 1px; width: 1px;" class="skype_tb_img_space" height="1" width="1" />(03) 9387-5544</span><span style="background-image: url(chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/cb_normal_r.gif);" class="skype_tb_injection_left_img" id="__skype_highlight_id_right_adge"><img src="chrome://skype_ff_toolbar_win/content/cb_transparent_r.gif" style="height: 11px; width: 19px;" class="skype_tb_img_adge" height="11" /></span></span></span>. As purchased, this rod is not polished and you could polish it with fine wet and dry emery paper if you so wish.</p> <p align="left">You can also use 100% silicon thick wall tubing, or red rubber chemical corks of the right size as recommended by Barry Hilton. I have tried a mixed set of the above in one cell to see which would fail first. I discovered that after 6 months both the silicon tubing and the rubber corks lost some elasticity and although the cylinders had not slipped, in a four wheel drive, rough terrain application, there would have been some problems. A neutral and superior spacer can be machined from Teflon rod and it works very well.</p> <p align="left">B3. Cell to motor tube.</p> <p align="left">This one is nice and quick. I have stuck to 1 inch ( 24 mm. ) outer diameter aluminium tube, with a wall thickness of 1/16 of an inch, ( about 1.6 mm. ) so the inside diameter is 20 mm. It is readily obtainable, reasonably easy to bend, electrically conductive and works well as a guide for Orgone. I standardise on 1 inch ( 25 mm. ) outer tube diameter for all the cells that I make and supply and thus the cells are interchangeable for fault finding and performance checking. I would strongly suggest that the bigger groups involved in cell design, should agree to a set of standards for cell design that are mutually agreed to world wide. This would allow mass production of cells with the related advantage of cost cutting and uniformity. Other diameter of tubes and materials can be used, there is no rigid rule. If you find something that works for you and it is readily obtainable and cheap, please let me know so that I can add it as an update to this manual. For example, I have used normal clear plastic water tubing, covered it with aluminium foil and then I have heat shrunk a plastic sleeve over the lot to give it strength. Not as good as solid aluminium, but easy to form and easy to make when you have no access to solid aluminium tube.</p> <p align="left">So there you have it for the materials. Low component count, therefore simple and close to Nature.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>C. Machining operations.</u></b></p> <p align="left">Machining operations can be broken down into;</p> <p align="left">C1. Cutting operations.</p> <p align="left">This is one of the important steps in cell construction. As previously stated, any high speed cutting at the steel supplier's premises will probably involve the creation of heat. Any colour change due to heat in the cutting operation <b><u>must</u></b> be removed from the final length of the component. That is why I suggested the oversize margin in B1. If the tube is cut with a liquid cooled bimetallic blade or at low feed speeds with a metal cutting disk, you will not see any colour change whatsoever! When I cut my tubing at home, I simply use a 4 inch ( 100 mm. ) angle grinder in a cutting attachment and slowly rotate the tube as I cut the steel. There is no colour change and I can cut my tubes so close to the finished size that the lathe work is only a truing operation. As mentioned above, I true the tubes and match for length at slow speed in the lathe. The final matching of the cylinders is done by holding a metal ruler across the tops of two cylinders. You should see no light under any of the four contact spots. I match all my cylinders starting at the 1 inch one and work outwards.</p> <p align="left">C2. Polishing.</p> <p align="left">This is not a difficult operation. I use about 400 grade emery paper and whilst the part is rotating in the lathe, I polish the internal and external tube surfaces. Do not polish to leave cross hatch marks, ie. do not move your emery paper laterally back wards and forwards at speed. Make you lateral traverses slowly. That's it, no mysterious techniques.</p> <p align="left">C3. Welding.</p> <p align="left">I have my parts either Tig, Mig or plain old oxy acetylene welded with 316L rod or wire. Again no mysterious techniques, just a good welder.</p> <p align="left">C4. Insulators and spacers.</p> <p align="left">I turn my chosen spacer material on the lathe. I cut off my ebonite rod or Teflon to ½ inch ( 12 mm. ) lengths on the lathe. Ditto, no mysteries.</p> <p align="left">As you can see, there is no laser cutting or matching to angstrom units for part dimensions. Nor is there any submerged welding by highly qualified aircraft experts. All operation can be performed by a handyman or the nearest machine shop.</p> <p align="left">C5. Press fit operations.</p> <p align="left">I sometimes press fit components. At all times, as a result of the press fit process, I make sure that I have no change in internal dimension and the press fit is exactly that, ie. not a finger push fit. I clean and " pickle " the surface prior to the press fit operation for about 15 minutes and then wash off the chemicals in juvenile water. On the external side of the press fit, I deposit a ring of 24 hour Araldite to guard against any weepage of electrolyte. The adhesive you, use whatever it is, must not be accessible to the internal working of the cell, otherwise it will deposit itself all over the cylinders and insulators and diminish or " kill " cell operation.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>D. Options.</u></b></p> <p align="left">The following options are possible;</p> <p align="left">D1. Construction of a charging vat.</p> <p align="left">The options are related to the cone diameters As explained in A1, I make the small charging vats; Joe, Barry and others make the large ones that use 10 inch ( 250 mm. ) cones. There are variations in the quantity of cones, as used by Joe, and this is covered in detail in Barry's book. I prefer to use 8 cones, 1 reflector, 1 positive, 2 negative and 4 " spacers ". There are also variations in the support method of the cones. I prefer the central Nylon rod. Others prefer spacers between all the cones around the periphery of adjacent cones and an agricultural pipe up the middle of the cones ( see Barry's book).</p> <p align="left">As mentioned previously, unless you are after a vast quantity of charged water or have scum problems, you will not need it.</p> <p align="left">D2. Construction of 4 cylinder test cell.</p> <p align="left">You can have the outer container made from glass or acrylic ( Perspex ), but in all cases, make sure it is clear. The other variation is in the method of extracting the negative, either with a stainless steel strap out the top, or with a stainless steel bolt out the bottom. Again, it is up to you. The bolt out the bottom is a pain, as the container now has to be supported by a suitable stand. Also, the bolt method introduces further costs. For a test cell, it is not mandatory to use a bolt entry from the bottom of the cell.</p> <p align="left">D3. Construction of 4 cylinder car cell.</p> <p align="left">See notes for 5 cylinder car cell.</p> <p align="left">D4. Construction of 5 cylinder test cell.</p> <p align="left">See notes for 4 cylinder test cell.</p> <p align="left">D5. Construction of 5 cylinder car cell.</p> <p align="left">The variations are quite numerous. The obvious ones are the composition of the spacers and insulators. This I have covered and will not repeat.</p> <p align="left">We have a choice in the way that we " join " the outer cylinder with the cones or domes or plates .</p> <p align="left">We have a choice in the support mechanism for the inner cylinders.</p> <p align="left">We have a choice in the geometric shape of our top and bottom " covers ".</p> <p align="left">We have a choice in the way that we attach the ½ inch bolt to the 1 inch tube.</p> <p align="left">We have a choice in the outlet fitting type.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>E. Assembly.</u></b></p> <p align="left">E1. Charging vat.</p> <p align="left">There are several versions of the charging vat. There is a thorough coverage by Barry Hilton in his book. I suggest that the reader has a look and then they can decide which version they want to build.</p> <p align="left">Either way, apart from size and some minor details, the vats are very similar. The one that I am about to describe is my version and matches the previous part list. I will keep this section brief, on the assumption that you have seen Barry's book. As you can see, the photos make the construction quite clear.</p> <p align="left">E1a. I will mention a few pointers that may be not clear from the photographs:</p> <p align="left">* Remove the metal mandrel head out of the pop rivets as the remanent head is not stainless steel and will be magnetic and will rust.</p> <p align="left">* The stainless steel strap from the two negative cones must not be cut, and thus is one continuous length ( as described in Barry's book ).</p> <p align="left">* The function of the O rings, is to allow the gasses liberated by electrolysis to pass via the irregularly cut central holes of the cones. You place one O-ring on each side of the Nylon spacers. So the order would be, one cone, one O-ring, one Nylon spacer, one O-ring and finally the next cone and so on with the next O-ring, etc. until you complete the cone stack.</p> <p align="left">As you can see, I have left this section very brief on the assumption that most readers will not build a charging vat, or if they did, there is sufficient information above if you study the photos.</p> <p align="left">E2. 4 cylinder test cell.</p> <p align="left">I will not cover this test cell, as it is the same as the 5 cylinder test cell, minus one cylinder.</p> <p align="left">E3 4 cylinder car cell.</p> <p align="left">I will not cover this car cell, as it is the same as the 5 cylinder car cell, minus one cylinder.</p> <p align="left">I have however, provided ample photographic views of the construction.</p> <p align="left">E4. 5 cylinder test cell.</p> <p align="left">E4a. The 5 cylinder test cell is similar to the 5 cylinder car cell as described in E5 below. When you complete you 5 cylinder sub-assembly as per E5c, palace it to one side and proceed with next step.</p> <p align="left">E4b. Have somebody drill the appropriate size hole in the bottom of the jar to match the stepped washer as per E5e. I drill my own hole in the glass, using the right size outer diameter copper tube. I attach this copper tube in a slowly rotating vertical drill and lubricate the copper cutting edge with a mixture of kerosene and fine valve grinding compound. The grinding compound can be obtained from any motor accessory shop. Go nice and easy, and frequently add new cutting paste. Haste means a broken jar, so do not say I did not warn you. When finished, dispose of the ground glass, paste, etc. in a safe way.</p> <p align="left">E4c. Assemble cylinder sub-assembly to glass jar as per car cell assembly. Do not over-tighten the nut! Fill with juvenile water, test for leaks, etc.</p> <p align="left">E5. 5 cylinder car cell.</p> <p align="left">E5a. Rather than covering the construction of Mark 1, Mark 2, mark 3, etc. types of cell, I will cover the construction of a 5 cylinder that I consider as the " best " of the simple type of Orgone accumulators that we have called the Joe cell. I cannot see any value in covering the other variants of simple type of 5 cylinder cells, only to tell you at the end to build the one I am about to describe.</p> <p align="left">E5b. Make sure that you hands are not oily and re-check that all cylinders are clean. Obtain a kitchen cutting board or a piece of MDF or chip-board or any smooth and level surface will do. We will assemble the cell upside down on this flat surface, as this will ensure that the finished cell will be flat across the tops of the cylinders, ie. the side that is on the flat surface ( as this is the critical area! ). As your cylinders will not be perfectly identical in length, this method will also place the irregularities towards the bottom of the cell, where it is not as important.</p> <p align="left">* The first step is to prepare our ½ bolt, so that the hexagon head is a tight press fit into one end of the 1 inch cylinder. A minimum amount is ground or turned to off from the hexagon head so that the bolt head is a tight interference fit inside the tube. I have seen bolts with unaltered heads hammered into the pipe. Depending on the bolt, this caused the tube to assume a hexagonal appearance where the bolt head was forced into the tube. It still works okay, but it is not aesthetically pleasing. If you perform the task correctly, there will be a minimum of distortion to the outside of the tube and the water will be able to flow easily in and out the tube via the hexagonal flats of the bolt head, as they are not touching the inside walls of the tube.</p> <p align="left">* The head of the bolt is pressed into the tube until the bottom of the head is in the tube by ¼ of an inch or 6 mm. See diagram and picture. If you look through the tube you must see adequate clearance for water flow. On the bolts I use, when I finish the lathe work, all the hexagon shape is removed and I have to grind 3 slots in the head with my angle grinder to provide channels for water flow. When you roll the 1 inch tube on a flat surface the bolt shaft should roll with no wobble. This verifies that you have pressed the bolt head squarely into the tube. It is easy to drive some bolts into the tube and not keep it concentric-centric with the tube. The end result is that the whole inner cylinder assembly will be askew and interfere with the proper seeding of the cell.</p> <p align="left">E5c. Now take your 1 inch tube and place it upright on your assembly board, with ( obviously ) the bolt toward your face. Remember that the flat board end of the tube will finish up as the top of the inner cylinder assembly. Take you 2 inch tube, slip it over the 1 inch tube and position it so that there is an equal gap between the 2 inch and the 1 inch tube. As you build up your inner cylinder assembly you will repeat this step with you 3 inch and 4 inch tubes.</p> <p align="left">* Take 3 of you chosen ½ inch (12 mm. ) long insulating spacers and force them into the gap between the tubes at 120 degree spacing. Push your insulating spacers into the tube until they are below the tube edge by ¼ of an inch ( 6 mm. ). As I use ½ inch ebonite spacers, I have to file a flat to reduce the overall diameter of the ebonite before I press fit them into the tube. I place this longitudinal flat towards the convex or outer cylinder surface for best friction fit. If you use Teflon or Nylon rod, you will have to machine this tolerance factor into you rod diameter before you cut it up into you ½ inch spacers. Naturally, this problem does not exist with rubber hose or any other malleable material. You will find that if you use a malleable material, with time, your cylinders will sag and you will lose your critical level top line-up from inner cylinder to inner cylinder. In that case, I would suggest that you make a supporting comb assembly under the cylinders to support them. I have made these out of Perspex ( acrylic ) and they resemble a comb with the teeth facing upwards. The cylinders fit in the roots of these teeth, with the teeth spacing being the gap between adjacent cylinders. Please be wary of the type and quantity of acrylic that you use. Several experimenters have found that some grades of acrylic can short circuit the cylinders if used for separators or support medium. Avoid acrylic and similar materials until you become more proficient with cell characteristics.</p> <p align="left">* You now reverse your 1 inch tube and do the above, for the top 3 insulators. As the bolt body is obviously in you way when you try to place the tube on your flat surface, you will have to drill a ½ inch hole in your assembly board. I hope that it is not your wife's or girlfriends chopping board or bread board! So now the finished product is a 2 inch cylinder supported by 3 top and 3 bottom spacers with a dead flat relative top surface.</p> <p align="left">* The above procedure is repeated for your 2 inch to 3 inch tubes, and your 3 inch to 4 inch tubes. I find that for the 3 inch to 4 inch tubes, it is better to use 4 insulators at each end for a total of 8 instead of 6 inter tube spacers. The reason is that the larger diameter of the 4 inch tube now allows considerable flexure and 3 insulators at each end are not enough for a firm fit.</p> <p align="left">* There is no magic in the alignment of inter tube insulator line-up. Some perfectionists insist in having 3 radial lines ( as in three spokes of a bicycle wheel ), radiating out from the center, with 120 degree spacing. I have not found this critical. You now have a inner tube cylinder sub-assembly completed. The last step is to put the assembly back on your flat surface with the eventual working top down, and the bolt pointing up towards you. Now with a wooden or rubber mallet, gently tap all the cylinder edges, as to force the eventual top surface to be perfectly flat. Great, put this sub assembly to one side and let's move on.</p> <p align="left">E5d. To assemble the outer case of the cell, the following welding and machining operations are required:</p> <p align="left">* Have your top cone to compression fitting welded together. I would suggest that your compression fitting is designed for 1 inch ( 24 mm. ) outer diameter tube. This way, all club members or larger groups will be able to interchange cells as a help with car conversions. After the above welding, remove any " dags " that resulted from the welding operation. Grind and polish this junction, so that the internal transition from cone to outlet fitting is as smooth as you can achieve, without ridiculous fastidiousness. Check that the joint is water tight.</p> <p align="left">* Press fit your modified thread to one end of the 5 inch cylinder, making sure that the 5 inch cylinder protrudes slightly below this male thread, so there is metal to metal contact with the lower cap when it is assembled and the 5 inch nut is done up . This step must also allow reasonable compression of the O-ring. See pictures.</p> <p align="left">* Have the cone welded to the other end of the 5 inch cylinder. As in the step above make sure that the transition from cone to outer cylinder is smooth on the inside. Check that the joint is water tight.</p> <p align="left">* At this stage, have you outer assembly heat treated to remove the paramagnetism from the welding operation. I do not do this, I use the unit as it ends up after welding and the cell works okay, but to guarantee the success of your cell, I would strongly recommend the heat treatment step. When the unit come back from the heat treatment people, lightly repolish the outside and inside. Also, at this stage, run a bead of 24 hour Araldite, or similar, over the outside <u>only </u>junction of the pressed thread ring and the 5 inch cylinder. This will ensure that you will not have any slight electrolyte weepage from the press fit. This completes the outer case construction. Place it next to you completed inner cylinder assembly and lets move on.</p> <p align="left">E5e. All that is left to do is to complete the lower cap and ½ inch bolt support system. In the middle of the lower cap, you will need a hole that is ½ inch ( 12 mm. ) greater in diameter than the shaft diameter of the bolt. So for example, if your bolt shaft was ½ inch diameter, you would drill a 1 inch hole in the lower cap plate. This allows a ¼ inch ( 6 mm.) gap that will be filled up by your inner insulating washer.</p> <p align="left">* You now require a 1 inch ( 25 mm. ) length of thin wall tubing that you push onto the bolt until it touches the lower edge of the bolt head. Make sure that the outer diameter of this sleeve tube is not so large that it blocks the water flow in and out of the 1 inch cylinder.</p> <p align="left">* The next step is to make 2 washers from Nylon, Teflon, etc. The inner washer will be stepped ( see photo ). The smaller diameter step will have a 1 inch outer diameter and deep enough to be nearly as thick as the cap material thickness. The outer diameter of this stepped washer is not critical, so about 1.5 inches will do .The thickness of this larger diameter matches the distance that the bolt is inserted inside the 1 inch tube. So, ¼ inch ( 6 mm. ) is required in our example. This will result in the inner cylinder assembly being 1 inch above the lower cap. This insulator has a central hole drilled through it to exactly match the shaft diameter of the chosen bolt. A tight fit here will minimise and water loss down the bolt and thus out of the cell. The insulator that is on the bolt on the outside of the lower cap is easier to make. Make it about ¼ inch ( 6 mm. ) thick and 1.5 inches wide. The hole in the center is again made to match the shaft diameter of the bolt.</p> <p align="left">E5f. Now assemble the inner cylinder assembly to the lower cap plate. With clean hands, place the inner cylinder assembly top down, bolt up, on your flat plate. If not already done, slip your 1 inch long spacer sleeve onto the bolt. Next apply Vaseline ( petroleum jelly ), liberally all over the bolt shaft and inner washer. Place the inner washer onto the bolt so that the smaller diameter step is facing you and liberally cover this step with more Vaseline. Now place the lower cap onto the bolt the right way round, so that the 1 inch step of the inner insulator fits into the 1 inch hole of the lower cap. Again liberally apply Vaseline on the outer insulator and slip this over the bolt. Next, put you washer, electrical lug and nut on the bolt ( see photo ). Tighten the nut more than hand tight but not excessively. Check your handiwork, make sure you remove excess Vaseline also ensuring you do not get any on the cylinders or over the inside of the cap plate.</p> <p align="left">E5g. Take you outer casing, Vaseline the O-ring and sit it in the groove of the 5 inch male thread. Lower your completed inner assembly and make sure that the lower cap plate fits snugly into the 5 inch outer tube, without disturbing the O-ring. Take your 5 inch nut and screw it on the thread. Use reasonable force to do the nut up.</p> <p align="left">E5h. Fill the cell up right to the top with juvenile water and leave it overnight in an area or surface where you will be able to see any leaks. If there were no leaks, pour out the water and give yourself a pat on the back. Why? Because you are finished. You can now insert fresh juvenile water to the correct level and start your charging operations. Good going!</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><u><b>Chapter 7</b></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><u><b>SEED DIAMETER/HEIGHT RATIO</b></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>" Nature is the embodiment of the simplest conceivable mathematics. "</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">Albert Einstein.<br /> <br /></p> <p align="left">To calculate the height of the cylinders for maximum efficiency, proceed as follows:</p> <p align="left">1. As covered in greater detail in the chapter on " Charging the water ", make sure that you have your chosen test current flowing through the cell. I normally adjust my electrolyte to obtain a repeatable current flow of 1 Ampere with 12 Volts across the cell.</p> <p align="left">2. Place a known voltage across the innermost cylinder and the outermost cylinder. For car use, I suggest 12 Volts from a car battery or equivalent. The negative goes to the inside bottom of the innermost cylinder, ( normally 1" diameter ), and the positive goes to the outside top of the outermost cylinder, ( normally 4" or 5" diameter ). Measure this voltage accurately!</p> <p align="left">3. Now leave one lead of the voltmeter on the inner cylinder, and with the other lead, find the half voltage point radially from the inner cylinder to a point in the water. Do your best to memorise this point. Now place one lead of the meter on the outer cylinder and with the other lead, find the half voltage point radially towards the inner cylinder. Note this point. It will be close to the first measured point, but not necessarily the same point! If there is a difference halve the difference and record.</p> <p align="left">4. Measure diametrically the distance from the centre of the innermost cylinder to the half voltage point as measured plus the difference, if any. Double this measurement! This is the diameter of the " seed " circumference. For example on a 4,3,2,1 cylinder cell, the total diameter was 2.24" and for a 5,4,3,2,1 cylinder cell, the total distance was 2.83"</p> <p align="left">5. By using the natural logarithm of the height of the cylinder, we can interpolate and work out our optimum cylinder heights. The formula is: h = e to the power of d ( h = height of cylinder, e = 2.718281...,d = seed diameter ). All measurements must be in inches. I have worked out some standard size values for you. You can easily work out your value from the following table.</p> <p align="left"><b>Cylinder Seed Cylinder Seed</b></p> <p align="left"><b>height diameter height diameter</b></p> <p align="left">6" 1.79" 13" 2.56"</p> <p align="left">6.5" 1.87" 13.5" 2.60"</p> <p align="left">7" 1.95" 14" 2.64"</p> <p align="left">7.5" 2.01" 14.5" 2.67"</p> <p align="left">8" 2.08" 15" 2.71"</p> <p align="left">8.5" 2.14" 15.5" 2.74"</p> <p align="left">9" 2.20" 16" 2.77"</p> <p align="left">9.5" 2.25" 16.5" 2.80"</p> <p align="left">10" 2.30" 17" 2.83"</p> <p align="left">10.5" 2.35" 17.5" 2.86"</p> <p align="left">11" 2.40" 18" 2.89"</p> <p align="left">11.5" 2.44" 18.5" 2.92"</p> <p align="left">12" 2.48" 19" 2.94"</p> <p align="left">12.5" 2.53" 19.5" 2.97"</p> <p align="left">20" 3.00"</p> <p align="left">6. So in 4. above, we would use inner cylinders of about 9.4" for the 4 cylinder cell and we would use 17" cylinders for the 5 cylinder cell. If this height is too long for you, you can use the next submultiple for the longer cylinders, ie. 8.5" for the 17" cylinders, etc. There is a corresponding loss in " breeding " output, but as long as your cell is not too leaky and you are not travelling in a strip of low level Orgone you should get away with it.</p> <p align="left">7. At no stage should you use inner cylinders of a length of less than 7" of cylinder height for the most common cubic capacity car engines. Of course, for test cells, you will be able to get away with lower surface area cylinders. I use 5 inch ( 125 mm. ) high cylinders in my test cell, as this allows me to use less water during experiments.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>Final note on the above.