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2007-09-22T14:25:00.000+01:00

9Usage ,first telsa physics infomation for engineers

2007-09-05T18:37:00.000+01:00

9. Usage
I f t h e newly discovered vortex phenomenon of the vortex of the electric field exists, then
it will be possible to practically use it. Whereas we still think about possibilities for
technical usage, there by all means exists the possibility, that nature already is successfully
using the vortex for a long time. We should look precise at things. We can only learn of
nature!
Remarkable about the passage of Plato (fig. 9.0) is not only the fact, that the potential vortex
already was known for two and a half thousand years and was taken into consideration
for an interpretation, but also the realization of Plato, that during the described transition
the smells form. Smell thus would be a vortex property!
After all vortices are able to bind information as can be inferred from the basic principle of
cybernetics. With this vortex property and the statement of Plato smell obviously would be
nothing else than pure information which by potential vortices is stored, distributed and
eventually is caught by the hair cells for smell of the nose.
If now a dog takes up a track, does it then run after vortices which remained behind or
does it analyse, according to the encyclopaedia, the chemistry left behind, or does it
combine both? Does the bloodhound for instance interpret the vortical oscillations of
chemical substances like lattice oscillations or the movements of the electrons in the
atomic hull? A lot of work awaits the research scientist of vortices here. The seminar will
offer opportunity, to deepen this topic.
Only if technicians exist, who put an electronic box on the table with a button, at which
they adjust the wanted scent of rotten eggs to lavender, we honestly can claim to have
understood the phenomenon of the smell.
For the majority of the people a theory only wins its sense by the practical applicability,
and therefore we'll have to develop and present a technical usage on the basis of the
vortex theory.

9.1 Longitudinal electric waves
It is important, that experts struggle for problem solutions. Only if the discussion about
limits doesn't come to a result which can be grasped and verified, then also in the
environmental compatibility the willingness will grow, to accept a not yet known
phenomenon as a further and possibly crucial influential factor.
Already for a hundred years there has been a dispute of experts. At that time scientists all
over the world were trying to verify the experiments of Heinrich Hertz. Then from
America the message came, Hertz had been mistaken and the electromagnetic wave would
have completely other properties. The scientists in Europe were indignant, but they had to
take the message seriously, because it after all came from the important experimental
physicist Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), who with his inventions of the rotary field and of the
asynchronous motor has stamped today's electric energy technology as no other.
As a result Lord Kelvin boarded a steamship as a mediator and sailed 1897 to New York
to convince Tesla from the opposite. But the experiments, which Tesla presented his
Lordship, didn't give rise to any doubts, and thus Kelvin returned to Europe with the
message: "Both are right, Tesla as well as Hertz! Whereas the electromagnetic wave which
Hertz has detected, is a transverse wave, does Tesla work with a longitudinal wave"!
Lord Kelvin as a result started to draw most different vortex models, because it was clear
to him, that a propagation as a longitudinal standing wave analogous to the sound wave
only is conceivable, if quantized structures exist, which knock each other mutually. Kelvin
therefore assumed vortex structures of the electromagnetic field. His vortex models were
published and landed in the curiosity box of orthodox science.
Heinrich Hertz did have a big advantage. He could refer to Maxwell and calculate his
wave with the field equations. For modern technology the mathematical calculability is
almost an indispensable prerequisite!
For Tesla wave there however neither was a mathematical nor a physical theory. The only
thing Tesla had, were presentable experiments.
In Colorado Springs he had build a 10 kW transmitting installation and lighted 200 fluorescent
lamps of 50 Watt each on a mountain in the Rocky Mountains in a distance of 25
miles. With that he had completely transmitted the transmission power of 10 kW, as can
be inferred from the press reports at that time. With Hertzian waves, which propagate
spatially, this experiment even today, after over 100 years, wouldn't be realizable technologically.
According to the law of the square of the distance one isn't even able to let glow
a tiny little lamp in such a distance.
For sure his rotary field theory was a big help for Tesla in all experiments. Actually a
rotary field can be seen as the special case of a planar vortex.
Thus Tesla obviously was able, to use the potential vortex without even knowing it. Tesla
has stimulated a loosely coupled high tension coil wound like a spiral to self-resonant
oscillations and emitted the produced vortices over an antenna (fig. 9.1). On the receiver
side the process was then reversed.