</u></b> Many many cells have been built without going to, or knowing about, the above table and they all work to a degree, well enough to start the car. As a simple reliable rule that works, use 7 inch long inner cylinders and a 9 inch long outer </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"> <b><u>Chapter 8</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>WATER TYPE AND IT'S RELATION TO THE CELL</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>" Water is a living substance! "</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">Viktor Schauberger.</p> <p align="left">As seen on the chapter on Orgone polarity, we have the choice of negative Orgone, positive Orgone or a combination of both. Combined polarity Orgone cells are more suited for use in real Orgone motors and " anti-gravity devices " as used by the people in the know, but the funds, time and permission are out of the realm of the normal back yard experimenter. So as far as these notes are concerned, scratch that option out. A positive cell would require alkalies, different insulators, 316S stainless steel and water with a natural pH of 7 or more. For many reasons, I did not choose to go in that direction.</p> <p align="left">As I will explain shortly, I choose to make only negative cells, and these notes are based on the construction of negative cells. Do not read negative as not as good as positive. They perform the identical functions, all that we are doing is sitting on the left side of a see-saw and not the right side.</p> <p align="left">What do I mean by negative or positive cells? Simply stated, a negative cell is based on acidic water and related materials and a positive cell is based on alkaline water and related materials.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Water type</u></b></p> <p align="left">As discovered by many experimenters and holy people, Orgone, or the life force, loves or has a great affinity for water. Just as well, or we and the rest of the planet's " living " creations would not be here. So the first step in our quest to build an accumulator is to provide for whatever we are trying to accumulate, a container or area where we can accomplish this task. Okay, I far as I am concerned, we are trying to accumulate Orgone energy, thus the aim of the game for me, is to provide the most attractive and pleasant area to allow this energy to gather and then I concentrate, focus and utilise the energy before finally releasing it back to where it came from. If we assume for the moment that Orgone will be accumulated by water, the next question is obvious, what type of water, in what type of container, how large? etc.</p> <p align="left">Here experimenters have gone in all directions and a huge mythology from armchair experts has developed to show the way to the " blind ". Let me state from the start that Reich and others have spent their lives telling us how and what to do. I have compiled a great deal of scientific information, and as such, I am standing on many great shoulders that have passed before me to give me a better view of the problem, and I claim no credit. The only credit I claim is that I have got up from my backside and have actually done something with this information. So by doing, now I know, like you will, if you ever make a cell.</p> <p align="left">So, as I am dealing with living energies, it makes absolute sense to me to accumulate these energies in a medium of their choice, ie. in living water! All water is not just plain old water, nor are all pure waters the same, or pure. Unfortunately, the experimenter grasps on the word " pure " and immediately images of " pure " water from the local supermarket or distilled or rain water or his favourite filtered tap water flashes into his head. No, No, No! I am deliberately belabouring this point as it is critical in the construction of easy seeding, breeding and low leakage cells. Get your water right or stop reading here and use these notes to light fires.</p> <p align="left">Okay you say, let's move on, what is this magic water? Pure water means that good old mankind did not get a chance to " help " the water to make it better with additives, or the water has not lain around in metal or cement pipes until we want to use it, nor has it been ripped apart by turbines and pumps, nor has it lain stagnant and motionless in the Sun, nor has it flowed next to roads to have all the car combustion heavy metals fall into it, nor has it flowed underneath high tension power lines, nor has it had all the guttering from thousands of houses dump their toxins into it, nor has it had thousands of roads and streets drop its pollutants and waste into it. I mean, you must be getting the drift by now. The water you drink out of your tap is dead, distilled water is dead, tank water from roofs, etc. may be dead and toxic, water you buy from the supermarket is dead, and river and creek water that you may get downstream after it passes through towns and cities is also useless.</p> <p align="left">I use what I call juvenile or virgin water. By that I mean water that I get at the start of rivers or creeks. Juvenile water is like a child looking out for new experiences as it leaps, rolls, swirls and runs in shady, rocky and self selected pathways. It is the life blood of Mother Earth and a living thing. It has the ability to store these " pleasant " memories, or life-beneficial frequencies. I do not have to tell any reader how cold and how invigorating a mountain stream is. <b><u>That is the right water!</u></b> We do not want the water after it has experienced the memories and thus the frequencies from mankind's help, unless we can remove these detrimental memories.</p> <p align="left">I have my favourite water catchment area well outside Melbourne, Australia, where all the above conditions are met. There are no roads, powerlines, dams, pipes or any man made intrusions, the water flows how and where it wants to in natural, twisty downhill paths it has created, the whole area is green all year round and you can feel the vitality and Nature at work. Absolutely beautiful! No wonder that village people in mountain areas live so long.</p> <p align="left">From " Living Water ", a book by Olof Alexandersson:</p> <p align="left">"...Schauberger did not approve of pumped sub-surface water as drinking water. This water forced artificially from the depth was " immature " - it had not yet passed through the whole of its natural cycle, and therefore in the long term would be injurious to man, animals, and even plants. Only the water that runs out from the soil by itself in the form of springs and streams is suitable as drinking water....Water flowing from a natural source, particularly a mountain spring, acts in quite a different way. Schauberger found that if one drank a litre of this water - thus presumably increasing one's weight by approximately a kilo, - the net increase in weight was in fact only 300-400g. The remaining water must have been converted directly into energy to the body, thereby explaining the enormously enlivening quality that this water gives..."</p> <p align="left">Again, the above shows the difference in the energy content of different waters. If we relate this energy content to negative entropy that the Orgone energy possesses, we can readily see how it thus combats positive entropy or death that all bodies strive for. Put in another way we live, and so does the Joe cell as a result of taking in Orgone energy in many forms, including water. Also, I would like to distinguish between Schauberger's term " immature " and my term " juvenile ". Juvenile water is mature water before it is influenced by the bad memories ( frequencies ) that good-old-mankind has provided. Immature water is water that has not recorded the essential frequencies that Mother Nature provides. As such immature water is not what you should strive for, if you want quick seeding and breeding of your cells.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>pH</u></b></p> <p align="left">The water I use in its natural state has a pH of 6.5. That means it is slightly acidic and perfect for the negative cells that I make. I bring this water home making sure that I protect it from excessive sloshing and the heat of the sunlight whilst in the car. At home, I store it in 20 litre Pyrex bottles. Do not store it in plastic containers even if the container is marked " suitable for water ". Earthenware or wood containers would also be very suitable.</p> <p align="left">So the first thing you need when you find your own magic spot is some 0-14 Litmus paper. This is quite cheap and you can get a small quantity from your nearest swimming pool supplier. There is no use in buying a $1000.00 pH meter that is accurate to zillions of decimal places. All you want to know is, if the water is alkaline or acid.</p> <p align="left">The water will be either:</p> <p align="left">A. Neutral, ie. pH is approximately 7. In this case the ion level is too low for <b><u>electrolysis</u></b> and you</p> <p align="left">will have to add electrolyte. ( See Perfect Science note below ).</p> <p align="left">B. Acid, ie. pH varies from 7 down to 1. As this is what we require for a negative cell, grab some</p> <p align="left">and bring it home.</p> <p align="left">C. Alkaline, ie. pH varies from 7 to 14. You may make a positive cell with this, as many people</p> <p align="left">do. I personally am not interested, and therefore, I do not cover a positive cell construction in</p> <p align="left">these notes.</p> <p align="left">Be wary of any juvenile water with a pH of 5 or less, as the natural water acid level is getting too high due to pollutants or a high concentration of minerals. I personally have not used such water and can offer no guidance.</p> <p align="left">In the section on cell construction, I cover the stages required to bring this water to the right " working strength ".</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Perfect Science water</u></b></p> <p align="left">I will give you a brief summary of a talk by Drunvalo Melchezidek, regarding very wonderful news. The full talk can be found on ( <a href="http://www.transformacomm.com/" title="http://www.transformacomm.com/">http://www.transformacomm.com/</a> )</p> <p align="left">" ... Some Sufi masters in Turkey have presented to the world with a water that appears to <b>be alive</b>. This water has different effects on different things. It seems to have an optimal effect on whatever it touches.</p> <p align="left">... This water is called super-ionised water. A company out of Istanbul Turkey, has been started by Ihan Doyuk, and is called Perfect Science. A 48 million-dollar plant has been built in Turkey to produce 100,000 tons of this water a day.</p> <p align="left">... The only difference is in the number of electrons that are in the outer orbit. ... it has three extra electrons in the outer orbit.... all the scientists and physicists and the chemists of the world have been studying this for the past few years and have been keeping it secret. <b><u>Not one of them, ... can explain how it is happening.</u></b> They don't know! ... it appears as though ... it is alive and it knows what it's doing!</p> <p align="left">... But if you put the wires in super-ionised water, the light bulb comes on. No one has seen that before. That is impossible by everything that we know. And there is a flow of electrical energy through the water, that they are describing as liquid electrons. "</p> <p align="left">What is so exciting about the above extract is that the water is conductive with a pH of 7! This is exactly what the Joe cell experimenter needs for the electrolysis of the Joe cell without electrolyte. The end result is no more deposits, large ion flow, lower cell maintenance and a far superior cell as an Orgone accumulator. A recent quote from Michel Foisy ( <a href="mailto:michel.foisy@transformacomm.com">michel.foisy@transformacomm.com</a> ), is USD$27.00 for one US gallon and USD$8.50 for air mail shipping. Worth a thought. I will give at later date, a progress result on the batch that I am testing.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Gojuice</u></b></p> <p align="left">A typical and very suitable mixture is described in United States Patent 5,231,954 by Gene. B. Stowe under the production of a hydrogen/oxygen cell.</p> <p align="left">For people without Internet I will briefly quote the relevant section;</p> <p align="left">"...an electrolyte solution can be made by mixing small quantities of phosphoric acid ( food grade ), sodium perborate ( to supply extra oxygen), and acetanilide as a stabiliser, in deionised water or distilled water. The quantities of these chemicals may be varied between rather wide ranges, the object being to provide reasonable flow of current between the two electrodes. "</p> <p align="left">He goes on ( in section 6, 65 onwards ), to explain a typical method of making this mixture. I would suggest that if you made the above, you used juvenile water for dilution, and that you leave out the stabiliser as it is expensive and not essential for our needs. The end mixture works extremely well and you will only have to add a couple of spoonful's of Gojuice to achieve 1 Amp of current flow at 12 Volts in you car or test cell.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>General notes</u></b></p> <p align="left">It should now be self explanatory that constructors that use water without knowing the pH and then mix it with various chemistry, eg. " caustic soda ", an alkaline that is popular ( probably because every house has some ) and dubious insulator materials, are doomed to failure. Caustics just loves to chew at insulators. Believe me, stay with mild acids.</p> <p align="left">You may use vinegar or acetic acid that you use for cleaning the stainless steel and kill two birds with one stone. I personally have made my own mix that I call " Gojuice " as explained above. Acetic acid or vinegar is fine, <b><u>but,</u></b> please note that if you use vinegar, as the quantity of vinegar added to the cell is quite large, ( by volume ) you will have to be careful that the vinegar was made with the " right " water. This would be highly unlikely, so it should be used as a last resort. With acetic acid make sure that it is 90% acetic acid and if you obtain it from a photography chemical supplier, make sure that there is no stabiliser or indicator included in the mixture. It is because of the dubious nature of the water that is used for the vinegar and acetic products that I have taken the far more expensive path of using Gojuice.</p> <p align="left">In closing let me say, that it would be absolutely stupid to get naturally acidic water then electrolyse it with an alkaline and then complain that you are getting sludge formations and the cell does not work.</p> <p align="left"> cylinder for a 4 cylinder cell. Use 8 inch long inner cylinders and a 10 inch long outer cylinder for a 5 cylinder cell. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>Chapter 9</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>CHARGING THE WATER</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>" When water is agitated and coiled, radio-axially, with light, heat and air excluded,</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>diamagnetic forces are generated.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">Viktor Schauberger.</p> <p align="left">You are reading this chapter because, you now have a container of the right water and you are ready to pour it into your test cell, or your car cell.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Preparation</u></b></p> <p align="left">You will need the following:</p> <p align="left">* A multimeter with an amperage range that can read up to at least 2 Amperes.</p> <p align="left">The same multimeter or a meter that can read up to 20 Volts direct current.</p> <p align="left">The same multimeter or a meter that can read up to at least 10 Megohms resistance.</p> <p align="left">* A funnel with a built in filter or a normal funnel into which you can place a paper coffee filter.</p> <p align="left">* Your chosen electrolyte.</p> <p align="left">* A battery charger or similar that can supply about 4 Amperes at approximately 12 Volts. Most battery chargers put out much more but, at this stage, it is not critical . You may alternatively want to use a fully charged 12 Volt battery or a power supply. The aim is to have a <b><u>reproducible </u></b>voltage with an output current capability of about 2 Amperes.</p> <p align="left">* A pair of leads that you can clip from the power source to your cell. I would strongly suggest that you identify your leads and clips, so that you will not reverse your polarity to the cell. We want to <b><u>always</u></b> place the negative lead to the bottom of the centre cylinder and the positive lead to the top of the outermost cylinder.</p> <p align="left">* A working area where the cell can be left undisturbed for a period of time, in the worst case, 4 weeks. I know, I know, you are in a hurry! But unfortunately for you, Mother Nature has infinite time and she is in control of this project.</p> <p align="left">* A top, lid, or some way of sealing of the cell from air. Now, I am not recommending an airtight seal, even a lid loosely sitting on top of your test jar is sufficient. The seeding and breeding process is hampered by having too great an area of the top of the cell being exposed to air. All lids are not the same as regards to being a obstruction to Orgone. If the lid does not seem to be working, place a layer of aluminium foil ( as used in kitchen stoves ) underneath the lid and use the foil and lid as one unit.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>The charging process</u></b></p> <p align="left"><b><u>pH</u></b> The aim is to modify the conductivity of your water by the addition of acid, ( in this case ) so as to get a suitable and repeatable current flow. If we used de-ionised water with a pH of 7.0, we would have a very low current flow for our electrolysis, and would have to add something to increase the conductivity of the water if we wanted observable results in a short period of time. As we change our pH either higher ( alkaline ) or lower ( acid ) away from a pH of 7.0, our current flow and electrolysis process will increase together with the resultant heat increase and the stripping and plating of the metals from the cylinders.</p> <p align="left">We are trying to achieve electrolysis action with the minimum heat generation and also the minimum metal removal from our cylinders. Also please note as mentioned previously, the propagation of Orgone is reasonably slow, thus there is not much to be achieved with excessive current ( and thus electrolysis ). Slow and steady does it, just like in Nature. For the patient experimenter or one that is using neat water, ie. water without electrolyte, excellent results are achieved with currents as low as 50 m/Amps.</p> <p align="left">As we are only interested in acid cells in this manual, our pH will be 7.0 or lower. You will find that to get a current flow of 1 Amp at 12 Volts, your pH will be very close to a pH of 2 to 3. The importance of the pH reading was <b>only relevant during the choosing of the right water</b> as per Chapter 7. In this chapter there is no further use for pH readings during the charging process.</p> <p align="left">Whilst on the topic of pH, an experimenter has found that with the use of a very expensive digital pH meter, he is able to tell the state of charge of the cell. This theory is not 100% verified at the moment, but is mentioned for the sake of completeness.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Steps</u></b></p> <p align="left">1. Have your cell sitting on a wooden work bench or on a sheet of plastic type material or, as a last resort, on a newspaper. We are trying to insulate the cell from metal paths that may impede the seeding process.</p> <p align="left">2. Now with you meter set to read resistance, preferably on your highest resistance scale, read the resistance from the inner to the outer cylinder of you cell. It should be in the high Megohm range. If not, your insulators are conductive and you did not follow the previous cell construction recommendations. Remove offending insulators, reassemble carefully, measure and move on.</p> <p align="left">3. If all is okay in the above step, fill the cell via your funnel with the enclosed filter. Next, and <b><u>this is critical</u></b>, fill it only level with the top of the cylinders and no more! The effect that you want to create is a set of water cells separated by metal cylinders. These are your alternate organic and non-organic chambers. Of course the submerged section of you chambers are flooded, but with this simple cell, the top will be doing all the work .Now you may also realise why the cylinders have to match on the top, as otherwise the meniscus formed by the water would not work and the water would flow from compartment to compartment. This level is only critical during the seeding process, as we require maximum Orgone capture to seed the cell. Naturally, with a charged cell, the water is sloshing all over the place whilst you are driving your car. Joe did say that during charging, the water would find its own level and then use no more. So with long periods of electrolysis, you would find that the above described level is where you would end up with anyway and then the cell would start seeding. With my method, by starting at the right level, you will not waste hours of time creating steam, oxygen, hydrogen and chemical deposits as a result of electrolysis.</p> <p align="left">4. Turn on the power supply, and if it is adjustable, set it to 12 Volts. Connect the positive end of your power source to the top of the outer cylinder. Connect the negative end of your power source to one end of your meter that is set up to read a minimum of 2 Amperes. Connect the other end of the meter to the bottom of the central cylinder. What we have simply done is set up the meter to read any current flow into your cell from the power source. At this stage, if your water is close to a pH of 7, as previously discussed, the current flow will be zero, or in the low m/Amp region. If you are reading Amps, <b><u>you are doing something wrong!</u></b> Contrary to what " experts " tell you, it is impossible to draw huge current from pure water ( unless it is Perfect Science water ) . Think about it. To draw even 1 Amp at 12 Volts, the resistance of the water would have to be, by Ohms law, 12 Ohms! No way! You are doing something wrong. Find the problem and then move on.</p> <p align="left">5. Presuming that you only read m/Amps, you now want to introduce electrolyte to electrolyse your cell. The aim is to get a standard current flow for your electrolysis. To do this, drip a small amount of your chosen electrolyte into the cell water whilst stirring and watching your Amp meter. Use a glass or Perspex or wood dowel rod for the stirrer, do not use your handy paint-stirring screw driver! Throw away you wood dowel when finished as it will absorb chemistry. Do plenty of gentle stirring of the water as you add the electrolyte, otherwise you will add too much electrolyte! Stop adding electrolyte when the meter indicates 1 Amp. Your water level may rise as a consequence of the addition of electrolyte. Remove some water out of you cell. I use a pipette, so as not to disturb the cell. Remove enough water to again <u>just</u> expose the top of the cylinders. At this stage, disconnect your meter and power source and have a bit of a clean up as the next stages are observation.</p> <p align="left">The charging process is separated in three distinct stages that I call Stage 1, 2 and 3. These stages have some obvious differences and also some subtle ones . With experience you will know immediately if the cell is charged, but in your early attempts you will have to rely on my photographs and description or visit someone with a working cell. Do not listen to armchair scientists. One look is worth a thousand words.</p> <p align="left">For the rest of your charging process, you will be only connecting your power source to the cell for a maximum of 5 minutes at a time. As Orgone lags electricity by about 30 seconds, you will know the state of the cell in less than a minute.<b><u> Do not be tempted to leave the power connected to the cell for long periods!</u></b> Yes, I know that you are in a hurry and more is better, but in this case you only generate heat, steam, waste power and overheat the cell. You can pick the failures by seeing their cells running non-stop for days with 20 or more amps turning the water to steam, etching the cylinders and ending up with a barrel full of scum. What else would you expect? After all, electrolysis is time and current related. If you have had the misfortune of having your cell left on for a long period with high current, you have probably destroyed your cylinders. You cannot polish this etching or plating out. Yes, you throw the cell away and start again. I bet you don't do it next time!</p> <p align="left"><b><u>DANGER!</u></b> Do not charge any cell that is totally sealed! The cell will explode, with all the related consequences. Always remove the lid or unplug the car cell before doing any charging. I repeat, an airtight seal<b><u> IS NOT REQUIRED! </u></b>At no stage do I prescribe any form of airtight container.</p> <p align="left">Stage 1. This stage is plain old electrolysis. Due to us passing a direct current through a liquid that contains ions, chemical changes will occur. In our case, you will see small bubbles and a cloud of activity that is greater nearest the outside of the inner negative cylinder. The important observation points are that the activity is greatest nearest the central cylinder and gets progressively less as we move outward via the different chambers formed by the rest of the cylinders. Additionally, within a short period of turning the power off, all activity stops, the water becomes clear and the bubbles disappear.</p> <p align="left"><u>Summary stage 1.</u> Every fool and his dog gets to this stage. The secret is not to increase the electrolyte and thus the current and/or leaving the cell on for days on end. Be patient, leave the cell on for no longer than 5 minutes, turn the power source off, remove the leads to the cell, and put the top on the test cell, or partially block off the exit of the car cell. It does not have to be airtight! Go and do something else. It is like waiting for a tree to grow from the seed. Do this on a daily basis for days or a week or longer until you get to stage 2. You will find that the more " alive " the water is , the quicker is the seeding of the cell. I have found that the storage, age, and source of the water all affect the seeding speed. I have also found that by changing the structure of the water by various means eg. vortexing, shaking, filtering, etc., you can greatly enhance the water quality to make it more " alive ".</p> <p align="left">Stage 2. You will now notice on your initial powering up of the cell, that the bubbles are getting larger and the white cloud of tiny bubbles in the water are much smaller or more transparent. Also in stage 1, you had the action occurring mainly in the proximity of the central cylinder. Now the bubbles form in a regular fashion irrespective of location in the cell. More importantly, on turning the power off from the cell, the bubbles do not go away immediately but stay there for minutes rather than seconds as in stage 1. Also, the top of the water assumes a glazed look and the meniscus is higher due to a change in the surface tension of the water. At this stage you may have some brownish material amongst your bubbles. Don't panic. It is only the impurities being removed from the cell. I find that if I wipe the top surface of the water with a paper towel, the bubbles and the deposit will adhere to the paper and can easily be removed. Top up the cell, if required, after the above cleaning, so that again, only the top edge of the cylinders are <u>just</u> showing.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Note.</u></b> All topping up of the cell at any stage is done with plain juvenile water only. No more electrolyte is added! In cleaning the top of the cell as described, it has been observed that some people react unfavourably with the cell. If so, keep that person away, or if it is you, try changing you hand ie. use your right instead of your left or vice verse. If the presence of your hand seems to collapse the surface bubbles, I would suggest you have a friend do the work for you.</p> <p align="left"><u>Summary stage 2.</u> Very similar to stage 1, but now we have a more even bubble distribution and an increase of surface tension and a longer presence of the bubbles when the power is turned off. If you look in the bottom of your glass test cell, you will have no scum and the water will be crystal clear.</p> <p align="left">At this stage the Orgone force has seeded the cell, but as yet, is not breeding. With the right cell, water and operator, it is possible to go straight to stage 2 on the first turn on of your new cell. I have this occurring every time with modified juvenile water.</p> <p align="left">3. Not many people get to this stage, or what is worse, get here incorrectly. If you get here following the above steps, your water is still crystal clear with no deposits in the sump. If you get here by brute force, you will have stripped appreciable amounts of material from the cylinders and this material will now deposit on the insulators and hang around as a colloid and finally form in the sump as a deposit. The low resistance insulators and the metallic colloid will create a more leaky cell that will cause endless mysterious car stoppages or refusal of the car to start etc. Right, the miracle of Nature is now breeding in your cell. Upon turning your power on to the cell, within 30 seconds copious beautiful white bubbles will rise from all the surface area of the cell. Before these bubbles cover the water surface, you will notice a slowly rotating and pulsing front in all cylinders, that is synchronised and has a regular rhythm of about 2 pulses per second and a clockwise rotation speed of about 1 revolution every 2 seconds. These effects are very hard to observe for a first time viewer that does not know what to look for. I find it easier to watch these effects with the aid of a fluorescent light, as the 100 cycles per second pulsations of the light " strobe " the water surface and help the observation.</p> <p align="left">The bubbles may overflow the container and show great surface tension. But one of the definite proofs that the cell is breeding is that, on turning the power source off and coming back the next day, most of the bubbles will still be on top of the water as opposed to stage 1 or stage 2 where they disappeared in minutes. Please have a look at my photo sequence.</p> <p align="left"><u>Summary stage 3</u>. There is no way that you can mistake this stage once you have seen it. Some lucky people can feel the living energy and can react with it, Reich's " Y factor ". For the rest of you normal people, the signs are radically different. The bubbles are larger and pure white, the surface tension is greater, the bubbles are pulsating and most importantly the surface tension remains <u>days after the power has been removed.</u></p> <p align="left"><b><u>Additional note </u></b>for the desperate electronically inclined individual. Please note. I do not recommend any additional tests or measurements, your eyes and brains should suffice, but if you are in trouble, you may measure the voltage across the cell after it has been left standing with the power off for at least 24 hours. A live cell will have a residual voltage, or more correctly, a self generated voltage of around 1 Volt. A stage 1 cell measured under similar conditions will read .1 to .2 of a Volt. Remember, that unless you know what you are doing, these voltage measurements can be very misleading due to probe materials and battery effects that can easily mask your true measurement. As the cell reaches the maximum density of Orgone that it can hold, the result of the breeding process is the conversion of this excess Orgone into the formation of electricity. As such, electrical measurement with the correct instruments is a very valuable method in the verification of the efficiency of the cell. If you are conversant with Reich's work, you may care to make an Orgone meter and thus remove all guesswork. This meter is fully described on a few web site as mentioned in my bibliography.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Final comments on charging the cell</u></b></p> <p align="left">I do not recommend any form of circus type of bubble exploding, ear pulling showmanship. As noted elsewhere, noise and vibration are Orgone-negative. Therefore, in a negative Orgone cell like the ones I make, these explosions applied during the delicate seeding period will kill your cell! Apart from a dead cell, the chance of fire igniting other gasses in the workshop and injuries to the ears etc. makes this childish exercise highly unnecessary. I must admit that I too fell for the " go on, ignite it! " feeling. I had a cell that had been at stage 3 for 7 months. It was my favourite test cell. My hands and matches fought my brain and they won. There was a huge " ear-pulling, implosion/ explosion ", and yes, I killed the cell. It went back to stage 2 for 4 days. I will not do it again, just showing you that I am also human. On the plus side, my resident garage brush tail possum has not returned!</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Special stage 3 water</u></b>, ( referred to in chapter <b>11.</b> )</p> <p align="left">As all water we are using so far has been electrolysed, this water is not suitable for use in non-stainless steel or glass containers due to reaction with the container and the resultant corrosion, but if you have to, or want to, you can use juvenile water with no electrolysers added and still charge it to stage 3. As the ion count is much lower, the water is not as conductive, ie. you cannot get as much current flow with 12 Volts as you would if you electrolysed the water. However, if you obtain a power supply of approximately 60 to 100 Volts at about 1 Amp, you will be able to charge " plain old ordinary water ".</p> <p align="left">The down side is the additional waiting, in some cases, over 3 weeks, and the cost of the fairly expensive power supply. The advantage as mentioned in chapter <b>11</b>, is that you will be able to pour it into the radiator of a car with no increase in corrosion as compared to water containing acids.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Miscellanea</u></b></p> <p align="left">Do not at any stage short circuit, ie. join any of the cell cylinders to each other electrically with your charging leads, wedding ring, etc. If you do, the cell will " die! ". Your only option, if this occurs, is to connect the cell to your power source and see if you are still running in stage 3. If the cell does not revert to running in stage 3 mode within 1 minute, your only option is to completely dismantle the cell and re-polish, re-clean and re-charge. Huh???, you are kidding us, right??? No, I am serious, that is your <b><u>only</u></b> option! So do not do it, do not short out your cell! You will have similar, but not as severe problems if you reverse your leads to the cell.</p> <p align="left">When the cell is running stage 3, you can tip the charged water out of the cell into a glass container and clean, adjust or maintain your now empty cell. Try to keep all cylinders in the same relation they were in before you dismantled the cell, ie. keep all cylinders the same way round and in the same radial alignment. Mainly relevant when dismantling old cells ( over 6 months old ). This is required as the metal parts develop a working relationship that can be weakened or destroyed by careless re-assembly.</p> <p align="left">When finished, pour the charged water back and you are back in business. Of course you can pour this charged water into other cells, or use it as you see fit, but, remember, do not leave it out of the cell for periods longer than 1 hour at a time as the breeding has now stopped and you are slowly losing charge.</p> <p align="left">Remember what you are dealing with. You are not making a toaster! You are dealing with the basic life force itself. As it is everywhere and penetrates all things at different speeds, you cannot imprison it or capture it. If it seeds your cell, it is because it has found the " womb " that you have made, a more comfortable place than where it was before. It has entered and remained of its own free choice. Similarly, if it decides to breed for you, again it is it's choice. As you are part of the process, the least that you can do is to positively interact with it. There are many accounts of cell dying due to locations and personalities involved. You have been warned!</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>Chapter 10</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>CELL CONNECTION TO MOTORS AND MOTOR MODIFICATION</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>" The essential is to get rid of deeply rooted prejudices we often repeat without examining them "</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>A. Michel 1959.</i></p> <p align="left"><b><u>Cell location and mounting</u></b></p> <p align="left">The mounting of the cell is full of compromises, both for the cell and the occupants of the car.</p> <p align="left">* For least vibration and tilt, the center of the car is the best location.</p> <p align="left">* For least heat accumulation, low down in the interior of the car is the best location.</p> <p align="left">* For least electro-magnetic disturbance, the boot is the best ( unless there are CD stackers,</p> <p align="left">radio gear or electric fuel pumps in the boot area ).</p> <p align="left">* For best Orgone flow, the cell should be as close as possible to the motor, and the outlet should have only a vertical path to the blind plug.</p> <p align="left">* For cell servicing, it should be in the boot or similar easy access points.</p> <p align="left">* To keep human interaction to the minimum, the rear bumper bar is the best location.</p> <p align="left">* To keep interaction with other cars to a minimum, the center of the car is the best location.</p> <p align="left">* To keep the outlet pipe to a minimum length, right next to the block is the best position.</p> <p align="left">* To minimise interference with the car electronics, a roof location is best.</p> <p align="left">As you can see, even in the brief list above, there is no one location that is ideal. The very best compromise is placing the cell in the foot-well on the passenger side, and having a hole through the bulkhead with a short tube run to the blind plug on the block. If you choose this position, please note:</p> <p align="left">* This may be dangerous in an accident and thus illegal, and you must obtain the approval from</p> <p align="left">the related instrumentalities.</p> <p align="left">* The hole through the bulkhead must be gas-tight as there is a danger of lethal gasses entering</p> <p align="left">the occupant area. Again, the related permits are mandatory.</p> <p align="left">* The location of the cell may interfere with any car computer that is located in this area.</p> <p align="left">* The passenger may interact with the cell.</p> <p align="left">* It will reduce your resale values due to the holes.</p> <p align="left">* Your insurance company will have to be notified with a logical explanation for your</p> <p align="left">handwork.</p> <p align="left">The second, less frowned upon location, is in a cold area of the engine compartment. This is just about impossible in a compact car, unless you have an older 6 or 8 cylinder model.</p> <p align="left">That is why I have said it is better to choose a car suited to run on a Joe cell, rather that trying to run your modern 4 cylinder front wheel drive compact from it. Your chances of a successful first-up conversion of a fuel injected, variable cam timing, turbo, computer controlled and twin overhead cam compact 4 cylinder car is minimal.</p> <p align="left">The mounting of the cell, once the position is chosen is not difficult. The simplest and most permanent method is to use the half inch negative bolt as one of the fixtures for the cell. As this bolt is the negative connection, it can be directly bolted through the floor or via a convenient piece of metal plate to a suitable point in the engine compartment. The cell itself should be surrounded by an insulating material similar to a computer mouse mat or diving suit material. Around this you would have two hose clips to hold the body of the cell against some rigid part of the car. The aim is to stop the cell developing its own vibration that is additional to the vibration generated by the engine and the road conditions. All parts of the cell <b><u>must </u></b>be well clear of any metal parts at all times as the cell body has a positive potential on it. If you accidentally touch a charged cell body to any metal parts of the car, you will probably have to recharge the cell, and you know what a pain that can be.</p> <p align="left">To summarise the above, the cell must be firmly fixed in the best possible location and protected from any accidental contact with any metal parts of the car. Any car modifications must have the approval of the relevant government bodies.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>NOTE.</u></b> I am presuming that you have a reasonably modern car that has the negative end of the car battery connected to the bodywork, ie. a negative earth system. If you have an older positive system car, then to the best of my knowledge, you will have problems, and I suggest that you do not attempt a conversion of a positive earth system car. As most of these have gone to car heaven, there should not be too many around. A good indicator is that the car runs a generator instead of an alternator, <u>but</u> this rule only applies most of the time, and there are exceptions.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Cell electrical connections</u></b></p> <p align="left"><u>Negative connection.</u></p> <p align="left">The above section has mentioned that we are dealing with negative earth cars. This means that the negative end of the battery is connected to all the metal work of the car. As the inner one inch cylinder and the included bolt are the negative end of the cell, this bolt may be connected to any substantial metal part of the car. Make sure that you remove any paint or sound-deadening material from the hole that you have drilled for the half inch bolt, and use a star washer on both sides of the hole in the metal work to guarantee a long lasting low resistance connection.</p> <p align="left"><u>Positive connection.</u></p> <p align="left">All parts of the cell and engine tube are at a positive potential. The best point to connect our positive is at the far end of the engine tube. I connect my positive lead under the four inch long section of neoprene hose ( between the aluminium tube and the hose ), and secure the cell end <b><u>ONLY</u></b> of the rubber tube with a stainless steel worm drive clip. This creates a good electrical connection between the lead and the cell-to-engine tube. This positive lead should go via a five amp fuse in series to the " ignition on " power distribution. What this means is that there is only power to the cell when the ignition key is in the normal car running position. As the cell has been made to only pass one Amp, the resultant power consumption of the cell with the car running will be 12 Watts. This is a fairly conservative cell dissipation, but will eventually heat up the cell on a long trip and a hot day. Please read R<u>egulation</u> section below.</p> <p align="left">When the car is not in use, and depending on the leakage of the cell, you may require a " trickle charge " current to flow through the cell to maintain a minimal breeding condition. Joe employed a 1.5 Volt battery to accomplish this in his early days. I would suggest a current flow of 0.25 Amps to accomplish this. This is a power dissipation of 3 Watts. If you connect a resistor of about 3 Ohms in series with you positive lead, you will achieve the above. This value will vary from cell to cell and you will have to select on test the actual resistor to be used. In all cases a 4 or 5 Watt wire wound resistor of the appropriate resistance value will be adequate. Make sure that this resistor is suitably mounted as it will get warm and you don't want to start a fire.</p> <p align="left"><u>Regulation.</u></p> <p align="left">As you can see from the above, we already have two values of current flow ( a running value and a trickle charge ). The simplest way to achieve this would be a changeover switch that introduces a series resistor when the car is not running. But, as most people will forget to operate this switch every time they turn the engine off, an automatic system is far superior and probably essential. This is easily achieved with a relay connected to the " ignition on " distribution. With this method, when the car ignition is off, the relay is released and the appropriate resistor is in series with the positive lead and the cell. The cell now only has the trickle charge current flowing through it. When the ignition is in the run position, the relay now operates, and the resistor is shorted out by the relay contacts. The cell now has the full 1 Amp flowing through it. Obviously, when the ignition is turned off, the cell reverts back to the keep alive current mode.</p> <p align="left">During the early experimental and development stages, I would recommend a variable 5 Ohm, 5 Watt, wire wound potentiometer and a series 0-5 Amp ammeter. With this system you will be able to optimise you running and trickle charge currents and finally choose the optimum resistors for both modes. Also, you will be able to find exactly how much current you need for optimum cell output to suit the climatic and driving conditions. The reason is, that as the cell heats up it draws more current. Yes, you will have to experiment!</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Cell-to-engine tube</u></b></p> <p align="left">Previously, I have mentioned that I use 1 inch ( 24 mm. ) outside diameter aluminium tube. The inside diameter of the tube is ¾ " , so the wall thickness is 1/8 ". I am not telling you that this is the only diameter or material that works. It is the material and diameter that others, including myself have standardised on to allow for ease of interchangeability for fault finding and experimentation. The length of this tube should be as short as possible without using sharp bends. All bends in the tube must have smooth and progressive direction changes with no distortions. The tube should be covered with insulation similar to what is used on hot water pipes and car roof racks. Reduce any horizontal runs of the tube to a minimum. Similarly, do not use any U-bends that forces the Orgone to change directions from an upward to a downward run. A good example of how not to mount the cell is seen on the amigo web site ( <a href="http://homepages.tig.com.au/%7Eamigo_s/joe.htm" title="http://homepages.tig.com.au/~amigo_s/joe.htm">http://homepages.tig.com.au/~amigo_s/joe.htm</a> ). In the photographs, this cell is mounted above the car with a severe downhill run to the motor. Although aluminium is a good barrier for Orgone, the energy is still leaking out the tube. As you now know, Orgone has a upward vertical tendency and therefore the best position for the Joe cell is as low as possible, so the Orgone can flow upwards to the blind plug and thus the motor. In most engine installations, you will need some " downward run " of the tube. It will still work, but keep any of these runs to a minimum. The inside edges of the cell end of the aluminium tube must have a radius that reduces gradually from 20 mm. inside diameter to the outside 24 mm. diameter of the tube. So if we are looking up the inside of the cone towards the compression fitting and the aluminium tube, there should be no sudden change of diameter to upset the flow of the Orgone. This area, where we are forcing the Orgone to create a beam that goes down the aluminium tube, is critical. Keep all inside surfaces polished and do not have any obstructions whatsoever in the flow path.</p> <p align="left">The engine end of the tube has a section of about 4 inches of neoprene rubber hose pushed over the aluminium tube and the blind plug. If you have 1 inch length of tube on the blind plug and 1 inch length of tube over the aluminium tube, you end up with a non metallic gap length of 2 inches. This gap is vital as the motor is at negative potential and the aluminium tube is at positive potential. We must never let any portion of the cell or tube touch any part of the car or motor. That is why I have suggested that you should insulate your cell and tube.</p> <p align="left">I have mentioned previously that our positive lead is under the 4 inch rubber sleeve and is held secure to the aluminium tube by means of a worm drive clip. <b><u>The blind plug end of the 4 inch tube must not have any form of clip on it!</u></b> This end of the rubber sleeve performs the function of a one way valve for the Joe cell. When you push the rubber sleeve over the blind plug, please make sure that you cover the inside of the sleeve and the outside of the blind plug with Vaseline ( Petroleum jelly ).The following will now occur. As a result of electrolysis in the cell, every now and then, the excess cell pressure will vent to the atmosphere via the loose coupling between the rubber sleeve and the blind plug. But when the pressure drops, air will not be sucked back into the cell. I have found that this valve enhances the duration of the breeding process. <u>I repeat,</u> the blind plug end of the neoprene 4 inch sleeve must be free to allow the release of excessive pressure build-up. If you keep your cell electrolysis to 1 Amp or less, this venting is minimal. All the same, the gasses are explosive, so take the appropriate safeguards. Imagine what would happen if the cell could not vent excessive pressure. The pressure in the cell will keep building up until the weakest point lets go. This, in all probability, would be the rubber sleeve. If you were super stupid and really clamped and glued the hose down at each end, the tube will sustain over 100 psi before letting go. This would release a high pressure stream of <b><u>HIGHLY EXPLOSIVE GASSES!</u></b> This could be ignited by the distributor points, cigarettes, static electricity, exhaust system, etc. <b><u>PEOPLE COULD BE KILLED OR SERIOUSLY INJURED!!!</u></b> Please, if you are not competent, don't do it, or seek a professional. Read my disclaimer!</p> <p align="left">The optimum and smart solution, is to use a 1 psi blow-off-valve that vents the waste gas into the air intake <u>after</u> the air cleaner. The waste gas will now be drawn into the motor and the air cleaner will act as a flame arrester. That is the smart, safe and logical solution. I use a low pressure electrical switch/pressure assembly as used on washing machines to monitor the quantity of water in the wash bowl. I set this switch to operate at 2 psi. When the pressure switch operates, it electrically operates an air solenoid that allows the excess pressure from the cell to be vented into the intake manifold between the air cleaner and carburettor.</p> <p align="left">The only other danger is that you did not follow my instructions, or you have decided that you know best, or more is better, and you boosted up the electrolysis action. A such, you will have excessive venting, and sooner or later, you and your experiment will part, suddenly and violently. Please, please, put you brain into gear before playing around with explosive mixtures, or better still, leave it to professionals</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Blind plug location</u></b></p> <p align="left">First and foremost, the 1 inch long section of the blind plug that the neoprene tube slips on, <b><u>must have the same outside diameter as the inside diameter of the neoprene tube.</u></b> Therefore, if you are using 24 mm. outside diameter tubing and the inside diameter of the tube is 20 mm., then the outside diameter of the blind plug must be also 24 mm. The neoprene sleeve ( 24 mm. inside diameter ) must not be a force fit onto the blind plug. Do not economise or compromise this fit. Your life and the life of others may be on the line! The sleeve must be an easy push fit over the blind plug. The blind plug should be made out of aluminium and the final shape will be determined on the mounting location on the motor. The aim is to introduce the Orgone " beam " of energy as centrally as possible on the motor and as close as possible to the water that is circulated around the cylinders. There have been many location employed, and they all work to a degree, ie. a blind plug on the intake manifold, a blind plug on the back of the head, a blind plug on the block, etc. My suggestion for 4 and 6 cylinder motors is to place the blind plug on the block near the head gasket line and as central as possible ( midway between the cylinders ). The V8 cylinder motor design is ideal as the blind pug can be centrally located on the water heated part of the intake manifold. Be careful with older 4 and 6 cylinder motors as one side may have the push rods, tappets and cam shaft located inside the block. As such, you will not be placing your blind plug against the water jacket. Sometimes you may be able to remove the Welsh plug from the optimum location and machine one end of the blind plug to fit this circular opening. Make sure that you do a professional job of this, as a plug that falls out means a loss of all water and probably the motor! Some individuals claim that they have placed the blind plug on the carburettor or even the air cleaner. I have my doubts, but as I have not verified these claims, they may be adequate, but in my view far from optimised. There is a story of a professor that made a Joe cell as a replacement for the air cleaner and it worked for a while until it collapsed due to the stainless steel being too thin. Again, I cannot verify this story, but it would be an ideal method of eliminating the engine pipe and blind plug entirely. Just some more ideas for the fertile brains that may be reading this manual.