9.2 Medical technical usage
Nikola Tesla at his time was extremely popular in the area of medicine. With his inventions
injuries were cured and pain eased. Modern diathermy goes back to his work. But
Tesla at that time has treated the patients with vortices, whereas today, possibly out of
ignorance, electromagnetic waves are used. These however have in contrast to potential
vortices only a small penetration depth. Today in addition only the effect of heat is considered
and in no way the information technical effect of electric vortices. Here we are
missing the comparison, to be able to say. if the treatment with a Tesla apparatus was
more successful than with modem microwave radiators.
The experiments of Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957) aimed in the same direction. Exactly as
Tesla 55 years before also Reich emigrated to America in 1939. He had specialized in
catching and collecting vortices, which he called "orgone", from the air. In this way he
could store up high energies over time and then use them purposeful. With his "orgone
accumulator" he was able to cure wounds faster and to ease pain. He also treated cancer
and a lot of forms of anaemia. Technically Reich could demonstrate, that charged
capacitor plates discharge faster under the influence of his apparatus. His orgone
accumulator for instance is a wooden box, filled with wool of steel and wood, which
alternate in layers. He said that the reason for this construction is, that metals repel the
orgone energy, whereas organic materials become charged and accumulate it. That holds
in his opinion to a particularly high degree for water.
Reich concludes that no material and no device are known, with which the orgone energy
could be shielded. This with regard to the environmental compatibility of the vortex
phenomenon should make us thoughtful.
As a supplement it should be mentioned, that Reich already at the end of the forties has
pointed to the dying of the forests and he has made a direct connection to the orgone
energy. Reich was slandered and mocked and died in the prison of Connecticut, while his
writings were burned publicly.
Not much better fared the Austrian forester Viktor Schauberger (1885-1958), who also
can be described as visionary. He was able to produce water with a particularly good
conductivity. His water in addition goes for medicinal and healthy. Also to him travelled
cancer patients of far away to get this water.
Schauberger spoke of the natural treatment of the water, whatever he meant with that. In
any case he build with great success installations to transport wood by floating it and even
installations to mine ore with so-called double twist pipes, which made possible a
transport without friction even of materials, which are heavier than the "means of
transport" water. It could be proven that no contact with the pipe took place. This was
scientifically investigated and confirmed at the university of Stuttgart 1952 by Prof. Popel.
Quite obviously in the double twist pipe vortices have formed, which have bound the
material to be transported (see phenomenon of transport).
Today you can buy levitated water at over 100 selling points in Europe, of which is
claimed, that it is prepared according to instructions of Schauberger. Unfortunately we
aren't able to ask him anymore, if he agrees with such a "centrifuged" water. Thus the test
of the effectiveness has to be left to everyone himself or herself.

9.3 Flying objects
The medium of Viktor Schauberger always was the water. He could produce light effects
and very high temperatures with it with only minimal excitation in the form of impulses.
An installation, which had been built according to his plans at the company of Siemens,
eventually melted at 4000°C by improper operation, as he himself stated. According to
that the machine would have released more energy than used, thus a perpetuum mobile.
The authorities of the state in the Third Reich were impressed and put Schauberger in a
concentration camp, where he was instructed to build a "flying saucer" under permanent
supervision together with fellow prisoners. For him it's all about the concentration effect
and the usage of the as a result occurring implosion in contrast to our today's " technology
of explosion and fire" as Schauberger was accustomed to express himself.
It is not known, if Schaubergers "repulsine" ever has took off.
A disc, which has proven its suitability to fly, was constructed and built by the english
technician John R. R. Searl, although he said he can't explain the effect. He also had big
difficulties, to get the apparatus under control. A disc broke through the ceiling and the
roof of his laboratory and disappeared to never be seen again. Five other flying discs,
which he after this experience started in the open, went lost in the same manner.
Without knowing the effect, he of course neither could assess the dangers. His
experiments have claimed serious injuries and a casualty. While he 1985 was put in prison
under a pretext, his laboratory and his house were burned down and all documents
destroyed. Now he works on a technical usage. According to the principle it concerns a
Faraday machine. Thereby a permanent magnet, magnetized in axial direction, is turned.
Now the magnetic induction B for a relative velocity v is measured as an electric field
strength E according to equation 6.10: E = v x B . (6.10)
Because the vectors are arranged as standing perpendicular to each other, will arise a
tension voltage in radial direction (direction of E-field) which can be taken off. Apart from
the friction no further force of reaction occurs in the case of the Faraday generator.
Because of the small gain of energy until today no application ready for the market exists.
But this principle, to convert magnetic field energy into electric, already has moved the
nature of many inventors. Professor Searl has reversed this old principle. Whereas
normally the component of the velocity towards the centre of rotation decreases, it
increases in Searls case. For that he works with roller pivoted concentric rings, which he
drives by a small electric motor (fig. 9.3). Doing so something inexplicable for him
happens: After switching off the motor the revolutions per minute don't decrease again,
but increase audibly and increase further, until the produced electric field shows the wellknown
high tension phenomena: corona discharges, formation of ozone, ionisation of the
air and production of a vacuum in the inside of the disc.
The rings and rollers consist of several layers, which are built up similar to a bi-metal. The
only explanation I can think of is that a change in structure would occur as a result of the
physical length contraction which is caused by the increase of the E-field in the direction
of the centre of rotation. The bi-metals try to withdraw themselves from this change by an
increase of their rotation of their own (fig. 6.5). To compensate the field the disc builds up
a spin, as also the elementary particles do (fig. 6.13). While the formation of vacuum prevents
sparking in the inside of the flying disc, and the revolutions per minute further increase
because there is no air friction whatsoever, the disc weighing 5 tons all of a sudden
lakes off the ground and according to reports of eyewitnesses shoots vertically upwards.