</p> <p align="left">I suggest that you secure your blind plug via two Allen bolts and suitable tapped holes on your chosen location. Make sure that the mounting surface of the blind plug matches the contour of the block or head or manifold at the chosen fixing point.</p> <p align="left">The blind plug must be mounted on the opposite side of the exhaust system on cross-flow-head motors. This is another reason why the V8 motor or a horizontally opposed motor is so superior in its conversion to Orgone energy. We want to stay as far away from the hot and exit side of the motor as possible. If you have a siamesed exhaust and intake manifold motor, you are really making it difficult for yourself. Unless you know exactly what you are doing and have performed a previous conversion to give you faith in yourself, I honestly think that you will not have any success.</p> <p align="left">You can again see from the above why Joe's Rover started first up on the cell, yet other motors took weeks to condition before any results were achieved.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Ignition timing</u></b></p> <p align="left">Volumes have been written about this topic by arm chair scientist who try to explain their pet theories on implosion, explosion, both implosion and explosion, or any other pet combination you may care to think of, and therefore have to shift the timing anywhere in the 720 degree engine cycle to make the motor run on their theoretical mind projections.</p> <p align="left">I will again repeat, forget the theories and <b><u>JUST DO IT!</u></b> It is really simple. I will again tell you how I do it. Preferably have a car that has an electrical fuel pump and a switch that you can turn the pump off with. If you have a mechanical pump, fit some type of adjustable clamp on the neoprene line that goes from the tank to the fuel pump input. Or you may want to suck the fuel into the fuel pump from a 5 litre metal petrol container.</p> <p align="left"><b>NOTE</b>, this method is dangerous as you are working with exposed petrol.</p> <p align="left">Whatever system you adopt, all you are trying to do is to control the flow of petrol to the motor.</p> <p align="left">Next, loosen the clamp that holds the distributor, but <b><u>do not</u></b> as yet shift the distributor body.</p> <p align="left">* Start the car on petrol and let it warm up. Make sure that your Joe cell is electrolysing.</p> <p align="left">* Let the engine warm up and make sure that it is hot enough so that the choke has gone to the</p> <p align="left">normal running position</p> <p align="left">* Remove the fuel flow to the engine by your chosen method.</p> <p align="left">* Within a short period of time the car will start to run erratically.</p> <p align="left">* Rotate the distributor to advance the spark plug firing until you get the best possible idle speed.</p> <p align="left">* Keep doing this with progressively smaller and smaller to and fro rotations of the distributor body over the next few minutes. The last adjustment will be very precise as the engine will falter either side of the optimum adjustment.</p> <p align="left">* You will find that the distributor will roughly end up at between 35 and 40 degrees before top dead centre ( BTDC ), which converts to 70 to 80 degrees advance on the crankshaft.</p> <p align="left">If your cell has taken over, your engine will keep running. If the cell has not taken over, the engine will stop as it will run out of fuel and that is it. Go to the fault finding section. If the cell has taken over, tighten the distributor at its new location. When the excitement wears off and if you are still sober, take the car to a garage with a wheel dynamometer and optimise the engine timing for maximum power Do not let the mechanic anywhere near your exhaust system with a gas analyser, as there will be no reading on his gas analyser and you will really have to do some fancy explaining.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Standard ignition timing</u></b></p> <p align="left">I would now like to clarify a few points on ignition timing for non-mechanical individuals.</p> <p align="left">* In all spark ignition engines, it is necessary to arrange for the spark to occur a little before the piston has reached the upper limit of its travel of the compression stroke. It is usual to express this ignition advance requirement in terms of degrees of crank angle before top dead centre. ( BTDC ).</p> <p align="left">The danger of this term is that it can be measured at either the crankshaft or at the distributor. As the distributor runs off the cam shaft and thus at half engine speed, the distributor measurement will be exactly half the crankshaft measurement. So when we talk of 10 degrees BTDC at the distributor, we really mean 20 degrees BTDC at the crankshaft. This misunderstanding has caused huge confusions for the casual non-informed reader. For example, when Joe states that the Escort runs the best at 85 degrees of advance, what is he talking about?</p> <p align="left">As mentioned at the start of this sub-section, a spark plug ignites once every 720 crankshaft degrees or more simply, every two revolutions. At idle, most motors are set to fire the spark plug at between 5 and 15 degrees BTDC at the crank shaft. As the revolutions or the motor increase, the distributor mechanical advance section or the car computer, advances the timing ( or makes it fire sooner ) until we reach an advance of about 35 degrees BTDC at the crankshaft for normal motors and normal fuels. With 100 octane aviation type fuels, this advance on racing cars can be as great as 60 degrees BTDC.</p> <p align="left">So really, when Joe states that 85 degrees of advance is required for an Escort motor running on a Joe cell, it is no big deal as it is very close to a setting required for an engine that is running a high octane, slower burning fuel. It does not even remotely hint at implosion or the like.</p> <p align="left">To conclude, as we do not know exactly how and what powers the motor, all academic armchair rubbish is exactly that; rubbish. Make your cell, connect it as I recommend, time it as I recommend, get the car running, and then start your analysis and arm chair battles.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Motor modifications</u></b></p> <p align="left">For the initial start up from the Joe cell, an aluminium V8 motor will not require any modifications apart from a change in timing as described in the previous sub-section. Other motors will require a varying time of " conditioning " before being finally ready to run on the Joe cell. Then you will have to change the ignition timing as described.</p> <p align="left">As the Orgone energy is primarily attracted to the water jacket around the motor, most of the energy will be " stored " in a latent state in this area. That is not to say that there will not be a varying density of Orgone in other sections of the motor or in the nearby vicinity of the cell and of the car.</p> <p align="left">Joe does make quite a few references to what he call a " sealed engine ", as is the case with the Rover motor and most modern motors as well. Basically if you remove the oil filler cap, you should notice that the idle revolutions of the motor will change, as you have disturbed the positive crankcase ventilation ( PCV ) path. In older motors, the blow-by gasses that passed the rings and ended up in the crankcase were dumped via a breather pipe directly into the atmosphere. These type of motors were not " sealed ". As the pollution laws slowly changed around the world, these type of blow-by products were frowned upon and the car manufacturers had to come up with an alternative method for their disposal. The modern solution is to collect these blow-by products, and re-introduce them into the inlet manifold via a PCV valve, for their subsequent mixing with the fuel mixture and resultant combustion. If, for example, you remove the dip stick or the oil filler cap, you have effectively opened this system which is under atmospheric pressure, and you thus change the idle speed, as you have introduced an air leak on the engine side of the carburettor or fuel injection butterfly throttle control. <u>You have also interfered with the Orgone density and its relationship with the air!</u> Remember how I have been harping on for you to keep the top on the test cell when it is not in use? Well, the engine is just a larger more complex test cell. <b><u>We do not want to introduce our Orgone energy to external air until we are ready!</u></b> And we are only ready, when the piston goes down the bore creating a depression and thus causing an external flow of air to come in via the intake valve.</p> <p align="left">If you are having trouble in getting the motor to run on a Joe cell and have exhausted all other possible areas of problems, please also consider the internal crankcase ventilation system as explained. You will only have problems in this area with a fairly old motor, or a motor that has been modified or that has developed a fault with the PCV system. Simply try the " remove the oil filler cap trick ".</p> <p align="left">Beyond the initial short term test running of the motor on the Joe cell, each motor and car will develop its own type of idiosyncrasies. As my personal list of converted cars is very small, I have very limited guidance for you in this area. I will mention the little that I know in this area and at least start a list that can be added to when <b><u>YOU</u></b> and others give me feedback on your own conversions that I can use for the update of this manual. Sadly, I have found that most converted car owners prefer to guard their knowledge and hope to keep it secret and thus have a longer run on the free energy before the mighty hand of bureaucracy places a ban on such work. So be it, we are all different and they are entitled to their view. I do sometimes wonder why I am giving thousands of hours and thousands of dollars of my personal time and money to such people. Anyway, on with the list of long term modifications:</p> <p align="left">* <u>The engine runs cooler</u>. As such, a winter oil and antifreeze seems to be the logical fix.</p> <p align="left">* <u>The top-end runs hot and dry</u>. The normal petrol motor utilises the incoming petrol/air charge to perform considerable cooling of the intake valve and seat. Similarly a leaded petrol engine uses the lead or its equivalent as a lubricant for the intake valve guide, valve and seat. With modern unleaded or gas motors this problem is taken care of with harder valves and seats and a different type of valve guide. If you are using an older type of motor, it may be beneficial for the long term life of the motor to use one of the many types of upper lubrication kits that are readily available from various auto accessory outlets.</p> <p align="left">* <u>Instruments and sensors burn out</u>. I do not know of a fix for this, as it is very difficult to shield</p> <p align="left">a breeding cell. Remember that as a result of reaching Orgone saturation in the water, the</p> <p align="left">excess Orgone is converted to electricity. These potential's can be quite high under favourable</p> <p align="left">conditions and will happily destroy electrical equipment. One possible fix is to place Zenner</p> <p align="left">diodes or similar voltage sensitive " trip " circuits across voltage sensitive components to by- pass all voltages greater than 15 Volts. It may work, I have not tried it as yet.</p> <p align="left">* <u>The cell interacts with the car occupants</u>. Apart from making the cell non-leaky, I cannot</p> <p align="left">think of even a possible solution to this one.</p> <p align="left">* <u>The cell runs hot after hours of use, eg. a taxi</u>. The cure is to control the electrolysis current</p> <p align="left">to the minimum possible without noticing a performance change. As the cell heats up, you</p> <p align="left">have a thermal runaway effect. So as the cell gets hotter, it flows more current, that heats it up some more, that flows more current, etc. As previously mentioned, a variable electrolysis control with an ampmeter would be ideal</p> <p align="left">There is no reports to hand that I know of, that goes into the long term wear and tear of the motor running on the cell. The highest km's that I personally know of on a cell, is less then 10,000 km's and as such is still far too early for any form of appraisal.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>Chapter 11</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>WHEN THINGS GO WRONG</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>Do not over analyse or overexperiment.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>This will destroy the experiment and it's creative Orgonomic force.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">Dr. Wilhelm Reich</p> <p align="left">Well, my dear reader, you are reading this section for any of a number of reasons, some are:</p> <p align="left">A. You always read a book or notes from cover to cover before you start a construction project. Great, good idea, read on.</p> <p align="left">B. You are an armchair scientist and you are reading this information to see how it fits in with your own pet opinions on the subject. Good luck and I hope, if you find something to contribute, you will do so freely and in brotherly love.</p> <p align="left">C. You are reading this chapter because you have made a cell by other methods and are looking for a quick fix. I would strongly recommend that you read and absorb all the previous chapters, as you may have a borderline cell and it may be better to construct a new cell.</p> <p align="left">D. You are here because you have followed <b><u>exactly, all</u></b> my suggestions, and you car will not run on the cell.</p> <p align="left">In the above, I am only interested in reader D.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Approach to the problem</u></b></p> <p align="left">All problems, irrespective of complexity, can be solved in a methodical, rational fashion. If it looks insurmountable, break it down into convenient smaller sections that you can cope with. Have this smaller section cover one topic only. Make sure that you have a working knowledge of the topic. Take your time , and have somebody else to talk with regarding your chosen solution and approach.</p> <p align="left"><u>It is important that you change one variable at a time only!</u> If you change variables in a haphazard method or without recording you observations, at the end of the day, you will be worse of than when you started. I would suggest that you break up your problem into the following topics.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Fault finding topics</u></b></p> <p align="left">1. The water.</p> <p align="left">1a. Cell maintenance.</p> <p align="left">2. The cell construction.</p> <p align="left">3. The charging operation.</p> <p align="left">4. Cell-to-car interface.</p> <p align="left">5. Car modifications.</p> <p align="left">6. Geographic location.</p> <p align="left">7. The Y factor.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>1. The water</u></b></p> <p align="left">The single most common problem that you will encounter is the water. As Joe remarked on many occasions, the " water goes bad ". Not a scientific explanation, but well said. So, what are some of the problems with the water?</p> <p align="left">A. Is the water dead or polluted right from the start? If you collected, transported and stored the water personally, you should know its history. Re-read Chapter 8. If you still doubt your water, try the following. Orgone accumulates in water, and as such, when you transfer the water out of the cell, you take the charge with it. Therefore, if you, or an acquaintance has a good, ie. stage 3 cell, the water can now be substituted into the suspect cell. On now powering up the suspect cell, within 1 minute you cell should be at stage 3. If the suspect cell does not come up to stage 3, the water is not at fault! The above is by far the easiest way to test a suspect cell. Unfortunately, you will need another cell or external help. That is why I suggest that a group can keep a test cell at stage 3 indefinitely for the use of the members. All it requires is that the " cell keeper " gives the cell a daily 1 minute " feed ". You could even have an automatic timer that applies 12 Volts to the cell for 1 minute every 24 hours and just leave it alone in a suitable location. I have kept a test cell at stage 3, on the above principles for over a year, and the idea works fine.</p> <p align="left"><u>Note.</u> Do not leave the charged water outside its cell for longer than 1 hour as it is not breeding.</p> <p align="left">I have found that when I use water that I have stored for longer than about 6 months, on using it to fill new cells, I get a very light off-white residue in the sump of the cell. All else works okay, ie., a normally breeding stage 3 cell. My 20 litre Pyrex flasks are stored in the garage and are exposed to cars, noise, fluorescent lights, music, etc. I have now modified the flask caps so that the water can breathe. Also the flasks have been made " light tight ", with a jacket made of purple 100% wool felt. This may help.</p> <p align="left">I have found that the " old " juvenile water can be reactivated by various forms of water modifiers. I use a special water vortex device and have found that a cell that did not want to go stage 2 for over a week, went stage 3 in 2 days! This is great news for people who have to travel considerable distances to obtain their water. Of course, the bad news is you need a " gismo " like I use, or you may want to try various commercial structured waters to find one that works. I will again say, that it is far easier to let Mother Nature do the work for you, rather than you outlaying hundreds of dollars with no guarantees. I mentioned the above in case you were already using a water " modifier " for health reasons. If so, give it a try, you have nothing to lose.</p> <p align="left">B. Has the pH of your water changed? Simply run your pH test on the cell water. The reading should be the same. If not either the cylinders or the insulators are breaking down and reacting with the water and electrolyte. Make sure that you followed charging, insulator and cylinder material type recommendations in previous Chapters.</p> <p align="left">C. Is the water clear? As in B., the cylinders or insulators are breaking down. Or the cell has gone into a base matter creation mode. As this topic is highly controversial and not pertinent to this subject, your only option is to completely dismantle, polish and clean the cell and/or replace the insulators. Fill with fresh juvenile water. Go through charge stages as per Chapter 9.</p> <p align="left">D. Is there any residue in the sump? As in B. and C. above.</p> <p align="left">E. Are the stage 3 breeding indicators behaving the same? Read chapter 9 and make sure that the behaviour of the bubbles and meniscus are the same, especially the long term bubble retention. Again, if all else fails try the voltage check.</p> <p align="left">F. Have you changed locations and the cell is now sitting in a low density Orgone strip? Make sure that the cell is at stage 3. Read Chapter 9.</p> <p align="left">G. Have you accidentally shorted out the cell or reversed polarity to it? See if it goes back to stage 3 if you apply power to it for 1 minute. If not dismantle, polish and clean all components. Fill with fresh juvenile water. Go through charge stages in Chapter 9.</p> <p align="left">H. Have you allowed the seed to die? Read Chapter 9. Go through stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3 processes. The cell may go to stage 2 or even stage 3 within 3 minutes.</p> <p align="left">I. Has the cell fallen over at any stage? Try a 1 minute charge and see if the cell goes to stage 3. If not, dismantle, polish and clean all components. Fill with fresh juvenile water. Go through charge stages in Chapter 9.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>1a. Cell maintenance.</u></b></p> <p align="left">I have found after a cell has been in operation for about 6 months, although there is no external indications of malfunction, ie. the cell is happily breeding, it is a good idea to do the equivalent of an oil change and grease. You may find one or more of the following:</p> <p align="left">* There is a light deposit on the cylinders particularly the outside of the 1 inch and 2 inch.</p> <p align="left">* The cylinders may have sagged from the vibration, ie. they are not flat on the top horizontal alignment..</p> <p align="left">* If rubber insulators are used, you will find that they may have developed a set or a conductive path.</p> <p align="left">* Some of the insulators, particularly the inner top ones, may have a light white or grey deposit on them.</p> <p align="left">* There may be a slight suspension or colloid towards the bottom of the cell.</p> <p align="left">* There may be slight indications of a brown sediment on top of the water.</p> <p align="left">* The cell metal parts may have become magnetised.</p> <p align="left">* The lower insulators for the bolt may have shrunk and could be weeping.</p> <p align="left">* The electrical connections to the cell may be loose or corroded.</p> <p align="left">* The compression fitting for the aluminium pipe may be loose.</p> <p align="left">* The short piece of rubber or neoprene hose to the blanking plug may have aged.</p> <p align="left">The cures for the above are self explanatory. The only difficult one is if the cell has become magnetised. You may be able to degauss the cell, or at worst, you may have to have the offending cylinder replaced or heat treated. After you demagnetise your cell, find a better location for it, or it will only happen again!</p> <p align="left">I do a regular 6 month service on my cells. The steps I perform are as follows: I pour out the charged water into a 5 litre glass container and put it in a cool dark area. Obviously the glass cylinder is clean and only used for your Joe cell work! Remember you have approximately 1 hour to replace the charged water back into a seeding and breeding cell. I next dismantle the cell and clean all surfaces with mild acetic acid. I find that it is not necessary to repolish the cylinders, but you may do so if it makes you feel better. I rotate any rubber insulators 180 degrees so as to use a fresh surface with no set. I lubricate my bolt and associated insulators with Vaseline and reassemble the cell. By this time, the charged water has been sitting for about half an hour in the glass cylinder and most of the sediment has settled to the bottom of the temporary glass container. I now pour the charged water back into the cell using a paper coffee filter to catch any sediment. I stop pouring the charged water into the cell when the first drops of water with the sediments starts to leave the glass container. This water I discard or have analysed to amuse myself. I now top up the cell with fresh juvenile water and connect the cell to the power supply. Within seconds you will see a fine white cloud develop on top of the water. This is the residue of the acetic acid that you used to clean the cell with. I remove this simply by wiping the top of the water surface with a paper towel. Within 1 minute your cell will be back at stage 3. That's it, you have just completed you 6 month service.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Note.</u></b> I will repeat again in case you have forgotten, that all water, containers, funnel, etc. must have only juvenile water used in the cleaning or transferring of water for the cell maintenance. It requires a very small quantity of tap water that has been " enhanced " by good old mankind to kill the cell. Don't blame me if you have to start at stage 1 again by being lazy.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>2. The cell construction</u></b></p> <p align="left">Needless to say, you should have followed the cell construction Chapters to the letter. If you did not, you obviously know how to make a different type of cell, and these notes will not be 100% relevant, or you have chosen to be creative, frugal, haphazard, or slap happy at the wrong time. I repeat, you are not making a toaster! You are trying to induce the life force to work for you. You cannot capture the life force as in a cage. It will enter and exit as it sees fit. It can penetrate all materials! So to contain it you must use natures geometry and mathematics, some dimensions are not critical but other dimensions have to be " spot-on ".</p> <p align="left"><u>If the cell was working at stage 3 and now will not work.</u></p> <p align="left">A1. A common problem is that the cell cylinders have moved due to rough handling, vibration, or the wrong diameter insulators. The fix is a dismantle and re-alignment. Make sure that you hands are clean!</p> <p align="left">A2. Another common problem is the covering of the cylinders and insulators with various residues. This can be seen on the dismantled cell, as an easy removable film on the cylinders and insulators. In this case treat as a dead cell and dismantle, polish and clean all components <b>after</b> finding the cause of the problem. The usual causes are wrong welding material or flux, wrong cylinder material type, wrong insulator material type, or water problems as in section <b>1.</b> above. Fill with fresh juvenile water and start at stage 1.</p> <p align="left">A3. The cell material has been magnetised by locating the cell near starter cables or other high current-carrying wiring eg. Hi-Fi wiring, fog lamp or other types of ancillary lights' wiring, winch wiring, etc. In this case, find the magnetised component or components with you test magnet and replace, heat treat or de-magnetise the affected components. A hot under bonnet location will cause similar problems. After fixing the cell, relocate the cell or the offending items.</p> <p align="left">A4. The insulators or the cylinders are eaten away to some degree. You will pick this up in the discolouration of the water. If you followed my instructions, this will not occur. The problem is incompatible steel or insulators with the water electrolyte combination. In any case, treat the cell as dead, replace faulty components, etc. as in A2</p> <p align="left"><u>If the cell never worked at stage 3.</u></p> <p align="left">B1. The cylinder material type. As mentioned in Chapter 6, the material that you use is <b>critical</b> in you early learning stages. <b>All 316L is not the same</b>! Re-read Chapter 6.</p> <p align="left">B2. The cell cylinder dimension is wrong. Re-read Chapter 6 and 7. The cylinders must be level at the critical chamber separation area which are formed by the tops of the internal cylindrical tubes. Re-check that the cylinders are level. You should see no light when measuring with a straight edge.</p> <p align="left">B3. The cylinder finish. As the top and bottom cuts are finished in a lathe, they should be absolutely smooth, ie. no file or cutting marks. Similarly, there should not be any heat bands where the cylinders were cut. The surface of the rest of the cylinder does not have to be mirror smooth, but make sure that there are no longitudinal marks or scratches. If you followed Chapter 6, they will be okay.</p> <p align="left">B4. Make sure that the welding is done as per Chapter 6. Make sure that all internal irregularities caused by the welding process are removed, without causing excessive localised hot spots.</p> <p align="left">B5. Make sure that all threaded couplings from the cell to the engine is metal to metal joints and the threads are not covered in sealants or Teflon tape, etc.</p> <p align="left">B7. Make sure that the cell is airtight. If you apply your power source for a minute or two to the cell and block the outlet of the aluminium pipe with <b><u>you finger only</u></b>, you will feel the release of pressure on removal of your finger. Do not do this near flames and/or explosive gasses! This will also check that your cell is not open circuit or shorted and that it is electrolysing.</p> <p align="left">B8. In B7 above, the most common electrical problems are the push fit of the ½ inch bolt into the 1 inch tube, and the insulators between the 1 inch bolt and the lower cell exit point.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>3. The charging operation</u></b></p> <p align="left">The failures can be sub divided into 3 sections:</p> <p align="left"><u>A. Failure to get to stage 1.</u> If you cannot get the water to electrolyse at all, you have not read Chapter 9. Even blind Freddie and his dog can do this. Hang you head in shame and take up another interest! Seriously, not many things can go wrong. If your power source is putting out about 12 Volts and if you have added the electrolyte as described, then you must have some bubble activity ( even tiny ones that look like a white mist, ) in the water. If there are still no bubbles in the water, connect a 12 Volt car globe of any wattage or type to the very ends of the leads that you are connecting to the cell. The lamp will light if your power source and your leads are okay. Now remove the lamp and put the positive lead to the outside surface of the cell and the negative lead to the ½ inch bolt that connects to the 1 inch cylinder. If you still have no bubbles, the ½ inch bolt connection to the 1 inch tube is faulty, but highly unlikely. Re-check the insulators that insulate the 1/2 inch bolt from the outer container. As there is now water in the cell you will not be able to do your insulation test but you should still read more than 10 Ohms resistance from the bolt to the case. Be careful of misleading readings if the cell is acting as a battery, as you Ohm measurement will be useless.</p> <p align="left"><u>B. Failure to get to stage 2.</u> By this I mean that the cell has not seeded and remains at the electrolysis stage. <b>This is a very common stumbling block!</b> As explained, if the cell will not seed, the indication is there is no change in bubble size or surface tension. Boy, oh boy, I have been here many a time myself and I suggest the following:</p> <p align="left">B1. The first and most common is the covering of the cylinders with a coating of various chemicals. In my early days, when I took the lazy way out and brazed or silver soldered my casing joints, this compound ended up all over the rest of the cell due to electrolysis. As the positive is the donor surface and in our case the outer casing including welds, sealants, etc., this fact aggravated the plating process.</p> <p align="left">B2. Another failure and resulting contamination, was the use of the wrong type of sealant on the central insulator for the sealing of the ½ inch bolt where it passes out through the bottom of the cell.</p> <p align="left">B3. Likewise, when I decided to press fit my outer cell components, I used an automotive silicon gasket cement on the joints. This also ended up plating the whole cell.</p> <p align="left">B4. If the water smells unhealthy or there is scum floating around, the water has gone bad. Replace with fresh juvenile water and go back to stage 1.</p> <p align="left">B5. Check that your insulators have retained the original manufactured colours. That is, if red rubber, make sure they are still red, if silicone tubing, make sure it is still clear, etc. The insulators may be fine for stage 1 electrolysis, but may be very leaky to Orgone.</p> <p align="left">B6. You working area or you may be detrimental to the seeding of the cell. See <b>6.</b> and <b>7.</b></p> <p align="left">B7. You are not covering the cell overnight and/or between experiments. As previously explained, we want to keep a very mild air seal on the cell. This is easily done by placing a lid on the test cell or by having a spare aluminium plug in the end of the hose where it fits onto the engine blanking plug fitting. Again, I must repeat, <b><u>DO NOT</u></b> use worm drive clips on both ends of the rubber coupling sleeve. The rubber sleeve must act as a one way exit valve for any pressure in the cell. The internal cell pressure must remain very close to atmospheric during operation.</p> <p align="left">B8. You are just too impatient! <u>It may take 4 weeks to seed the cell!</u> Just spend a few minute a day with it and go and do something else.</p> <p align="left">B9. You have used the wrong materials. This has already been covered. Please read <b>2.</b></p> <p align="left">B10. You have used the wrong water. Ditto. Please read <b>1.</b></p> <p align="left">B11. You are using the wrong charging method. Ditto. Please read <b>3.</b></p> <p align="left">B12. You are the wrong potential. See " Y factor " Sect. <b>7</b> and chapter 13.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Note.</u></b> For all problems in this section due to contamination of the cell by deposits, water or materials, dismantle the cell, polish, clean and refill with juvenile water.</p> <p align="left"><u>C. Failure to get to stage 3.</u> This is the failure of the cell to breed. Again, to repeat, this is the failure of the cell to keep increasing the initial seed density to a greater, but still finite, Orgone energy limit. Indicators will be a lack of long term bubble and surface tension retention and an obvious non-operation or marginal operation. Usually you will get to stage 3 very soon, ie. within days of stage 2. Another way of describing the failure of running at stage 3, is that the cell is leaky to such an extent that the Orgone force cannot accumulate sufficient density in its present location for your needs.</p> <p align="left">C1. The most common fault of the cell's in not breeding, or insufficient breeding, is caused by marginal water, construction dimensions and materials. Please make sure that you have followed these notes to the letter. If you have modified or substituted components, etc., you obviously know something that I do not know and if your cell had worked, I would love to hear from you, but as you are reading this and if your cell is not working, I suggest you follow my instructions to the letter, or try somebody else's, " how to build a Joe cell " manual.</p> <p align="left">C2. You, or your working area, may be detrimental to the cell's operation. Read <b>6.</b> and <b>7.</b></p> <p align="left"><b><u>4. Cell to car interface.</u></b></p> <p align="left">If you are looking for faults in this area, you <b><u>know</u></b> that you cell is at stage 3, but the engine refuses to run from the cell.</p> <p align="left"><u><b>A1. Outlet pipe from cell.</b></u></p> <p align="left">A lot of different diameters and materials will work. I would suggest, like Joe that you use 1 inch outer diameter, 1/8 " tube thickness aluminium pipe. Due to electrolytic action, copper will either pollute the cell, or pollute itself. The short piece of rubber or neoprene must not have any clips on the end that attaches over the blind aluminium plug. The idea is to let any pressure " burp " out, but not to let any air in. The fitting should act as a one way valve to pressure from the cell caused by the electrolytic action. The engine end of the aluminium pipe should have you positive electrical connection secured to the pipe by means of the same short piece of hose being slipped over it. This end should have a clip to squeeze the hose and the electrical fitting to the pipe. What you are doing is providing your positive connection at the very end of the outlet pipe. You negative as previously described, will go to the cars body, ( we are presuming a modern car that has a negative earth system ). The pipe fitting to the top of the cell must be air tight without the use of sealants or Teflon tape, etc. The compression or threaded fitting will do a good job of this. Try to twist the aluminium pipe out of the compression fitting. If tight, you will not be able to budge it. Your pipe should also have some form of insulation around it to prevent contacts to the rest of the metallic parts of the car. Ideally, the cell should be similarly protected. Remember, just one short circuit and the cell is dead!</p> <p align="left"><u>A2. Electrical connections.</u> The positive wire coming from the end of the aluminium pipe should go via a 5 Amp fuse to your " ignition on " wiring. By this, I mean that the cell should only have the car power connected to it when the ignition is on. Some people prefer to run this wire via an off/on switch that is located in the car. When you connect your negative to the car, it is preferable to connect it directly to the block if you earth straps from the motor or gearbox are suspect. Either way, with the ignition on, you should measure 12 Volts positive on the cell body and 12 Volts negative on the central bolt fitting. If not, check you wiring, fuse, any switches, etc. The most probable cause of no voltage is a blown fuse because you have shorted the cell. Find you short, replace the fuse and make sure that the cell goes to stage 3. <b><u>If not</u></b>, pull the cell out, clean, polish, new water, etc. ie. start again. The other most common problems are the use of sealants on the compression fitting. This is easy to find and fix. If you have 12 Volts across the cell, that does not mean necessarily that you have your 1 Amp current flow. To check this, temporally disconnect the negative end of your cell from the car body or motor and put you Amp meter in series with the central bolt and the car connection. You should read your 1 Amp current flow. If not you have some high resistance connections or wiring, or the cell is faulty. As you are reading this because you know you cell is not faulty, the problem is either you aluminium pipe connection or you wiring. Locate the problem step by step, making sure that you do not short out or apply reverse polarity to the cell. As mentioned in Chapter <b>10</b>, the 1 Amp is a nominal figure. At 1 Amp the cell is dissipating about 13 Watts and the cell may eventually heat up on an extended journey and a hot day. Check Chapter <b>10</b> for recommendations.</p> <p align="left"><u>A3. Cell design</u>. If you have made a cell with the wrong taper to you cone, the Orgone will focus before it gets to the motor and the cell will work brilliantly on the bench, but it will not run the car. The only reason this has occurred is that you did not build a cell as described in these notes. To quickly summarise cone angles, any apex cone angle of less than 45 degrees is highly suspect.</p> <p align="left"><u>A4. Cell location</u>. Check as previously explained, that the cell is located in a favourable location in the car. Is it in a cool place? Is it level? Is it located as far as possible from high current wiring? Is it located in a low vibration area? Not like some rocket scientist who strapped it to his engine!!! As Orgone has a vertical preference once it leaves the cell, reduce horizontal and " down hill " pipe runs to a minimum. A cell located in the boot, with a 4 meter run to the engine is not a great idea. Again, a non-leaky cell can run 60 meters or more into a horizontal tube, but why tempt fate? As far as the cell ( but not the passenger ) is concerned, for you first cell's temporary location, the passenger foot well, with a pipe through the bulk head and a short, ( less than a meter ) pipe to the blind plug located at the rear of the engine ( non V8 ) works well. Please note ! A cell in the passenger foot area <b><u>will be illegal</u></b>in some areas!, so you are obviously using this car on private land until you have it legally approved.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Note. </u></b>At this point of the trouble shooting list, you <b><u>know</u></b> that you cell is at stage 3 and that it is connected correctly to the car. So if things are still not working, leave this area alone! Do not undo what you know is working, ie. don't dismantle your cell or associated connections to the car, they are okay! Leave them alone and look for problems in the only remaining areas you have not covered, ie. Section <b>5, 6, and 7.</b> Unless you keep a systematic approach to the installation and troubleshooting procedures, you will never get the cell to run the car.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>5. Car modifications.</u></b></p> <p align="left">For a start, I will again state the obvious, some cars will be easier to modify than others, or more importantly, not all persons will be able to modify all cars! So unless you are masochistic and want to make your friend's life a misery, <b><u>choose an easy car! </u></b>This, of course, may not be old faithful that is sitting in your garage. You should also have followed Chapter <b>10. </b>before you read this.</p> <p align="left">You are reading this because you <b><u>KNOW</u></b> that your cell is still breeding, ie. running at stage 3, your car connections are okay and you electrical connections are okay. You have started your car on petrol and after it has warmed up, you either have turned off the electrical fuel pump, or you have turned off the fuel to, or from, the mechanical pump. Now as the fuel is used up in the fuel bowl, or bowls, the engine falters and stops, ( at this stage, I am not talking about fuel injected motors ). That is how I would expect you to test the change over phase. You are really pushing your luck, if you walk up to a stone cold car, remove the fuel to the engine and start cranking! I hope you have plenty of fully charged batteries!</p> <p align="left"><b>The car will either run, run erratically or not at all.</b></p> <p align="left"><u>A1. Car shows no sign of running from the cell.</u> By this I mean that as soon as the motor runs out of fuel, the car stops. A lot of people get here, but blame the wrong components. As stated above, you are here because you know all sections up to here are working okay. This only leaves this Section <b>6 and 7.</b> So let's presume that the car is at fault as that is the present topic. I can tell you for a fact, that a 1971 V8 Rover will start first shot and run like a dream. On the other hand, a 1100cc Mini Minor will not even think of staring first time. Why? There are a lot of pet theories floating around, but as these are my notes I will give you my theory based, on logic.</p> <p align="left"><b>Note.</b> The following is a theory and eventually may be proven wrong. but the way I see it is that the water and the cylinder bores in the motor act as a single layer Orgone accumulator, ie. an organic material ( water ) surrounding a non-organic cylinder ( the bore ). As such, an engine with a bore that is fully surrounded with water will be far superior than an engine that uses siamesed bores or casting methods, without the benefit of the totally water-surrounding cylinder. Now as most aluminium blocks have metal sleeve cylinders pressed into the aluminium block for bores, this feature allows for a full water circulation and completes our single layer Orgone accumulator. It also makes it less leaky and more conducive to conversion to a Joe cell system. Remember, Orgone loves water. This is also ( in my opinion ), the reason why a person that chooses an air cooled motor will have more problems than one that uses a water cooled motor.</p> <p align="left">The above gives me a reason why some motors start first shot and others may take weeks to kick in. Two other effects hinder or help the above. The first is, that Orgone seems to " like " to travel in aluminium or it finds aluminium more difficult to penetrate, so it would have a tendency, on leaving our aluminium pipe to either prefer the aluminium block, or once it was inside the block, it may have a greater difficulty in " leaking " out. I would be the first to admit that I do not understand this effect, but it is definitely there. As more information comes to hand, I will update these notes. The second is the easier conversion of V8 motors. As our blanking entry plug is located in the vee formed by the two banks of 4 cylinders, the Orgone distribution from the cell is ideal, ie. it is a central entry, nearly equidistant and close to all cylinders. Another important feature is that the entry point it is on the cold side of the motor, ie. the exhaust system is on the " other side " of the cylinders. This also give a cross-flow motor an advantage.</p> <p align="left">So what is to be made from the above? I would suggest, like Joe, to start on an easy conversion until you build up your own confidence and hence the " Y factor ". Either go and see a converted car so you can believe, or convert an old Rover or Leyland V8 as a group effort. I cannot see why the different clubs and interest groups cannot pool together and purchase an old wreck.</p> <p align="left">If you insist in converting your cast iron, or air cooled whatever, be prepared to wait for the molecular changes that seems to occur to cast iron, siamesed bore and manifold type motors. As Joe stated, this may take 3 or 4 weeks. I have personally installed cells that are stage 3 and left them " running " on the car. The car was driven normally on petrol or gas, until the idle or engine operation noticeably changed. This was the indicator that the " molecular " changes have occurred and the car was ready. What you also may want to try is to replace the normal radiator water with <b><u>SPECIAL</u></b>, charged stage 3 water ( see Chapter <b>9 </b>regarding the special stage 3 water ). This should speed up the acclimatisation process. As most modern motors run some form of inhibitors and anti freeze additives in the water, you will have to consider the consequences of playing around with this mixture. The down side of dumping the additives may be increased corrosion on alloy components, ie. head, manifold, water pump, etc. Due to the tendency of the motor to run much cooler on the Joe cell, I would recommend that you leave the Glycol in the water. Obviously, you throw all new car warranties out the window the moment that you add the Joe cell and its related conversions to you car.</p> <p align="left"><u>A2. Fuel injection cars.</u> The simplest way to treat these cars is to perform a full conversion to gas. In this way you have a duel fuel system, ie. Joe cell or gas. Plus you pick up the advantages of a longer life span for your engine as per Chapter <b>10</b>.</p> <p align="left"><u>Section summary. </u>So really, all that I can suggest in this section, is that if the car will not start at <b><u>ALL</u></b> and all other sections have been covered, you should give the conversion a maximum of 4 weeks for the cell to take over. If the cell does not kick in that period, the chances are indeed slim that it will ever work. You have only a few chances left. A few people have surfaced in Australia that can tune your car and cell by the application of correctly located specifically made crystal packs. This has emerged as a new and not well understood science, but it just about guarantees that the cell will run in some form or other on the car.</p> <p align="left">A recent discovery by an avid alternative energy experimenter from Adelaide, ( Aust. ) was that the car only ran on his cell after the car was up to a road speed of 80 kph. Obviously if he only tried to run the car on the cell in a start-up, stationary situation, he would not have discovered that the cell was partially working. So, as he is a great lateral thinker, he took the car for a drive on petrol and then turned off the electrical fuel pump when the car was up to speed. As the car would not idle on the cell, he simply turned on the fuel pump before the engine returned to idle speed. I would guess and say that his cell was very leaky or the Orgone transfer to the engine was poor and thus marginal for engine requirements, and that the forward motion of the car caused a charging effect from the Orgone that the car was travelling through.</p> <p align="left">With the above example, I am saying that you should not give up too easily and that with a bit of experimentation and patience, your car will also run on Orgone.</p> <p align="left">All cars, including fork lifts, dragsters and diesel motors that Joe converted eventually ran! If your car will not run, consult your favourite " expert ", or drop me or the publisher a line, <b><u>only </u></b>as a last resort when you have exhausted all other avenues. Please be reasonable, realise that I am only one person, I have a life and family, I do not get paid for my time by you or the hundreds of others requiring help. Irrespective, I will do my best to help.</p> <p align="left"><u>A3. Car runs erratically, or does not reach maximum power, or starts and then stops.</u></p> <p align="left">This could be caused by many things and you will have to logically fault trace, by elimination of one suspect cause at a time. Some causes ( not in any specific order );</p> <p align="left">* The cell is marginal. Check that it is still at stage 3.</p> <p align="left">* The cell contains too much water. Rectify.</p> <p align="left">* The air flow into the motor is " wrong " at that particular engine operating range. We are working on this problem, but as a temporary cure, some cell operators have modified the fuel system to supply a slight petrol flow into the engine at the troublesome operating range.</p> <p align="left">* The cell is marginal due to bad design. Read Chapter <b>6.</b></p> <p align="left">* The cell is too small. Read Chapter <b>6.</b></p> <p align="left">* The cell to motor tube is the wrong shape, material, or diameter. Read Chapter <b>10.</b></p> <p align="left">* The blind plug is location is not optimised on the motor. Read Chapter <b>10.</b></p> <p align="left">* The cell has become magnetised. See previous section.</p> <p align="left">* The day is hot, or the cell is too hot. Feel the cell!</p> <p align="left">* The cell is too hot from excessive electrolysis current. Wait for the cell to cool down and</p> <p align="left">then readjust current.</p> <p align="left">* The cell is mounted in a bad location in the car. Read Chapter <b>10.</b></p> <p align="left">* The day is wet or humid. See section<b> 6.</b></p> <p align="left">* You, your passengers, or animals, or location, are interacting with a marginal cell. See section</p> <p align="left"><b>7.</b></p> <p align="left">* Your ignition timing is not optimised. Adjust!</p> <p align="left">* Your water has gone " off ", or you water level has gone down. Rectify!</p> <p align="left">* Your cell cylinders are polluted. Dismantle and clean.</p> <p align="left">* You are in a high DOR area with a marginal cell. Hopefully you can drive out of to before the cell dies.</p> <p align="left">* You are in a strip of low or reversed Orgone. As above.</p> <p align="left">* Sun or planetary activity is detrimental to cell output. Change over to " normal " fuel and wait for more favourable times.</p> <p align="left">* Your electrolysis rate is down or not sufficient to run the motor.</p> <p align="left">* Your wiring or the cell have gone high resistance. Check with an Amp meter to make sure that you chosen " running current " is still okay.</p> <p align="left">* The air flow into the motor is wrong at that particular engine operating range. We are working on this problem, but as a temporary cure, some cell operators have modified the fuel system to supply a slight petrol flow into the engine at the troublesome operating range.</p> <p align="left"><u>A4. The car runs. </u>Great! Good for you, but please remember that it will not run all the time and will stop unexpectantly and with no warning signs, so always have a duel fuel system set up and ready to " kick in ". It would be highly embarrassing to be thousands of kilometres from home and having to ask the local mechanic to fix your Joe cell conversion! You should see an interesting look on his face.</p> <p align="left">The performance of your car will be determined by the reserve of Orgone density you have on demand. A leaky or under-capacity cell will not give you maximum power. A good cell will give you at least the same and usually a greater power range with a sweeter running and more tractable motor.</p> <p align="left"><u>A5. To return the car back to normal fuel.</u></p> <p align="left">If for some reason you have now decided that you want to convert the car back to normal for reasons best known to yourself, you should perform the following steps:</p> <p align="left">* Remove the cell, wiring, brackets, etc.</p> <p align="left">* Seal, in a professional manner <b><u>ALL</u></b> holes that you have made in the floor or bulkhead. If the holes are left, moisture may enter the vehicle and thus cause rust. <b><u>More importantly, some holes may allow the entry of gasses that may kill you or some other occupier!!!</u></b></p> <p align="left">* Return ignition timing to normal manufacturers recommendation.</p> <p align="left">* Replace all special oil and water that was used to run the car on the cell.</p> <p align="left">* Remove any vortex air cleaners or mufflers unless you still want these for fuel saving reasons.</p> <p align="left">Now the fun will start. As there may be a residual of Orgone charge in the motor/car bodywork, the motor may refuse to run at the normal ignition timing. It may return to normal running after weeks, but during the intervening time the engine will run rough, refuse to idle at the normal idle speed and be a real pain to drive. A suggested solution is to use a thick lead, ( a jump-start lead is perfect ) and connect one end to the positive end of the battery and flash the other end very briefly against the engine at or near where you placed the blanking plug for the transfer tube from the cell. This will cause a momentary massive current to flow through the motor and back to earth ( metal parts of car ) and finally back to the negative end of the battery and thus reverse ( hopefully ) the charge from the Orgone and thus clear the motor. <b><u>Make sure that you first disconnect any cables that are on the positive terminal of the battery before attempting the above!