9.4 Electro gravitation?
Wild speculations circulate about the mechanism of the flight of a "flying saucer", which
should function without sound and without combustion, and for which no sound barrier
exists, as pilots have observed. The talk is about cancelling gravitation or about an
"electro gravitation".
Reproducible in any case is an experiment, which has been systematically investigated by
the american professor Biefeld and his pupil T. Brown from 1925. Accordingly does a
body charged to high tension show a force effect in the direction of its positively charged
note. As a check for oneself a capacitor can be suspended on its connection wires and it
can be observed, how it moves visibly in the direction of the positive pole in case it is
charged (fig. 9.4).
Because the Biefeld-Brown effect depends on direction, it actually can't concern gravitation
at all but merely a not understood electromagnetic interaction. In the neighbourhood
of the capacitor pole air molecules are found, and their negatively charged atomic hull is
attracted by the positive pole. At the same time the atomic nucleus is repelled. By that the
air atoms in the presence of the high tension capacitor become unsymmetrical, causing the
force of attraction due to the smaller distance to exceed the force of repulsion. At the
negatively charged end the conditions are exactly reversed. There a repulsion occurs.
Because the polarized air atoms and molecules are sucked in, no pressure can build up and
as a result no sound barrier can occur. Experiments with charged and uncharged rockets
have brought the interesting result, that the electrically charged rockets flew many times as
far as the uncharged ones (5-6 times as high).
Many a person now perhaps starts to dream of the flying carpet but, as said, it isn't an
"effect of antigravitation". Does "free energy" actually exist, we have to ask ourselves?
From the gravitation the soviet physicist Landau calculates an energy density of 16
megawatt hours per cubic meter for the earth's surface. Immediately inventors are found,
who want to use this gravitational energy.
Nikola Tesla in his laboratory in Manhattan has incidentally built resonators, of which he
could bring all electric, magnetic and mechanic factors in resonance. On an evening stroll
he fastened a battery operated vibrator to the tubular steel scaffolding of a new building
and let everything shake and wobble. In his laboratory such a device once got out of
control by inattentiveness and triggered an earthquake. In that way the road surfacing and
pipes were burst and window panes got broken. The police penetrating his laboratory only
could see, how Tesla forcible finished the experiment with a sledge-hammer.
The experiments which got out of control of Tesla, Searl and Schauberger have one thing
in common: it concerns constructions with an unipolar arrangement of the field.
Tesla had arranged the magnetic field in a unipolar way, as he has reported himself, Searl
had realized electric unipolar fields in a construction similar to the electron, and Viktor
Schauberger had specialized in producing unipolar structures with water vortices.
In the case of the corresponding technical usage, which can be interpreted as making use
of the occurring "spin coupling", therefore in principle utmost caution is imperative.