</u></b></p> <p align="left"><b><u>NOTE!</u></b> The above operation is a last ditch effort by <b><u>competent</u></b> mechanics. This is due to the very expensive and lethal damage that can occur to you and the car ie:</p> <p align="left">* You may destroy your car computer/s, alternator, regulator and/or diodes, car radio, gauge's, and any other electronic device on the car.</p> <p align="left">* As you are creating massive currents, you have a fair chance of melting any thin cables connected between the motor and earth.</p> <p align="left">* Also as you are creating sparks near the car battery, ( if it is located under the bonnet ) you have a fair chance of igniting the hydrogen gas in the battery thus causing a large explosion with a liberal spray of sulphuric acid. This may <b><u>MAIM OR EVEN KILL YOU</u></b> or the onlookers and of course destroy the front end of the car.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Again, I do not recommend the above unless you know exactly what you are doing.</u></b> I merely mention this method for completeness as it is employed by some individuals.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>6. Geographic location.</u></b></p> <p align="left">As mentioned, Orgone is not a constant, or even density cover on this planet. Some of the resulting problems are:</p> <p align="left">* The density varies seasonally.</p> <p align="left">* The density varies with the time of day.</p> <p align="left">* The density varies with planetary motions.</p> <p align="left">* The density varies with the Sun's cycle.</p> <p align="left">* The density varies with altitude.</p> <p align="left">* The density varies with geographic location.</p> <p align="left">* The density varies with the " users " of the Orgone energy eg. a nearby car.</p> <p align="left">* The density varies with the weather.</p> <p align="left">* The density varies with the introduction of pollutants.</p> <p align="left">* the density varies with the Earths and cosmic magnetism.</p> <p align="left">As you can see from the above, it is a wonder that we can use it at all, with our crude knowledge and even cruder cell. The main solution is to have a cell that is not too leaky. This means that the cell is always over-producing thus giving you some valuable time to drive out of the unfavourable locality. This is why I have suggested that you should have a duel fuel system and at no stage rely on the cell alone. It is one thing to have it fail on your garage bench, and a completely different thing to have it fail in the outback. Orgone has a very big disliking for any form of man-made electromagnetic radiation. So any large high voltage power line, transmitters, airport radar, military installations or radioactive sources will set up a reaction with the Orgone to create DOR. This may be so severe, that as Joe says, " the water has gone bad ". Unfortunately, as you are probably already anticipating what I am going to write, this requires a clean of the cylinders and insulators , fresh water, etc. That's right, back to stage 1.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>7. The Y factor.</u></b></p> <p align="left">For the rational, proof only, and died-in-the-wool scientific types, you are going to hate this one! Normally anything that cannot be explained in the framework of existing theories that are known as " facts ", are place under the category of, " experimentally observed phenomena ". The following fits that category. Basically, as Reich discovered, the Y factor simply stands for <b><u>you.</u></b> Yes, unfortunately when you get to the grey areas where known science merges into the unknown, you enter areas that will stretch your belief system if you so allow it. I could have very easily left the so-called non-scientific mumbo jumbo out of this book and so given myself at least a little " scientific credibility ", whatever that means. Luckily, as I am self-funded and do not live on grants by writing " selected " papers, no multi national can conveniently shut me up or rephrase the above to suit their needs. In actuality, it is immaterial if you believe or do not believe in the Y factor, either way it exists and you really should consider the concept of all creation being intimately linked permanently and instantly.</p> <p align="left">The Y factor will make your Joe cell either not seed at all, or not breed, or breed poorly, or behave in an intermittent fashion, depending on the living energies around it at any one time. This is not a fable coming out of my demented brain, but an observed fact, recorded from all over the world for countless centuries.</p> <p align="left">I, with many others have had individuals walk up to our cells and watch our cell suddenly breed, ( Stage 3 ) or worst, watch with dismay as our cell drops back to Stage 1 ( die ). My favourite test cell was a Stage 3 cell for over 10 months and I was stupid enough to let it be observed by all and sundry. One day it was observed by an individual who by his own admission was out of energy and run down . Within seconds of this guy looking at my cell, it dropped out of Stage 3 to a weak Stage 2. Next morning it was absolutely dead. I pulled it apart and cleaned all metal parts hoping that this would fix it as the charge is in the water. No Joy! I then completely rebuilt the cell, added fresh water and I am still waiting for it to go to Stage 2! As in Chapter 8, you have been warned, keep your living cell to yourself. A friend reported to me a similar experience, namely that a cell that would not go to Stage 2 sprang to life ( Stage 3 ) when a friend of his was 20 meters away from the cell, and then the cell went into a frenzy as he approached it. When his friend left, the cell died again! True stories.</p> <p align="left">The best procedure with the cell, or for that matter any endeavour is to treat it with an open mind. You do not have to believe that it will work, but similarly, you should not doubt that it can work. Do not analyse too much or apply blinkers to your thinking process by presuming that you have learned all that there is to know and with your " vast knowledge " can categorically say that, this Joe cell concept could never work. Unless you are the Almighty himself, you will learn new things every day for the rest of your life. I have talked to many, many intelligent individuals that simply refuse to believe that a car can run on what they see as nothing, nor how this nothing can get into a " solid metal " engine through no openings operate the motor and produce no measurable pollution. Yet, these same individuals who consider themselves sane ( with reservations for my sanity ), are quite happy to spend large sums of money or follow some outlandish new age fad in medicines or self-healing techniques with even less proof or science!</p> <p align="left"><b><u>CLOSING COMMENT.</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>" They call me deranged. The hope is that they are right.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>It is of no greater or lesser import for another fool</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>to wander the earth, But if I am right and science is</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>wrong - then may the Lord God have mercy on mankind.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><i>Victor Schuaberger</i></b></p> <p align="left">My dear patient reader. At no stage have I said that the Joe cell is similar to making a bread toaster. As you are dealing with a little known, mass-less life force, you are behind the 8 ball right from the start, your battle is uphill and lonely, with jeering and laughing " experts " on both sides waiting for you to fall. Similarly, at no stage have I said that all people can convert all cars. Likewise, once you have converted your chosen car, there is no guarantee as to how long it will run before the breeding stops and/or the seed dies.</p> <p align="left">With the right mindset, all the above are minor problems and enjoyable challenges, but if you approach this conversion in a rush, not really believing in your heart that it can work, or with the intention of making lots of quick money, the Y factor is going to bite you! Don't even start, you are wasting your time and money. Think about it! If it was so easy and if all and sundry could exploit the life force, why is it not in mass production out in the real world? The answer is simple. It is exactly the mind set of these type of individuals that prevents them from utilising Mother Nature's secrets.</p> <p align="left">May aim has been to show you a method of cell construction that works for me. Obviously, there are many different ways to encourage the life force to enter an accumulator, storing it, increasing the stored density and finally utilising the force as you make it work on its release, similar to a dam wall and a water turbine. I have read all materials available to me relating to the life force and its utilisation. Over 6 years, I have compiled, analysed and experimented with the combinations that showed the greatest potential. I am not infallible, nor do I claim I make the best cells. I only claim that I make cells that work! You are reading some of this work. As I give you this information freely, I hope that you will also distribute it freely. What you do with this knowledge is your decision. Hopefully, as a result of your efforts you will share any new knowledge or short cuts with the rest of us, so we can all grow together as a brotherhood.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>Chapter 12</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>MISCELLANEOUS THOUGHTS</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>" Begin by forgetting what you have learned."</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b>Armand Barbault</b></p> <p align="left">This section is optional reading. It is here for the reader who wants a better overview of Orgone, accumulator theory and miscellaneous supporting works including more of my rambling's.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Emerald Tablet.</u></b></p> <p align="left">This is Hermes work relating to the Cosmic force, that he calls Sol, as translated by R. Steele and Mrs. D. W. Singer.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>" Emerald Tablet "</u></b></p> <p align="left">" True it is , without falsehood, certain and most true.</p> <p align="left">That which is above is like to that which is below, and</p> <p align="left">that which is below is like to that which is above, to</p> <p align="left">accomplish the miracles of one thing.</p> <p align="left">And as all things were by the contemplation of one, so</p> <p align="left">all things arose from this one thing by a single act of adaption.</p> <p align="left">The father thereof is the Sun the mother the Moon.</p> <p align="left">The Wind carried it in its womb, the Earth is the nurse thereof.</p> <p align="left">It is the father of all works of wonder throughout the whole world.</p> <p align="left">The power thereof is perfect.</p> <p align="left">It is to be cast on the Earth, it will separate the element</p> <p align="left">of Earth from that of Fire, the Subtle from the gross.</p> <p align="left">With great sagacity it does ascend gently from Earth To Heaven.</p> <p align="left">Again it does descend to Earth and untieth in itself</p> <p align="left">the force from things superior and things inferior.</p> <p align="left">Thus thou wilt possess the glory of the brightness of the</p> <p align="left">whole world, and all obscurity will fly far from thee.</p> <p align="left">This thing is the strong fortitude of all strength, for it</p> <p align="left">overcometh every subtle thing and doth penetrate every solid substance.</p> <p align="left">Thus was this world created.</p> <p align="left">Hence will there be marvellous adaptions achieved,</p> <p align="left">of which manner is this.</p> <p align="left">For this reason, I am called Hermes Trismegistus,</p> <p align="left">because I hold three parts of the wisdom of the whole world.</p> <p align="left">That which I had to say about the operation of Sol is completed."</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">************************************************************</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Cone angle calculations.</u></b></p> <p align="left">I must warn the reader that this section is, like Chapter 7, a creation of my brain , mind, or imagination. As such, treat it with caution, <b><u>Prove all things; hold fast to the truth!</u></b></p> <p align="left">The cone has to perform a very difficult task. As Orgone cannot be held captive against its will, somehow we have to execute an impedance transformation from the containing cylinder assembly, to the restriction of the outlet fitting and then to the Aluminium cell-to-car tube. The scientific problems are challenging; firstly, because conventional science, in general, denies the existence of Orgone. Secondly, this mass-less, hard to measure and invisible force does not lend itself to easy analysis.</p> <p align="left">So some " loony " must be prepared to at least make an effort to explain the unexplainable, and stick his reputation on the line, with at least some form of a theory that may be eventually corrected and built upon, and thus finally producing concrete facts. So here goes:</p> <p align="left">As we are ultimately dealing with frequencies and the resultant harmonics, all atoms and molecules must have an individual signature. Thus the cone material harmonics can play a large part in containing and guiding the dual pulsating Organic vortex field.</p> <p align="left">This calculation of complex harmonics of frequencies is very difficult. So I have chosen to take the easier path of working from a know parameter and thus obtaining the unknown details. As there is a relationship between the frequencies and the atomic weights, and as we have a fair tabulation of these, I will base my cone angle calculation on the atomic weights of the elements concerned. <u>At all stages I am referring to the angle formed inside the apex of the cone.</u></p> <p align="left">* You may readily look up for yourself the related atomic weights, but to save you some work, I will list some of the ones that are related to my explanation.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Element Atomic weight Element Atomic weight</u></b></p> <p align="left">Hydrogen 1.00794 Carbon 12.011</p> <p align="left">Magnesium 24.305 Aluminium 26.98154</p> <p align="left">Silicon 28.0855 Phosphorous 30.97376</p> <p align="left">Sulphur 32.06 Titanium 47.88</p> <p align="left">Vanadium 50.9415 Chromium 51.996</p> <p align="left">Manganese 54.9380 Iron 55.847</p> <p align="left">Cobalt 58.9332 Nickel 58.69</p> <p align="left">Copper 63.546 Zinc 65.38</p> <p align="left">Molybdenum 95.94 Silver 107.8682</p> <p align="left">Tin 118.69 Gold 196.9665</p> <p align="left">* Now let us analyse the chief constituents of 316L stainless steel.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Element weight %</u></b></p> <p align="left">Iron 72%</p> <p align="left">Chromium 16%</p> <p align="left">Nickel 10%</p> <p align="left">Molybdenum 2%</p> <p align="left">As the rest of the elements are 1% or less, I will them out of our calculations. Similarly the above percentages are variable and I am using the minimum values that can carry the 316L name. If you want a more precise cone angle calculation, use my methodology and tighten up your own figures. You will find that the final manufacturing tolerance will absorb you numerical perfection.</p> <p align="left">The next step is to add up the related element based on the percentage existing in the final product, thus;</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Element % in 316L Atomic weight Total % in 316L</u></b></p> <p align="left">Iron 72 55.84 40.21</p> <p align="left">Chromium 14 52 7.28</p> <p align="left">Nickel 10 58.7 5.87</p> <p align="left">Molybdenum 3 95.94 2.88</p> <p align="left">Manganese 1 54.94 0.55</p> <p align="left"><b>Total <u>56.79</u></b></p> <p align="left">So let us round of to 57 and now call this our cones internal apex angle in degrees.</p> <p align="left">Okay, you say, a great play with numbers where, at one moment we are dealing with apples, and the next moment you are calling them oranges! Yes, I agree, but let us see if empirical data gives the same result.</p> <p align="left">* Remember from Chapter 7, as to how we derived the outer casing height from two methods. One was my theory and the other one was the dimensions of working cells, both Joe's and my own. We will do the same here. Now, I suggested that for a 5 cylinder cell, an inner length of 8 inches and an outer length of 10 inches worked very well.</p> <p align="left">I have also previously explained, that the seed centre is in the center of the vertical height of the cylinder assembly, as dictated by the magnetic and electric forces. As the height is 10 inches for the outer cylinder casing, half this height is obviously 5 inches. So the nodal points would be at 5 inch intervals. Therefore, the perfect cone would have a vertical ( not diagonal ) height of 5 inches. If we do some basic geometry, you will find that this works out at about 54 degrees. and a cone height of 4.5 inches would give us 58 degrees. In passing, a perfect ( isosceles ) triangle has 60 degrees internal angles.</p> <p align="left">Remembering that we are trying to capture the vortex at the nodal point, thus the 4.5 inches would bring the apex of the vortexial crossover nicely into the outlet fitting. Bear in mind that the actual apex of the cone is missing and that instead we have a 1 inch hole . This 1 inch hole is at the 4 inch vertical height of the cone, so you want a 5 inch to 1 inch 316L reducer with a 4 inch base-to-hole vertical height. The 57 degrees falls very close to the 4.5 inch vertical height, which is midway inside the compression outlet fitting. Exactly where you want it.</p> <p align="left">Okay, what about the 4 cylinder cell, how does this fit in with the theory? Lets have a look at it. As an average inner cylinder length is 7 inches, the outer casing cylinder would be 9 inches. As before, the nodal points are half of this, thus a vertical height of 4.5 inches. At a vertical height of 4.5 inches, the cone angle would be 48 degrees, 9 degrees short of what we want for 316L stainless steel.</p> <p align="left">So unless we used a 7 inch outer casing and recalculated the seed diameter and the inner cylinder lengths, the 316L cone would not be optimum.</p> <p align="left">But what is to stop us using a cone made from a different material? For example a Titanium cone at an atomic weight of 47.88 or 48 would be perfect, and perfectly expensive. So forget that one. A lot of experimenters world wide have had good results with Aluminium cones. From the above table, the atomic weight for Aluminium is 26.98154, or for my calculation, an angle of about 27. degrees. As we are dealing with harmonics, the next upper harmonic is 54 degrees ( close to 57 degrees as in the 5 cylinder cell ) and thus only a fraction higher than the 4 inches vertical cone height. The end result is that an Aluminium cone would work better than the same cone in stainless steel of the same aspect ratio. The 1 inch outlet hole is on the 3 inch vertical height of the cone, so you want a 4 inch to 1 inch Aluminium reducer that has a base-to-hole vertical height of 3 inches. The 54 degree falls on about the 4 inch vertical cone height, which will be fair way inside your compression fitting. As this cone cannot be welded to the stainless steel casing by many welders, a press fit is required. Also, remember that we want a seamless interior transition and finish. It has been done and it works very well, but for the general experimenter, it is far easier to use a stainless steel cone and suffer the extra leakage.</p> <p align="left">The above two examples may help you with your experiments on cone angles. There are many number games that you may play with Nature's mathematics and the above is only one. For example, you could use the Fibonacci series, ie. 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, etc. and use it for your cell design, thus inner cylinders diameters are, 1 inch, 2 inch and 3 inch, an outer diameter of 5 inches, an inner length of 8 inches and a outer casing length of 13 inches, with a cone vertical height of 6.5 inches, or half again, ie. 3.25 inches. I have not tried this as yet, but I am very tempted to do so when time permits.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Note.</u></b> Most cones work to some degree or other, what I am trying to do is to optimise the ideal shape and its related dimensions. From a person who could actually " see " the Orgone flame, ( Verne Cameron ) the following broad guidelines are worth their value in gold:</p> <p align="left">* " <i>If the cone is less than 90 degrees, the beam is shortened and brought to a focus</i>."</p> <p align="left">You may use these angles at you discretion, taking overall tube length into consideration.</p> <p align="left">* " <i>If the cone angle is 90 degrees, you will have a concentrated 1 inch beam, which will travel great distances</i>."</p> <p align="left">A 90 degree cone for the 5 inch cell is 2.5 inches high to the apex and 2 inches high to the 1 inch outlet. A 90 degree cone for the 4 inch cell is 2 inches high to the apex and 1.5 inches high to the inch outlet. I find these angles too " flat " for cones and prefer a focussed beam cone construction. Of course, a dome in some geometric shape would favour this flat layout but, with the added complication of tuning the dome shape, ie, elliptical, parabola, circular, etc.</p> <p align="left">* " <i>If the cone angle is more than 90 degrees, the beam will tend to disperse</i>."</p> <p align="left">Do not use these angles. They will tend to reflect the Orgone energy back into the cell and thus make the cell a great table-top model, but they will not run a car.</p> <p align="left">From the above, it can be seen, as to why some experimental cell perform brilliantly on the bench, but will not run a car; namely the cone angle is too small and the Orgone beam reaches a focus point before reaching the water jacket of the motor. Again, you have been warned! If the cell is a stage 3 cell, and the motor will not run, the cone angle is one of the primary suspects.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">******************************************************</p> <p align="left"><b><u>How does it work ?</u></b></p> <p align="left">The inspiration, for this section belongs to Walter Russell a truly amazing being. I have used his great brain to allow me to explain to you how I think the Joe cell functions.</p> <p align="left"><u>From Beyond the Atom .</u></p> <p align="left"><i>There is a neutral ether consisting of countless myriads of inconceivably small particles per cubic centimeter having no electric charge and no mass. Universal mind places electrostatic charges on these particles when there is a suitable magnetic field so that the become charged particles. The complexity of the charge determines the type of charged particle and its behaviour.</i></p> <p align="left">The above nicely explains several points to the average reader;</p> <p align="left">* As ether, ( Orgone ) has no mass or electric charge it makes it very difficult to measure. If you read about the efforts that science has gone to, to measure gravity waves and neutrinos, you will more fully comprehend the problems of measuring these forces . Suffice to say that just because scientists cannot measure Orgone energies does not mean that Orgone does not exist.</p> <p align="left">* As our Joe cell geometry, chemistry, electrolysis, location, materials and experimenters vary from cell to cell, the Joe cell will thus produces a whole series of different effects for different experimenters. The cell can lose weight, cause rain, heal people, make people sick, create various elements and even do what you want it to do ie. power an internal combustion motor.</p> <p align="left">So, how does a Joe cell run a car? Again I will stick my neck out and suggest an answer that makes sense to me. Obviously it is a theory and is only in place until a reader suggests a better theory, in which case I will remove mine and insert his with full credits.</p> <p align="left">Have you ever considered exactly what occurs when you use a battery for your radio, torch, etc. I mean what is in the battery that makes your device work and why does it go flat?</p> <p align="left">There is many chemical and electrical ways of explaining the process, but I would like to explain it to you from a slightly different perspective. Lets set the stage:</p> <p align="left">1. Every unbalanced action must eventually be balanced no matter how long it takes. Remember that I have mentioned in another section of this book the great clue, <b><u>Rhythmic balanced interchange. </u></b>All things in creation including our battery and the Joe cell obey this fundamental rule.</p> <p align="left">2. Electricity is dividing a pressureless condition into two opposite pressures which desire release and thus a return to a state of balance. So our 1.5 Volt battery for example, does not want to have a positive and negative pole and is trying to return to a state of balance ie. eventually the battery will go flat the duration depending on how much work we ask it to do.</p> <p align="left">3. Work is the result of unbalanced matter seeking a rest in balance. Notice how we make our battery work for us by letting it return to a state of balance. </p> <p align="left"> <b><u>JUST AS IN THE JOE CELL</u></b></p> <p align="left">4. So the charge of the battery, ( or the Joe cell ) is a pressureless condition separated into two opposite pressures.</p> <p align="left">5. A charged battery is dually unbalanced by the opposite pressures which desire release, exactly as in the Joe cell. Opposites oppose, they never perform any other function than to oppose. Opposites are not things; they are conditions.</p> <p align="left">Okay, if we look at the above clues and using the car battery as an example, we can readily see that the electrolysis that occurred in the battery when we charged it via the car alternator has created an unbalance that is frantically trying to return to a state of balance. If you do not believe me and if you are foolish enough, just put a spanner across the terminals of a charged battery and watch it melt and disappear. Please don't do it, take it as fact. In like manner, when we charged the Joe cell, ( which is also acting as an accumulator ) we have created an unbalanced condition that is also frantically trying to return to a state of balance.