9.5 Free energy?
Furthermore is reported of Tesla, he would have developed a "converter for space
energy" and 1931 have built it in a luxury car (Pierce Arrow). The car was a 145 km/h
fast, doing so the asynchronous motor (presumably built by Westinghouse) furnished 80
HP at 1800 Rpm. The "free energy" the converter, build by Tesla himself, got from a 1.8
m long antenna. Because the motor ran without adaptation of frequency in slipping
operation, it had to be cooled correspondingly. It was on the way in trial run for over a
week. Now we of course want to know, of what this "free energy" consists, which Tesla
will have used and of which he already 1891 had spoken in the American Institute of
Electrical Engineers.
For the electron as a spherical vortex we have calculated an electric tension voltage of 511
kV between its surface and its centre respectively infinity (equation 6.31*, fig. 7.1). The
highest level of tension voltage normally used for the high tension transmission lies at 380
kV (effective value); for a direct current transmission it is 500 kV. Although still higher
tension voltages would be desirable, they are avoided. This is no accident. Experiments
with higher tension voltages namely have resulted in inexplicable high losses.
We have an explanation: the electrons are taken apart on the way! Their inner energy
amounts with the outer energy to zero. The charge carrier, which in the power station as
result of an energy conversion has been sent on a journey, is in danger to vanish into thin
air (e.g. corona) for tension voltages above 511 kV. The transmitter of Nikola Tesla however
(fig. 9.1 and 9.5) worked with 600 kV and more. He said, with his experiments he
had destroyed billions of particles without being able to observe an emission of energy
and made fun of the misinterpretation of Einstein of the already at that time well-known
mass-energy relation E = mc2.
For the purpose of a one wire or a wireless energy transmission the tension voltage therefore
has to be higher than 511 kV. With Teslas equipment however the electrons shouldn't
be destroyed, but merely be pulled apart to plane circular vortices with help of the today
is Tesla coil known winding. These then could be sent on a journey over the antenna, to
aga i n be caught and formed back in spherical electrons by the receiver antenna. As long as
the electrons don't fall apart, they keep their structure and quantum property. Quanta pass
on an excitation, for instance a bump, in form of a longitudinal standing wave, by one
particle bumping the neighbouring particle, analogous to sound waves, where one gas
molecule passes the bump on to the neighbour. The transmission hence takes place as
longitudinal scalar wave.
Electrons pulled apart to planar vortices in addition haven't got a closed vortex centre
anymore on their journey. For the by Tesla in his laboratory used and publicly presented
one wire energy transmission (1897, Patent Nr. 593,138) the transmission hence doesn't
take place in the wire, but as vortices around the -wire. That explains, why only a
relatively thin conductor, which normally should have melted, was necessary for a
demonstrated power transmission of 10 kW. Tesla however could show, that the wire
stayed cold and virtually no heating losses were measurable (fig. 9.5).
He himself said, that this one wire transmission technology is much better than the alternating
current technology full of losses, which stems from him as well. Tesla must have
known the limit of 511 kV very exactly, because on several photographs one can see, that
he changed the coiling technique off this value!

9.6 Nerve conduction and action potential
Technical solutions often are only a suboptimum and many times they are anything but an
optimum. In many cases the feasibility stands in the foreground. In the question of the
current distribution at that time the decision was made for the worse system, the full of
losses three phase system, because no current meters were available for the free of losses
one wire technology. Without being able to collect money from the consumer, it wouldn't
have been possible for the energy distribution installations to pay for themselves.
Compared to that is nature with its selection principle merciless and without compromises.
Only the most efficient system has a chance to survive and to spread. If it's about transmittining
information in an electric way and two different principles present themselves,
then in nature only the better one will be brought into action.
Let's take a look at the nerve conduction in the human body. In the synapses ion concentrations
and electric potentials of 70 to 90 mV arise. Here with conventional gauges the
activity of a nerve can be detected. From a measurement of the transmission time of
synapse to synapse the velocity of the signal is determined. If we however want to
measure between the switch points on the line, then we have to find out, that for instance
with an ammeter actually nothing is measurable. In addition the nerve fibre has a
miserable conductivity.
The biologist calls the electric signal just "action potential" and draws a vortex-like ring
around the nerve fibre and speaks of a mixed digital and analogue information
transmission.
The doctor on the other hand knows two different types, fast and slow nerves. In the inside
both are built up virtually identical. A characteristic difference consists of the fact, that the
fast nerves are jacketed with a thick fat layer.
The technician would say, they are better isolated, but why they therefore should be faster,
he hardly would be able to answer. If we however assume, that the action potentials or OUT
potential vortices oscillate around the conductor, thus exactly in the isolation layer and are
forwarded there, then possibly an explanation would have been found.
The nerve conduction moreover has much in common with the one wire system of Tesla:
1. Charges and electric potentials are transmitted
2. Doing so a transport of charge carriers, thus an electric current on the
line, isn 't detectable.
3. Consequently no losses worth mentioning occur.
4. Decisive for the functioning is the dielectric insulator material which surrounds
the conductor and not the electric resistance of the conductor.
5. In contrast to electric circuits a draining conductor is unnecessary.
It looks as if the one wire system is not new at all, as would nature use it already for ages
in the highest perfection. We realize immediately, why our head does without a ventilator
and how the high of signal processing density can be explained. Compared with our brain
modern personal computer (PC) with their backward cable technology are far less than a
suboptimum.
With regard to the pressure on the environment by interference radiation we had derived,
that currents and eddy currents with the skin effect direct their radiation to the outside,
whereas potential vortices with their concentration effect direct it to the inside. Probably
for this reason the radiation field of a person is environmentally better compatible than
that of a PC