</p> <p align="left">A car battery reaches a state of balance by finding an electrical path either in the battery ( self discharge ) or outside the battery in a resistive load ie. turning your lights on. The Joe cell reaches a state of balance if you accidentally short the cell when it is charged, or in the combustion chamber of the car by using the timed spark plug spark or a similar electronic trigger to allow it to drop to a lower or balanced density ( the state it was in before you forced it to do work ).</p> <p align="left">The result of the Joe cell working is translated into an expansion of the intake air charge and thus the forcing of the piston down the bore to turn the crankshaft etc.</p> <p align="left">Now a few words of mine should fall into place for you. A stage 3 cell is charged ie has sufficient unbalance to do work. A leaky cell is a self discharging cell. A balanced or stage 1 cell cannot perform work. To make the cell work, we must have an efficient transfer to the point where the work is required, ie. we must contain the unbalanced condition until it is in combustion chambers by using the right type of cone, tube, blind plug, motor and electrical connection.</p> <p align="left">The Joe cell accumulator is constantly trying to return to a state of balance and given the slightest excuse will return to balance and thus be useless to you. As you build up you familiarity with your cell, you will find that the cell is constantly giving you small clues as to what it is doing. As such working with the Joe cell is an interactive exercise and developing the skills of a good observer will be highly beneficial.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">***************************************************************</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Electrolysis process.</u></b></p> <p align="left">A lot of experimenters have tried in different ways to electrolyse water, and thus as a result of electrolysis, utilise the liberated hydrogen and oxygen as a fuel to run a car. This was the original intention of Joe when he planned to run his car on " steam ". This was, and is, also the intentions of individuals right up to the present time. They have all forgotten, or never knew, the fundamental principles of electrolysis, as formulated by Faraday. His first law is:</p> <p align="left"><b><i>The quantity of any element ( or radical, ie., group of elements ) liberated at either anode or cathode during electrolysis is proportional to the quantity of electricity that passes through the solution.</i></b></p> <p align="left">This simply states that you cannot get something for nothing! All around the world, different groups and individuals are constantly claiming that you can run a conventional car motor from water with basic electrolysis and still have power left over ( over-unity ). Well is you believe that, pigs might fly.</p> <p align="left">Think about it! Let's say that one horse power is 750 Watts. Let's also say that you require ten horsepower to propel a vehicle at a reasonable rate. So we require 7,500 Watts. Now, by Ohms law, 7,500 Watts divided by 12 Volts, ( our conventional car power source voltage ) is equal to 625 Amps. As a normal car alternator produces a maximum of 50 Amps, you may start to realise the magnitude of the problem.</p> <p align="left">1. For an ideal case, to cause current to pass through a solution, no minimum potential difference is required. Irrespective of the liquid in the Joe cell, a certain ( although at times, small ) current, will flow through the solution in the cell if any potential difference, however small, is maintained between the anode and cathode. This current that passes corresponds to Ohm's law. So if you connect the Joe cell across a 12 Volt car battery, a current will flow that is determined by the resistance of the electrolyte. Now if you connect two car batteries in series ( 24 Volts ) across the Joe cell, you would expect it to obey Ohm's law and that twice the current would flow. But as the Joe cell is a liquid and highly complex resistance and potential source, what actually occurs is that the current nearly triples. This has been verified with extensive experiments by Barry Hilton. Conversely, if you reduce the voltage across the cell, the current will be reduced. Using this fact, you can adjust the cell electrolysis current from minimum, as when the car is not in use, to maximum during use, as required. This is simply done with one resistor, or as previously mentioned, you can have a fancy system that is constantly adjustable. I optimise my cell as I said, by the addition of electrolyte, until a cell is flowing 1 Amp at 12 Volts for a running engine and ¼ of an Amp ( 250 m/A ) for a breeding idle cell, ie. not running an engine.</p> <p align="left">2. The above conditions only apply if there is no appreciable polarisation at either anode or cathode plates. By polarisation I mean the change in potential at the actual electrode surface that occurs as a result of the current flow and thus chemical action. In our case, as we use 316L stainless steel, ( the anode is thus considered insoluble ), this is not a major problem.</p> <p align="left">A test for polarisation with other materials is to check the voltage across the cell on turning off the power. If there is polarisation, you will read a reverse voltage to the normal potential polarity. The magnitude of this reverse voltage is the amount of polarisation. This voltage falls off quite rapidly and should be measured with a high impedance volt-meter.</p> <p align="left">3. The conductivity of a solution depends upon the ionic concentration, rather than the total or molecular concentration, as the undissociated molecules do not conduct current. In our case, with acids, the degree of ionisation <b><u>increases</u></b> with dilution. This explains why, for example, dilute sulphuric acid has a higher electrical conductivity than a more concentrated form. So greater concentration is not better for you electrolyte in the Joe cell.</p> <p align="left">4. The pH of a solution, is a convenient way of expressing the free hydrogen ion concentration and thus the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The normal scale is from pH 1 for completely hydrated strongly acid solutions, to a pH 14 for a strongly alkaline solution. A pH value of 7 is considered neutral. In neutral solutions, the hydrogen and hydroxyl ion concentrations are present in equal amounts. Acid solutions cause an excess of hydrogen ions and alkaline solutions a deficiency of hydrogen ions, ie. an excess of hydroxyl ions.</p> <p align="left">For example, pH 4 = 0.0001 gramme ions per litre, and a pH 5 = 0.00001 gramme ions per litre, etc.</p> <p align="left">It is important to realise, that the pH is a measure of the free or active acidity or alkalinity of a solution, and <b><u>not</u></b> of the actual acid or alkali concentration.</p> <p align="left"><u>More on pH if the above is too simple</u> ( Courtesy ETI magazine).</p> <p align="left">All acids have at least one hydrogen atom that tends to break away from the molecule when the acid is dissolved in water. In doing so it leaves behind an electron and becomes a positively charged hydrogen ion. It is these free hydrogen ions that are responsible for the chemical properties of acids, and their relative numbers determine the strength of the acid in question.</p> <p align="left">Alkalis are extreme examples of a class of substances known as bases. Bases are like converses of acids. When they are dissolved in water they tend to break up in a negatively charged hydroxyl ion and a positively charged residue.</p> <p align="left">Bases and acids in the same solution tend to neutralise each other. The free hydrogen ions from the acid combine with the free hydroxyl ions from the base to form molecules of water.</p> <p align="left">The reaction between hydrogen and hydroxyl ions can also proceed in the other direction. That is, water molecules can break up again into free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. There is only a slight tendency for this to happen, however. In pure water at room temperature only about one water molecule in ten million dissociates into ions. In other words, the concentration of free hydrogen ions in pure water is one part in ten million. This concentration of hydrogen ions is known as a <b>neutral</b> solution.</p> <p align="left">If an acid is dissolved in water, the solution will no longer be neutral, there will be more hydrogen ions because of the dissociation of the acid. Dissolved bases will initially result in a solution that has more hydroxyl ions than neutral water, but these hydroxyl ions will tend to combine with any free hydrogen ions to form water molecules. The net result is that the number of free hydrogen ions in a basic solution is <b>lower</b> than neutral water.</p> <p align="left">Clearly if we can measure the number of free hydrogen ions in a solution we can find out if it is acidic or basic, and to what extent. Actually what we will be interested in is not the absolute number of hydrogen ions, but their relative numbers ie. their concentration.</p> <p align="left">For reason of mathematical convenience and logical purity, chemists prefer to work with a quantity known as the activity of hydrogen ions. Since the activity is generally proportional to the concentration, the exact distinction between the two terms need not concern us here.</p> <p align="left">The range of possible values for hydrogen activity is very wide, from 10 for the strongest acid solution to 10 to the minus 14 for the strongest alkali. This leads to numbers that are awkward to writer and even more awkward to speak.</p> <p align="left">The pH notation which was introduced in 1909 by the Danish chemist S.P.L. Sorensen, makes things a bit easier. It defines pH as the <u>negative</u> logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity ie. pH - logA.</p> <p align="left">As mentioned above, low values of pH indicates acidity, high values alkalinity. Neutral water is pH 7.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">*********************************************************</p> <p align="left"><b><u>Rotating fields.</u></b></p> <p align="left">Over countless years, various experimenters, professional and otherwise, repeatedly reported the discovery of unusual phenomena that could not be explained, or that did no fit in with the known laws and theories that existed at the time of the discoveries. The easiest method employed was to shelf the idea until more became known while scientists " came up to speed " on the subject. In Chapter <b>3</b> is a list of the different names given to one of these mysterious group of forces.</p> <p align="left">Although all the various scientists were working on the same type of force, due to a lack of formulated and written characteristics of this force, each scientist re-discovered the same force and gave it a new name. Well, nothing has changed. Orgone as a name, is not the flavour of the month, but torsion and axial fields are. It really does not matter what name you give a rose; it still smells the same. Similarly, our cosmic life force behaves the same, no matter what some scientist decides to call it. I am only belabouring the point to make you aware that torsion and axial fields are not a new discovery, but the same old force with a different coat.</p> <p align="left">Some properties of torsion fields, as presented recently by Yu. V. Nachalov and A. N. Sokolov: ( Try web site <a href="http://www.amasci.com/freenrg/tors/doc17.html" title="www.amasci.com/freenrg/tors/doc17.html">www.amasci.com/freenrg/tors/doc17.html</a> ):</p> <p align="left">* They exhibit phenomena associated with the fifth force.</p> <p align="left">* They cannot be shielded with metal screens.</p> <p align="left">* They have velocities billions of time greater than the speed of light.</p> <p align="left">* They can affect the of weight of objects.</p> <p align="left">* They can propagate in the future as well as in the past.</p> <p align="left">* They can transmit information without transmitting energy.</p> <p align="left">* They propagate through physical media without interacting with the media.</p> <p align="left">* They cannot be shielded by most materials.</p> <p align="left">* They can be shielded by materials with a certain spin structure.</p> <p align="left">* Any nuclear spin-polarised object is a source of torsion fields.</p> <p align="left">* <b>The interaction of a spin polarised particle with a spin polarised object, results in</b></p> <p align="left"><b>the appearance of anomalous forces which depend on mutual spin orientation of the</b></p> <p align="left"><b>particle and object.</b></p> <p align="left">* Each physical objects, in <b><u>LIVING or NON-LIVING</u></b> Nature, possesses its own characteristic</p> <p align="left">torsion field.</p> <p align="left">* They can be observed by Kirlian methods.</p> <p align="left">* Any permanent magnet possesses its own torsion field.</p> <p align="left">* Pyramids, cones, cylinders, flat objects, triangles, etc. are torsion field generators.</p> <p align="left">* Aluminium is an effective shield for torsion fields.</p> <p align="left">* Aluminium mirrors will reflect torsion fields.</p> <p align="left">* A combination of geometrical shape and high voltage will cause a reduction in gravitation.</p> <p align="left">* Many effects remain up to four days after the torsion field is removed.</p> <p align="left">* They are identical to the transverse spin-polarisation of the physical vacuum.</p> <p align="left">* They are shielded by <b><u>artificial</u></b> materials possessing orthonormal topology of structure.</p> <p align="left">* <b><u>Torsion field has a cone shaped </u></b>spatial configuration.</p> <p align="left">* They significantly alter the oscillation of quartz crystals.</p> <p align="left">* Torsion fields can alter the process of radioactive decay.</p> <p align="left">* The charged object must not be subject to any shocks, otherwise the torsion field charge</p> <p align="left">will disappear, as torsion fields are closely coupled to inertial forces.</p> <p align="left">* They can be generated as the result of the distortion of the geometry of the physical vacuum.</p> <p align="left">Torsion field references amount to over 10,000 articles belonging to about 100 authors. Over half of these work in Russia. So dear reader, if you want to track down the properties in detail. you have more than enough to keep you busy for a long time.</p> <p align="left">To summarise the above, all these so-called new torsion and axial field properties <b><u>match exactly</u></b> the properties as given to you in this book and that were known for hundreds of years. At such, apart from a change in name, we have additional irrefutable and current verification that the Joe cell is a simple Orgone ( or life force ) accumulator.</p> <p align="left">For the astute reader, I am sure that you can think, ( with the use of some of the above newly mentioned effects ) of methods of improving your basic cell to make it less leaky, thus acting as a better container of Orgone.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">***************************************************</p> <p align="left"><b><u>The past.</u></b></p> <p align="left"><b><u>A.</u></b></p> <p align="left">A very old warning states that Cosmic fire can consume the unready; man is warned that to tamper with the energies of the Universe is forbidden until he is prepared through inner transformation.</p> <p align="left">As this transformation is far from completion in the majority of mankind, we have a sorry state, where critical information on Cosmic energy and its utilisation have to be carefully guarded. As all energies can be used both for good and bad, the end result is that a few have used these powers for the control of the majority. As such, information on the Cosmic forces is very hard to come by at the grass root level, where we, the minions reside.</p> <p align="left">Throughout history, various scraps of information have been published that has given the inquiring researcher enough data to enable him to piece together at least the rudiments of the power source and the related construction.</p> <p align="left">As Walter Russell said, <i>" Everything which seems at rest depends upon violent motion to make believe it is at rest. "</i> So, this seeming stillness that surrounds us is a seething sea of violent motion. By unbalancing this rest and balance, we have endless power at our fingertips.</p> <p align="left">Also, as quoted by Walter Russell from The Divine Iliad,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>" Great art is simple. My universe is great</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>art, for it is simple.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>Great art is balanced. My universe is</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>consummate art, for it is balanced simplicity.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>I have but one law for all My opposed</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>pairs of creating things; and that law needs</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>but one word to spell it out, so hear Me</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>when I say that the one word of My law is</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><i>BALANCE</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>And if man needs two words to aid</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>him in his knowing of the workings of that</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>law, those two words are</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><i>BALANCED INTERCHANGE</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>If man still needs more words to aid</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>him knowing of My law, give him</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>another one, and let those three words be</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><i>RHYTHMIC BALANCED INTERCHANGE</i></b></p> <p align="left">So, dear reader, as you can see in the above, the energy is a rhythmic, balanced interchange of two streams as is our Orgone force, a pulsating, dual expanding and contracting vortex. All expressions of energy seek a point of rest, and return to a condition of rest. Our Joe cell concentrates this rest energy and in this concentrated, unnatural state, the energy is desperately trying to return to its base or rest state. We allow this to occur in the combustion chambers of our motor, and the resultant return to rest of the Orgone energy creates the work that powers the motor.</p> <p align="left">I will now mention other quotes regarding the Cosmic force, from far less authoritative individuals than the Almighty.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>B.</u></b></p> <p align="left">The following is a communication received and written by Carlos Zelaya in 1971:</p> <p align="left">" In Cosmic Energy, or the energetic action of Cosmic Rays, we find it is in itself an undrainable energy source within the reach of all the Universe. To take advantage of it at any experience we must use as departure point some elemental concepts based upon Cosmic laws.</p> <p align="left">This energy moves itself within certain fields or strips, both at infinite space as within the geomagnetism of heavily bodies. To achieve tapping and concentrating it, it is necessary to make geomagnetical study of the planetary area, as a deep study of astral or astrological motions, according to your language. .......Considering that these rays move and behave in a given way according to solar and lunar motions, and with the combination of both and of planet Mars, which is the main reflector of this solar system for Cosmic rays, they are the most fitting for the experiences of exiting the atomic nucleii. "</p> <p align="left">Additionally, the following was received by Carlos, also in 1971.</p> <p align="left">" To condense cosmic energy it is needed a device somewhat different to the ones presently used on Earth.</p> <p align="left">It is not only different but its variations lies upon concepts and principles related to its construction, on Earth are taken as principles physico-chemical phenomena, etc.. We take as principle the ELECTROCOSMIC phenomenon, which is the energetic manifestation of the WHOLE's Elemental Laws.</p> <p align="left">Therefore, for energy-accumulation, we take into consideration that;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b>Any directed energy within an inert space tends to form a field</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b>because of the seeking an equidistant balance with respect to</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b>the field's axis properly. "</b></p> <p align="left">Also, the following was received by Carlos in 1971.</p> <p align="left">" The phenomenon because of which cosmic energy is condensed is:</p> <p align="left">1. Because its natural atoms are ACTIVE MATTER.</p> <p align="left">2. Because it is " active matter ", it is possible to condense and fix it.</p> <p align="left">To fix its condensation it is necessary that the energy levels be active enough, for the later, with the polarisation " shock ", be formed the layers of matter, which only through their atom's excitation it is active and generates, by reaction of impulses, a given wavelength.</p> <p align="left">With this simple principle, but highly positive, it is attained the concentration of ( cosmic ) energy into layers of NATURAL matter and its generation of regulable fields according to the excitation it is made to undergo, for the natural matter of the Cosmos is an energy source. "</p> <p align="left">I have left the translations as received, you may want to manipulate it into more " correct " English.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>C.</u></b></p> <p align="left">You may want to read an article by Rick Anderson and his explanation on the Poynting vector and the Lorentz force. See his article at ( <a href="http://www.tricountyi.net/%7Eranderse/lgf.htm" title="http://www.tricountyi.net/~randerse/lgf.htm">http://www.tricountyi.net/~randerse/lgf.htm</a> ). This article will explain to you the reason for the rotation of a suspended magnet that is placed near a charging vat. Also, it will partially explain to you the reason for the concentric, cylinder within cylinder design of the basic Joe cell. In brief, if you do not have Internet access, I will quote the main paragraph:</p> <p align="left">" The third vector ( Lorentz/Poynting force ), then , must appear at right angles to BOTH the electric and magnetic vectors, at all points around the perimeter of the subject; and so it manifests as a CIRCULAR ORBIT OF FORCE AROUND THE SUBJECT WITH A PREFERRED DIRECTION, similar to a rotating energy field or vortex. The direction of this circular Lorentz can be switched between clockwise and counter-clockwise simply by reversing the polarity ( or physical connections to the coils ) of the amplified signal driving the coils. A North pole at the top, with a South at the bottom, will cause the Lorentz force to circle counter-clockwise, and a S-N clockwise. "</p> <p align="left">This has been explained in earlier chapters, of this work.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>D.</u></b></p> <p align="left">You may want to read " An Analysis of the Joe cell from a Biodynamic Perspective ", By Guy McCarthy. Although I disagree with a fair portion of his conclusions, nevertheless, there is a lot of good background information for the Joe cell experimenter. It is available on web site:</p> <p align="left">( <a href="http://www.twelvestar.com/Sourceworks/JoeCell.html" title="http://www.twelvestar.com/Sourceworks/JoeCell.html">http://www.twelvestar.com/Sourceworks/JoeCell.html</a> ).</p> <p align="left"><b><u>E.</u></b></p> <p align="left">Orgone in relation to some other energies. By Lawrence Barth.</p> <p align="left">" In the late 1950's, Gaston Burridge published an article on " cone " energy. He discovered a form of energy which, he states, his and others' experiments show come in a beam from the apex of a cone or pyramid made purely of metal, or cardboard or wood covered on the outside with metal foil, especially brightly polished foil. Here one is reminded of the orgone accumulator, especially the funnel accumulator, but we must notice that the metal is on the outside of the organic material, not the reverse; nor need there be any opening at the apex, as is the case with the funnel. To the best of my knowledge, the radiation comes in a <b><u>beam </u></b>from the apex rather than equally from every surface of the metal. The beam is as intense at night as at daytime, this seems to eliminate sunlight as the direct source of the energy. "</p> <p align="left"><b><u>F.</u></b>·</p> <p align="left">The research of Karl Von Reichenbach. By Kenneth Strarz, ( quoted in selected parts ).</p> <p align="left">" Baron Karl Von Reichenbach was a nineteenth century scientist whose amazing researches have been almost totally forgotten. He discovered the fundamental new energy, odyle, the same in major respects to Reich's orgone. in support of his discovery he performed literally thousands of controlled experiments, publishing the results over a twenty year period. Reichenbach did not reckon with the terror and hatred that the human being feels when confronted by life specific energies.</p> <p align="left">Reichenbach was born in 1788 in Stuttgart. In chemical research he discovered creosote, paraffin, eupion and pittarcal. from 1845 until his death, he tried fruitlessly to convince his colleagues of his discoveries. he did a huge amount of research in the unseen properties of magnets and crystals. Crystals and magnets observed in the dark showed flames rising three inches from the ends, shaped like a tulip. They were very beautiful and moved constantly. He named the new energy odyle.</p> <p align="left">In addition to magnets and crystals, Reichenbach described eight other sources of odic energy: living organisms, the sun, moon and stars, heat, friction, artificial light, chemical reactions, electrical charges, and the material world in general. He discovered that the odic processes in the human body interacted with other sources of odic energy. Reichenbach discovered that a strongly charged body could alter the natural charge of another substance by contact.</p> <p align="left">His final conclusion is <b>.....that the odic force is a universal adjunct of all matter in variable and unequal distribution and that this force is one which extends over the entire universe.</b> "</p> <p align="left">As stated above, there is a vast amount of recorded data, but unfortunately not easily available, as most of his work has been out of print for over one hundred years. His work is vital to any reader that attempts a thorough understanding of the Orgone force.