9.6 Nerve conduction and action potential
Technical solutions often are only a suboptimum and many times they are anything but an
optimum. In many cases the feasibility stands in the foreground. In the question of the
current distribution at that time the decision was made for the worse system, the full of
losses three phase system, because no current meters were available for the free of losses
one wire technology. Without being able to collect money from the consumer, it wouldn't
have been possible for the energy distribution installations to pay for themselves.
Compared to that is nature with its selection principle merciless and without compromises.
Only the most efficient system has a chance to survive and to spread. If it's about transmittining
information in an electric way and two different principles present themselves,
then in nature only the better one will be brought into action.
Let's take a look at the nerve conduction in the human body. In the synapses ion concentrations
and electric potentials of 70 to 90 mV arise. Here with conventional gauges the
activity of a nerve can be detected. From a measurement of the transmission time of
synapse to synapse the velocity of the signal is determined. If we however want to
measure between the switch points on the line, then we have to find out, that for instance
with an ammeter actually nothing is measurable. In addition the nerve fibre has a
miserable conductivity.
The biologist calls the electric signal just "action potential" and draws a vortex-like ring
around the nerve fibre and speaks of a mixed digital and analogue information
transmission.
The doctor on the other hand knows two different types, fast and slow nerves. In the inside
both are built up virtually identical. A characteristic difference consists of the fact, that the
fast nerves are jacketed with a thick fat layer.
The technician would say, they are better isolated, but why they therefore should be faster,
he hardly would be able to answer. If we however assume, that the action potentials or OUT
potential vortices oscillate around the conductor, thus exactly in the isolation layer and are
forwarded there, then possibly an explanation would have been found.
The nerve conduction moreover has much in common with the one wire system of Tesla:
1. Charges and electric potentials are transmitted
2. Doing so a transport of charge carriers, thus an electric current on the
line, isn 't detectable.
3. Consequently no losses worth mentioning occur.
4. Decisive for the functioning is the dielectric insulator material which surrounds
the conductor and not the electric resistance of the conductor.
5. In contrast to electric circuits a draining conductor is unnecessary.
It looks as if the one wire system is not new at all, as would nature use it already for ages
in the highest perfection. We realize immediately, why our head does without a ventilator
and how the high of signal processing density can be explained. Compared with our brain
modern personal computer (PC) with their backward cable technology are far less than a
suboptimum.
With regard to the pressure on the environment by interference radiation we had derived,
that currents and eddy currents with the skin effect direct their radiation to the outside,
whereas potential vortices with their concentration effect direct it to the inside. Probably
for this reason the radiation field of a person is environmentally better compatible than
that of a PC

9.7 Wireless energy transmission technology
Tesla still went a step further. He has cut the wire connection between transmitter and
receiver (fig. 9.5) and instead has installed each time a spherical electrode (fig. 9.7). With
this facility he now was able, to transmit energy completely wireless (1900, Patent No.
645,576). Building on this principle Tesla already 1890 had built a radio remote control
for a battery operated submarine and had presented his patented system the navy. But they
weren't able, to recognize the strategic importance of the radio technology and rejected
with the words: "It's too advanced!" (fig. 9.8).
Tesla further had proven with this technology the mentioned proof concerning the
existence of longitudinal electromagnetic waves. There exist descriptions, partly of Tesla
himself, how he, inside or also outside his laboratory, goes in search of oscillation nodes
of the standing wave with a measuring receiver.
He names several conditions for the wireless energy transmission:
1. "perfect resonance" (same frequency) of transmitter and receiver
2. Installation of the receiver on an "oscillation node" (maximum).
Important is also the measurement of the velocity of propagation, and that isn't constant
from the start for a wave, which oscillates in the direction of propagation. From the
research of earthquakes we know, that the longitudinal waves are faster than the as well
occurring transverse waves. Usually the distance to the epicentre is determined from the
difference in transmission time.
In the patent specification the measurement is described. Tesla has sent longitudinal
radio signals from his transmitter in Colorado Springs once around the earth along the
earth's surface and determined a transmission time of 0,08484 seconds. This corresponds
to a frequency of approx. 6 Hz. He saw his result confirmed, as he could find the oscillation
node of the standing wave again (according to in his laboratory (on the ground
plate).
For the full wave length the Schumann resonance, which describes a standing wave of
an around the earth running Hertzian wave, lies as is well-known at 7.8 Hz! Tesla
calculates for his wave a speed 1.6 times the speed of light assuming the polar radius of
the earth to be 6363 km.
Also this measurement result confirms, that Tesla didn't use the Hertzian wave. Tesla
found the off-beat concept of Einstein, the speed of light would be the fastest possible
velocity of signal transmission, only funny. If however today is claimed, 1993 in
tunnelling experiments for the first time a speed faster than light has been measured, then
this just isn't true. Possibly also the Tesla wave tunnelled, as the vortices for a small
conductivity of the air contract and as a result of the length contraction become
correspondingly fast.
Later Tesla after several goes in vain even succeeded in building a high tension tube as a
tunnel, with which the velocity of the signal could be increased arbitrarily. Tesla with that
pursued the goal to be able to make radio contact with other worlds.

9.8 Measuring and switching technique of Nikola Tesla
As an important and accepted experimental physicist with 14 doctor titles and carrier of
the Edison medal Tesla always has held on to his measurement results. Not a theoretical
interpretation but exclusively correct carried out measurements have shown him the
physical reality. But the by Tesla won measurement results were already for 100 years
hard to digest and couldn't be brought into accord with any theory. Therefore a switching
technical analysis of the by Tesla described and carried out experiments should give us
now information over the nature of the free energy, the tachyon energy, the orgone, or
however fantastic the terms may read.
The Tesla coil, according to the instructions of the inventor, is a flat coil wound like a
spiral in contrast to the copies today on sale which, surely out of ignorance, are mostly
cylindrical. Its peculiarity probably is to be seen in the circumstance, that charges moved
through the wire of the coil inevitably increase their angular velocity towards the centre,
In this way the electrons, which at first are spherical elementary vortices, are pulled apart
to vortex rings like planar discs.
Tesla switches the "secondary" called flat coil between two "terminals". Following he
sends, stimulated by his "primary", charge carriers from one terminal to the other and back
again and produces a standing resonant oscillation.
Mostly replaces Tesla one of both terminals by the earth. He thus assumes, that now the
earth as a spherical electrode takes over the function of one terminal. That he again infers
from the observation, that a by the transmitter wireless fed little lamp goes out, if he cuts
the connection to the ground. Doing so the oscillation collapses. Radio sets on the other
hand can also be operated without grounding, as we know!
The degree of effectiveness of today's distribution technology of current due to the
heating losses lies clearly beneath 100 per cent. Without the losses of the wiring it lies
close to 100 per cent for the discussed one wire energy transmission. There the vortex
rings are guided nicely one after another along the line like beads drawn over a string.
This result even is to be expected, as far as no vortex "jumps off the wire or "falls apart".
For the wireless version Tesla however to his own surprise had to find out that more
energy could be received, than his transmitter produced. The measured degree of
effectiveness lay above 100 per cent! He therefore called his transmitter a "Magnifying
Transmitter" (fig. 9.10). The further transmitter and receiver were away of each other, the
further the received energy increased. Tesla inferred from this, that there had to exist free
energy and that he had caught that too.
Consequently he had built a receiver for free energy and registered for patent (1901,
Patent No. 685,957, fig. 9.9). Tesla states that the amount of energy depends on the size of
the "terminal". Of today's sight we could be willing, to describe this receiver plate as a
solar panel, but we should know, that the apparatus produced energy even at night! In
addition the energy gain was considerable higher than for today's solar panels. Tesla
spoke of "radiations ", of an unknown radiation and he in his lifetime has in vain soughtfor
help of explanation.
The vortex model will also in this question be a valuable help to us.

8.Unified theory ,first telsa physics infomation for engineers

2007-09-05T18:17:00.000+01:00
8. Unified theory
With the theory of objectivity the longed for goal of a "theory of everything" (TOE), of an
universal theory, seems to have moved within reach. If in the nineteenth century still
promising field theories and approaches were being discussed, then has at the latest
Einstein's theory of relativity destroyed all hopes in such a theory. Science as a consequence
has become very much more modest and understands a TOE only as the
unification of all known interactions.
Einstein has stated the minimum demand so: "a theory should be favoured by far, in which
the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field together would appear as a whole"
. It is evident that a subjective or relativistic observer theory never is able to achieve
this.
The presented theory of objectivity made it possible that the unification here for the first
time actually has succeeded. This undoubtedly brings science a whole lot further, but it
still is not sufficient to lie one's hands in one's lap being content with oneself. After all we
still know very much more phenomena, which likewise should be unified. After all it is no
accident that both Maxwell and Einstein, to name only two prominent representatives,
after completion of their well-known works have struggled for the question, what sort of
phenomenon it concerns in the case of the temperature and how this could be integrated in
their theory.
The requirement reads: We must be able to derive all basic factors, which influence our
system of units with their basic units, as a compulsionless result from the new theory.
Besides the dimensions of space and time which determine our continuum, the explanation
and unification of the basic factors mass and charge has to be tackled. If we have
succeeded in doing so, we'll also tackle the problem of the fifth and last basic factor,
which until now has put itself in the way of any unified theory as the question of fate, the
problem of the temperature!
<