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>G.</u></b></p> <p align="left">The work of Georges Lakhovsky.</p> <p align="left">Lakhovsky states that every living being emits radiations. If you read his book " The secret of Life ", you will easily see that the experimental results obtained with various shaped spirals is a direct tie-in with our Orgone energy topic. Similarly, you will see how the " Y factor " ties in to the body's emitted radiation. Again, good reading for the researcher.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>H.</u></b></p> <p align="left">Some very interesting comments from the great Erwin Schrodinger one of the founders of quantum mechanics and well respected by his peers. The comments nicely tie in with the Orgone force and living organisms:</p> <p align="left">"...Today it is believed that living organisms feed on energy and various kinds of foods have different energetic values. This is an absurdity. ...in any point of the universe entropy increases and the living organism continuously produces <b><u>positive entropy</u></b>, too, and so everyone is drawn towards a state of maximum entropy, ie., to death. To avoid this state and so to be alive, the living organism decreases his entropy continuously extracting the <b><u>negative entropy</u></b> from the environment, including food..."</p> <p align="left">What a lovely way of stating that we require Orgone ( which has negative entropy ) and thus by logic we will interact with any Orgone source, including a Joe cell! Again, the Y-factor.</p> <p align="left"><b><u>I.</u></b></p> <p align="left">To finish this very brief section on past information, I will mention some important research information from Reich.</p> <p align="left"><u>The effect of Deadly Orgone Rasdiation. ( 1961 )</u> Compiled by Charles R. Kelley in Radix institute bulletins.</p> <p align="left">"·Dor is an abnormal life-inimical form of orgone energy. it is present recurrently throughout the Earth's atmosphere, is present chronically in large regions of it, and is increasing.</p> <p align="left">Dor is an immobilised stagnant energy that seriously interferes with normal orgone energy metabolism, both of atmospheric and of living orgone systems.</p> <p align="left">Whereas orgone energy normally gives the sky a light blue or blue grey appearance, DOR-infested regions of the atmosphere appear dark, sometimes blackish or purplish black. Normal orgone energy is in constant motion, flowing, flimmering, or pulsating, while DOR is still and oppressive.</p> <p align="left">The stillness of DOR-infested atmosphere makes them especially subject to pollution of all kinds. Urban smog appears principally and most seriously in atmospheres immobilised by DOR.</p> <p align="left">Animals or plants exposed to heavy or chronic dor concentration are seriously disturbed in their orgone energy metabolism, which is dependent on the external orgone energy field in which they live. Continued exposure can result in grave disorders and eventually, even death for plant and animal alike.</p> <p align="left">A tree exposed to a DOR infested atmosphere dies in a particular way. DOR is attracted down onto the tree from above. The top of the tree therefore is usually affected first. the leaves curl and die, and the bark disintegrates and peels. The tops of outstretched branches, usually near the top of the tree, are next affected. The bark on the tops of the branches turns dark and disintegrates. The tree dies from the top down and from the outside in.</p> <p align="left">In areas of extremely high DOR concentration, exposed rocks begin to turn black. The black usually begins in small spots, and expands to cover more and more rock surface.</p> <p align="left">When DOR is removed by the use of the Reich apparatus, it becomes concentrated around the equipment. This concentration can become so serious as to be a hazard to life."</p> <p align="left"><u>The Core men.</u></p> <p align="left">I have no intentions of boring you with any conspiracy theories or my phobias. I will quote Reich directly:</p> <p align="left">" 1. The CORE men ( Core = Cosmic Orgone Engineering ), as I came to call them, apparently were thoroughly conversant with the laws of functioning in the cosmic Or energy ocean, especially with gravity as a function of superimposition.</p> <p align="left">2. They use cosmic Or energy in propelling their machines.</p> <p align="left">5. The CORE men were obviously riding their space ships on the main Or energy streams of the Universe."</p> <p align="left">There is much more on the above in the Orop Galactic Stream publication.</p> <p align="left"><u>The Orgone Energy motor.</u></p> <p align="left">I will mention in brief, some references from Dr. Reich's work, in relation to a method of utilising Orgone energy to power a motor. The full details were published in 1948 and 1949, and the reader may refer to these for full details.</p> <p align="left">For his radioactivity work, Reich used a Geiger Muller counter. As a result of many experiments, he noticed reading anomalies with some of his experiments. Basically, he noticed increased reading with the counter dependent on Orgone concentrations. This eventuated in Reich eliminating the normal Geiger Muller tube and replacing it with his own specially made tubes. He named these <b>Vacor tubes</b>.</p> <p align="left">These tubes were evacuated to .5 of a micron, which is below the level that normal ionisation would occur. As a result of charging these Vacor tubes with Orgone energy, he discovered that they would produce a high pulse rate on the GM counter. This led Reich to further experimentation, resulting in the modification of the standard counter circuit in such a way that a small motor could be made to rotate directly from the Orgone energy.</p> <p align="left">This motor was a small AC type made by Western Electric, with a type number of KS-9154. It would run when Reich connected an antenna and/or earth to the modified GM counter.<b><u> It would also rotate whilst under the influence of a field enemating from a living creature.</u></b> The rotation of the motor was quite unusual as it could reverse direction spontaneously without significantly slowing down and speeding up again as if the motor had no inertia. The rotational speed also varied unexpectantly and could be made to run faster or slower, depending on the person that had his hand near it.</p> <p align="left">Reich explained the above idiosyncrasies, by referring to a force he called the " Y factor." He refused to divulge what the Y factor was, and mankind will have to wait till the year 2007 AD, when his sealed archives will be opened. As already mentioned, I am very confident that the Y factor simply stand for YOU, meaning that the individuals Orgone field interacts with the experiment. This has occurred over and over with experimenters interacting with the Joe cell.</p> <p align="left">For the more dubious reader, I will quote directly some of the comments of witnesses that were present, when Reich was demonstrating the Orgone motor:</p> <p align="left">Myron Sharaf.</p> <p align="left">" ....it involved the use of an accumulator attached to a motor; concentrated Orgone energy was triggered by a small amount of electricity, an amount insufficient to rotate the motor without the accumulator......When powered by the combination of Orgonotic and electrical energy, it ran smoothly and quietly; but the speed varied depending upon the weather....more rapidly on dry, clear days, more slowly when the humidity was high. "</p> <p align="left">Elsworth Baker.</p> <p align="left">" Reich first used vacor tubes in series attached to a small accumulator and connected to a transformer to build up an electric charge to excite the Orgone energy. He used four or five vacor tubes. All were connected to a 25 Volt electric motor.....Reich took away one vacor tube after another until all were taken away, and still the motor ran. The important ingredient was the so-called Y factor which Reich did not divulge. .....On Orgone energy , the motor was practically noiseless and ran smoother and faster. At times, it would change direction. In damp weather, it would not run. "</p> <p align="left">Lois Wyvell.</p> <p align="left">" The one I saw was about the size of a large orange.....It was hooked up to a special Orgone accumulator with the Y factor that Reich did not divulge as he felt mankind was not ready to use such a potentially boundless power rationally.....But the motor ran on atmospheric orgone energy fed to it through the accumulator and also from the human energy field.....It ran erratically, as no motor with a mechanical energy source does: It slowed down and speeded up without any interference. Also, if one curved his hands over the motor, it picked up speed, and with one's hand over it, it speeded up and slowed down....It reversed itself every once in a while without slowing down, even without a jolt. "</p> <p align="left">As you can see, there is a large and undeniable link between the atmosphere, living organisms and the Orgone motor. In a movie sequence that Reich made, the is a demonstration of the motor not turning until Reich placed his hand in the vicinity of the motor. The motor then ran until Reich removed his hand. So if we are not dealing with a living force, I would challenge the reader to offer me a logical, scientific reason to the contrary. Please, don't bother replying with references to tricks with mirrors, RF transmitters or any other circus act type explanation.</p> <p align="left">Again, let me state that the above is a very, very small sample of the vast amount of recorded data in our historical archives.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">*******************************************************</p> <p align="left"><b><u>The present.</u></b></p> <p align="left">The present lies with you. There are many teams spread all over the world, that are experimenting with Orgone accumulators. These teams are working with the Cosmic energy for many and varied applications. The Joe cell and its application, is a very small section of the overall research work. The majority of the effort is in four main areas:</p> <p align="left">1. Weather control. There has been a vast amount of knowledge gathered in this application. Reich himself has written hundreds of pages on his cloudbusting operations. A more recent individual is Trevor Constable. The book, " Loom of the Future ", by Thomas J. Brown from Borderland Science Research Foundation, is a fair overview of the present state of the art.</p> <p align="left">2. Water modification. This area has a smaller following, but is amply covered on the Internet. Basically, it involves the use of either egg shapes or vortexes or both, ( after Viktor Shauberger's work ), to modify the water structure and the enclosed Orgone energy. The end result is a living water more suited for all living organisms. There is a lot of literature on this. Check the Internet.</p> <p align="left">3. Health uses. This is the one that caused the demise of Reich and his works. He, and many others that have since copied him, have discovered that the Orgone accumulator can have wondrous curing abilities, with many claims of cancer cures. A lot of literature on this. Check the Internet.</p> <p align="left">4. Covert uses. Since recorded history began, secretive groups have exploited the majority by withholding huge advances in technology. This has not changed, and will not change in the near future. It is indeed very frustrating experimenting with your pieces of stainless steel tubes and your Joe cell, when the chosen few are laughing their heads off, watching you trying to recreate the wheel.</p> <p align="left">So, as far as the present is concerned, we have basically two groups, one covert and way beyond any technology that the average person can imagine, and the other a huge team of back yard and academic</p> <p align="left">experimenters, stumbling and bumbling their way through the fog.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">************************************************************</p> <p align="left"><b><u>The future.</u></b></p> <p align="left">To quote Walter Russell directly, regarding a future new source of power ( written 1957 ):</p> <p align="left">" The first stage to be transmutation of the atmosphere into free hydrogen, then, generations later, by transforming solar radiation into solar generation as man's ultimate fuel. This would not only free him from dependence upon earth's resources, but give him complete power to cause rains wherever he desires, on desert or meadow, and to dissipate cyclones while forming. "</p> <p align="left">A chief source of Orgone, is solar radiation.</p> <p align="left">The future depends on us all. If we interchange our research for the good of all, (which is so easy now with e-mail and the Internet ) we will be able to make quantum leaps in our knowledge. thus the gap between covert and freely available information will close. The end result is a better world for the majority and not just for the chosen few.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>DISCLAIMERS.</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b>Irremissible reading for the practising experimenters and constructors<i>.</i></b></p> <p align="left">As the author of this book titled, " Experimenters Guide to the Joe cell ", I hereby make the following formal declarations and give the following advice:</p> <p align="left">1. I make no recommendation to anyone to construct a Joe cell. I am merely giving an account of my own learnings, experiments and the results obtained thereby.</p> <p align="left">2. I do not urge and do not recommend the alterations to the fuelling of registered motor vehicles or other engines which are to be used on public roads or other places.</p> <p align="left">3. In the event that a person, who by his/her own decision endeavours any, or all parts of my experiments, I strongly suggest, that the operator must be well versed beforehand, in the arts and knowledge requirements of the above tasks, for a safe and successful construction.</p> <p align="left">4. Misuse, or abuse through negligence or intent, or unfamiliarity with construction techniques, or the laws of the country, or safety procedures, are <b><u>NOT</u></b> the responsibility of the author, but are in the hands of the practitioner.</p> <p align="left">5. The author does not accept any responsibility for any injury, death to any living form, damage to property, or damage to the environment, or breaches to any laws that apply at the time to the modifications of internal combustion engines and the pollutants thus released, nor any other event that may give rise to legal action in the event of any persons carrying out research and development, or any other act that may be initiated as a result of the information contained within this document.</p> <p align="left">6. While the author stands by the authenticity of the results achieved by his own experience, due to the many variable factors of the process including the " Y " factor, no guarantee is implied or given that the outcome of any work carried out by any persons will be the same as those given in this document.</p> <p align="left"><b>Melbourne, Australia-1999. The author, Alex. A. Schiffer.</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>Like all potentially dangerous devices, use at your own risk.</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><b><u>GLOSSARY</u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>" To obtain real knowledge, we must feel the truth of a thing, and understand that it is true,</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left"><i>and know the reason why it cannot be otherwise.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="left">Max Heindel.</p> <p align="left"><b>Acid</b> A substance which releases hydrogen ions when it is added to water. The hydrogen ion is solvated ie. a water molecule adds on to it, to give the oxonium ion.</p> <p align="left"><b>Acetic acid</b> The common name for ethanoic acid.</p> <p align="left"><b>Accumulator </b>In our case, a rechargeable Orgone concentrating container</p> <p align="left"><b>Alkali </b>A base which is soluble in water. They are usually metal hydroxides eg. sodium hydroxide, but ammonia solution is also an alkali.</p> <p align="left"><b>Alloy </b>Is a mixture which is made up of two or more metals or which contains metals and non-metals.</p> <p align="left"><b>Aluminium </b>The most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, ( approximately 8% by mass ). It is obtained by electrolysis of Bauxite</p> <p align="left"><b>Ampere </b>The unit of electric current. It measures the rate of flow of charge. 1 Amp = 1 coulomb/second.</p> <p align="left"><b>Anion </b>A negatively charged ion.</p> <p align="left"><b>Annealing </b>A process of heating a material for a given time at a given temperature, followed by a slow cooling. It is a common form of heat treatment.</p> <p align="left"><b>Anode </b>When a solution undergoes electrolysis, the electrode with the positive potential is called the anode. In the Joe cell, it is the outer casing.</p> <p align="left"><b>Atom </b>The smallest indivisible particle of an element that can exist.</p> <p align="left"><b>Battery</b> A device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy.</p> <p align="left"><b>Brass </b>An alloy of copper and zinc.</p> <p align="left"><b>Bronze</b> The combination of >90% copper and <10%> <p align="left"><b>Capillarity</b> The tendency of the water in a Joe cell to move up the sides of the cylinders depending on the relative attraction of the water molecules to each other and to the cylinder walls.</p> <p align="left"><b>Cathode </b>The negatively charged pole in a battery or electrolytic cell.</p> <p align="left"><b>Cation</b> A positively charged ion.</p> <p align="left"><b>Cell </b>Defined in our case as an accumulator of Orgone energy.</p> <p align="left"><b>Conductor </b>An electrical conductor is a substance which allows an electric current to flow through it.</p> <p align="left"><b>Current</b> Electric current is the movement of electrons through a conductor. It's measured in Amperes.</p> <p align="left"><b>DC </b>Direct Current. The type of electrical current produced form a simple cell or battery.</p> <p align="left"><b>Diamagnetic </b>A repulsion by a material from a strong magnetic field. It will try to find its way to the weakest part of the magnetic field.</p> <p align="left"><b>Distilled water</b> Tap water and rain water are not pure. They contain salts and dissolved gases. Water is often distilled to increase purity. Most of the salts are left behind but the water may still contain dissolved gases. The presence of carbon dioxide reduces the pH of the water considerably.</p> <p align="left"><b>DOR</b> Deadly Orgone. An " unhealthy " form of Orgone energy in the atmosphere.</p> <p align="left">Under agitation by materials that act as irritants to Orgone, the Orgone</p> <p align="left">energy eventually becomes immobilised and " dead ".</p> <p align="left"><b>Electrode </b>An electrode is a conductor which dips into an electrolyte and allows the current ( electrons ) to flow to and from the electrolyte.</p> <p align="left"><b>Electrolyte </b>A solution which contains ions.</p> <p align="left"><b>Electrolysis </b>When a direct current is passed through a liquid which contains ions ( an electrolyte ), chemical changes occur at the two electrodes.</p> <p align="left"><b>Electron </b>A fundamental negatively charged particle, part of an atom. If an atom loses an electron, it becomes positively charged ie. a cation, or if it gains an electron, it becomes negatively charged, ie., an anion.</p> <p align="left"><b>Element</b> A pure substance which cannot be broken down into anything simpler by chemical means.</p> <p align="left"><b>Ethanoic acid</b> It is one of the simplest fatty acids. Vinegar contains 5% or more of ethanoic acid.</p> <p align="left"><b>Fuel</b> A fuel is a substance that releases heat energy when treated in a certain way. In most fuels, the energy is released by combustion. So, strictly speaking, when the car is running on the Joe cell, it is not using any fuel.</p> <p align="left"><b>Heat treatment</b> The subjection of metals and alloys to controlled heating and cooling after fabrication to relieve internal stresses and improve the physical properties.</p> <p align="left"><b>Hydrogen </b>A gaseous diatomic element. The atom consists of one proton and one electron.</p> <p align="left"><b>Insulator </b>A substance which, in our case, is a poor conductor of both electricity and Orgone.</p> <p align="left"><b>Ion </b>An atom which possesses an electrical charge. When an atom gains or loses an electron, it becomes an ion.</p> <p align="left"><b>Ionisation </b>The gain or loss of an electron in an atom.</p> <p align="left"><b>Iron </b>The most widely used metallic element. One of the main problems with iron is that it rusts.</p> <p align="left"><b>Leaky</b> The inability of our cell to retain the Orgone charge over a period of time.</p> <p align="left"><b>Litmus</b> This is extracted from lichen and used as an acid-base indicator.</p> <p align="left"><b>Mass </b>This is how much material a substance possesses. It is usually measured in grams or kilograms.</p> <p align="left"><b>Magnetic material </b>One of a number of substances that are strongly attracted by magnets and can be magnetised. These include iron, nickel, and cobalt, and all those alloys that contain a proportion of these metals.</p> <p align="left"><b>Meniscus </b>The curved upper surface of the water in the Joe cell, caused by capillarity action.</p> <p align="left"><b>Molecule</b> The smallest particle of an element or compound which exists independently.</p> <p align="left"><b>Nucleus</b> The part of an atom where the mass is concentrated. It contains protons and neutrons.</p> <p align="left"><b>Neutron</b> One of the particles which are found in the nucleus of all atoms except hydrogen. It has approximately the same mass as the proton but no charge.</p> <p align="left"><b>Nitrogen</b> An unreactive diatomic gas which forms about 78% of the atmosphere.</p> <p align="left"><b>Orgone </b>The cosmic life force. See section on Orgone in book.</p> <p align="left"><b>Oxonium ion</b> The loss of an electron from a hydrogen atom leads to the formation of a hydrogen ion. This is a proton.</p> <p align="left"><b>Oxygen</b> A gaseous non-metallic element. It makes up approximately 21% of the atmosphere.</p> <p align="left"><b>Paramagnetic</b> A material with a <u>slight</u> attraction towards the region where the magnetic field is strongest is said to be paramagnetic ( As opposed to a diamagnetic material ).</p> <p align="left"><b>Petrol</b> A mixture of hydrocarbons which is used as a fuel.</p> <p align="left"><b>pH </b>pH scale from 0 to 14 used for measuring acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7.0</p> <p align="left">indicates neutrality, below 7 is acid, while above 7 is alkaline. Strong acids such as those used in car batteries, have a pH of about 2; strong alkalies such as sodium hydroxide are pH 13.</p> <p align="left">Acidic fruits such as citrus fruits are above pH 4, fertile soils have a pH of about 6.5 to 7.0, while weak alkalis such as soap are 9 to 10.</p> <p align="left">The pH of a solution can be measured by using a broad-range indicator, either in solution or as a paper strip. The colour produced by the indicator is compared with a colour code related to the pH value. An alternative method is to use a pH meter fitted with a glass electrode.</p> <p align="left">For our Joe cell work, the paper strip indicator is more than adequate ( and cheap ).</p> <p align="left"><b>Pipette</b> A piece of glassware used for measuring and transferring a volume of liquid.</p> <p align="left"><b>Polymer </b>A large molecule in which group of atoms are repeated.</p> <p align="left"><b>Proton </b>A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of the atom.</p> <p align="left"><b>Rubber</b> A natural polymer. It is a hydrocarbon. Rubber is a good insulator.</p> <p align="left"><b>Seeding</b> The initial capture of the Orgone force in our cell.</p> <p align="left"><b>Steel </b>An alloy which contains iron as the main constituent.</p> <p align="left"><b>Sump </b>The lower 1 inch area under the cylinders in a Joe cell.</p> <p align="left"><b>Suspension</b> When a solid is added to a liquid and the solid neither dissolves in the liquid nor sinks to the bottom, the mixture is referred to as a suspension because the solid is suspended in the liquid.</p> <p align="left"><b>Vinegar</b> A solution which is made by the action of bacteria on wine or cider. It contains about 4% ethanoic acid. It is used widely in the food industry for preserving foods.</p> <p align="left"><b>Water</b> An oxide of hydrogen. It is one of the most common compounds on the earth. It does not conduct electricity in its pure state although it can be electrolysed if small amounts of acid or alkali are added. The products are hydrogen and oxygen. The water which we drink is never pure.</p>Danielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-25557925806869701512007-09-05T17:12:00.000+01:002007-09-05T17:17:14.596+01:00About Overunity i.e. free energyOver unity Technology does exist , it is just suppressed , by the governments and rich people ,so that they stay rich and keep the people poor and oppressed.<br /><br />There are Subjects about Vortexs,Permanent Magnet motors,Anti Gravity Machines,Hydrogen Powered Cars,and it goes on.<br /><br />Ill Give some Links here to some websites.<br /><br />Www.overunity.com<br /><br />http://www.zpenergy.com/<br /><br />www.keelynet.comDanielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1873758164808486718.post-65040212543374355642007-09-05T17:04:00.000+01:002007-09-05T17:11:38.878+01:00About Google adsenseGoogle adsense is a shared advertising service owned by Google, where People Pay to Promote a Product to Google where people search i.e. whatever they are searching, they get to see the payed advertisement which has to relate to what you search and if a person clicks on that link then the advertiser pays for click.<br /><br />So where does Google adsense come into this,well when a person clicks on a advert link on google,the person pays,and that pay goes to google,but with Google adsense and if you get accepted you get some html code of google to put on your website/blog,and if a person clicks on that,that person gets a share of the payed click,And that is how Google adsense works, bit like money growing on trees,<br /><br />However Google has terms and conditions that can change at any minute so you would have to check daily to see whats not and what is,people use google adsense and google adwords as a liveing,and there are Marketing books around on the internet which goes on about this.<br /><br />So thats a Brief Comment about some of Google's Money machineDanielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10303292417896410669noreply@blogger.com0