8.1 Structure of the field theory
In contrast to Maxwell's theory the new field theory, which we derived from duality, is
also able to describe fields, in which no particles and no quanta exist. It probably is
justified and useful in the sense of a clearer communication, to give the new field a name
of its own.
The author recommends the introduction of the term "hydrotic field". In it should be
expressed, which importance water has for both the like named potential vortex and this
field.
As we already have worked out, the hydrotic field is favoured particularly by polar
materials and by a high dielectricity. Water is a corresponding and in the biosphere of our
planet dominating material.
Whereas we had to correct the concept of a vortex free electric field, we had until now,
considerable, we can take over the description of the magnetic field unchanged. This then
should also be valid for its name. The new field which consists of both correspondingly is
called hydromagnetic field.
In fig. 8.1 we recognize the structure. At the top stands the "hydromagnetic field", which
is described mathematically by the equations of dual electrodynamics in fig. 3.3. It does
not know quanta and as logical consequence neither charge nor mass! If we insert these
equations, Ampere's law and the dual formulated Faraday law of induction, into each
other, then there results as a mathematical description of our space-time-continuum the
fundamental field equation (5.7, fig. 5.1). As a new physical phenomenon the potential
vortex appears, which gives the hydromagnetic field a new and important property: this
field can be quantized!
Starting-point is the wave, which for corresponding interference effects can spontaneously
roll up to a vortex, which as highly concentrated spherical vortex finds a new right to exist
and finds to a new physical reality.
The in the described manner formed particles show specific properties of their own. We
now are able to attribute them for instance a charge or a mass. And these properties also
can be investigated and described individually and isolated from each other. Thus are
formed the two special cases, strange by nature, on the one hand the well-known, with the
help of the Maxwell equations describable "electromagnetic field" and on the other hand
the new "hydrogravitational field".
If we overlap the results of the two special cases, e.g. by adding the force effects of
electric charges and accelerated masses, then we summarized obtain a field, which we
accordingly should call "electrogravitational". This case is not at all unknown. Already
Niels Bohr in this way has calculated the radii of the electron orbits in the hull of his
model of the atom, to mention only one example. We can summarize:
The hydromagnetic field is the all encompassing and with that most important field. Apart
from that the electromagnetic field of the currents and the eddy currents and the hydrogravitational
field of the potentials and the potential vortices merely describe the two
possible and important special cases. For reasons of pure usefulness for every special
case a characteristic factor of description is introduced, the charge and the mass!

8.2 Unification of the interactions
The discovery and introduction of the hydromagnetic field makes the desired unification
possible, because the electromagnetic resp. Maxwell field, which describes the electromagnetic
interaction, and the hydrogravitational field of the gravitation can be derived
from this field as a consequence of the formation of quanta.
The kind of the interaction is caused by the course of the field lines of the field quanta
which form as spherical vortices: the open field lines make the electromagnetic interaction
possible. And the field, lines with a closed course lead to gravitation. Both are a direct
result of the field dependent speed of light. A more perfect unification seems hardly
possible.
As the next step the unification with the strong and the weak interaction is required, but it
could be shown that those don't exist at all. It just concerns misinterpretations with much
fantasy, which should help explain the difference between a wrong theory and the physical
reality.
Numerous auxiliary terms for the description of the quantum properties exist, like for
instance mass, charge or Planck's quantum of action. The prerequisite for their usability
naturally is the existence of the quanta. But until these have found to a physical reality, the
auxiliary terms are unnecessary. The hydromagnetic field does not know quanta, quantum
properties or auxiliary descriptions. It will be shown that, according to expectation, also
the temperature is a typical quantum property, which comes within the group of the
auxiliary terms. In this way also the temperature is fitted into the unified theory without
compulsion.
Without the by us for reasons of usefulness introduced auxiliary terms the fundamental
field equation is left with its description of a spatial-temporal principle. If a world
equation should exist, then this field equation 5.7 has the best prerequisites.
For the fundamental field equation the division in four parts is repeated like already for the
hydromagnetic field (fig. 8.1). It likewise consists of four individual parts, the wave (b),
the two vortex phenomena (c and d) and the time independent term (e) (fig. 8.2). Whereas
the duality still is combined in the wave, it comes to light clearly for the vortices to again
be combined in the fourth case. Here arise however potentials and currents, which again
can react and oscillate with each other, for instance as L-C-resonant circuit in an electronic
circuit, with which the principle is repeated.
This principle is shown clearer for the phenomenon of the temperature as in all other
cases. If we start at the top in the picture in fig. 8.2 we have an electromagnetic wave,
which is absorbed and thus becomes a vortex. If the vortex falls apart, then eddy losses are
formed. We observe that the temperature rises and propagates in the well-known manner.
We have arrived in the bottom box, but this again can be taken as the top box for the now
following process, because the equation of heat conduction is a vortex equation of type c
or d! We discover a self-similarity:

8.3 Temperature
Following the atomic view, in the case of heat it concerns kinetic energy of the molecules,
which carry out more or less violent oscillations. In the case of gaseous materials with this
concept, basing on mechanical models, actually successful calculations are possible, like
for instance the speed distribution of gases won by Maxwell from theoretical considerations
concerning probability.
But the attempt to apply the formulas of the kinetic theory of gases to solids and liquids
only succeeds, if additional supplements and improvements are introduced. Since at all
events it concerns temperature, thus the same physical quantity, of course also an uniform
interpretation should be demanded, which in addition should stand in full accord to the
presented design of an integrated theory (TOE).
Against the background of the new theory of objectivity we consider, what happens, if for
instance the local field strength is increased by a flying past particle. The matter located at
this point is contracted for a short time. By coming closer to each other, the individual
elementary vortices mutually reinforce their field and are further compressed. Sometime
this process comes to a standstill, is reversed and swings back.
At the same time every single particle, which in this way carries out an oscillation of size,
has an effect on its neighbours with its field, to also stimulate these to the same oscillation,
but delayed by some time. This phenomenon spreads in all directions. The propagation
only will become stationary, if all neighbouring elementary vortices pulsate with the same
amplitude. It now should be recorded:
The oscillation of contraction of the elementary vortices we call temperature.
Also this thermodynamic state variable therefore is a result of the variable speed of light.
At the absolute zero of temperature no oscillation takes place anymore, whereas the upper
limit lies in infinity. Since the cause for temperature represents an oscillation of the local
electromagnetic field strength around the cosmic field strength, the following phenomena
must be considered as excitation and cause, as dictated by the fundamental field equation
5.7:
1. Electromagnetic waves (b) are able to stimulate matter particles to synchronous oscillations
of contraction by their alternating field. In doing so energy in form of heat is
transferred to the particles, with the result that their temperature is increased. The wave
is absorbed completely, if the thermal oscillation corresponds with the frequency of the
wave.
We speak of thermal radiation.
2. But also the two dual vortices, the eddy current (c) and the potential vortex (d) can
cause oscillations of contraction. This immediately becomes clear, if we consider a
vortex as the special case of the wave, in which the oscillation takes place around a
more or less stationary vortex centre. In the case of the decay of vortices, of the
transition of energy from vortices to matter, the increase in temperature is measurable.
In the case of this process of diffusion we speak of eddy losses and of loss heat.

Answers to open questions of thermodynamics:
1. Temperature occurs independent of the state in which the
matter is (unified theory).
2.Temperature even occurs in solids, where a purely kinetic
interpretation fails (unification).
3. Each elementary particle is carrier of a temperature.
4. Expansion with increasing temperature because of the
increasing need for room for larger amplitude of oscillation
(principle: bi-metal-thermometer).
5. For solids the thermal oscillation of size is primarily passed on
by the electrons in the atomic hull. Good electric conductors
therefore at the same time also have a high thermal conductivity.
(principle: electrical resistance thermometer).
6. For gases the entire atoms carry out this task, for which reason
a kinetic auxiliary description becomes applicable.
7. For extreme amplitudes of oscillation the atoms partly or entirely
lose their enveloping electrons, when they change into the
plasma state.
8.The second law of thermodynamics loses its claim to be
absolute and at best reads: with today's technology we are not
capable, to design a cyclic working machine, which does
nothing else, as to withdraw heat from a heat container and to
convert it into mechanical work.

3. Flying past particles, in particular unbound and free movable charge carriers (e)
produce an alternating field for other fixed particles. Doing so kinetic energy can be
transformed in temperature, thus in energy of pulsation. A good example is the inelastic
collision. But it can also be pointed to numerous chemical reactions. Whoever searches
for a concrete example, takes two objects in his hands and rubs them against one
another. In that case the particles which are at the frictional surfaces are being moved
past each other in very small distance, in this way causing oscillations of pulsation,
which propagate into the inside of the objects according to the thermal conductivity. We
speak of friction heat.
This model concept provides sound explanations for a whole number of open questions
(fig. 8.4), i.e. why the temperature occurs independent of the state (1) and even in solids,
where a purely kinetic interpretation fails (2). Every single elementary particle after all is
carrier of a temperature (3).
With increasing temperature most materials expand, because the need for room, purely
geometrically seen, increases for larger amplitude of oscillation (4). This principle is used
in the case of a bi-metal thermometer.
In the case of solids the thermal oscillation of size is passed on primarily by the electrons
in the atomic hull (5). Good electric conductors therefore at the same time also have a high
thermal conductivity. An example of an application is the electric resistance thermometer.
In the case of gases the entire atoms carry out this task, for which reason a kinetic theory
becomes applicable as an auxiliary description (6).
For extreme amplitudes of oscillation the atoms partly or entirely lose their enveloping
electrons, when they change into the plasma state (7).
Finally the model concept even limits the second law of thermodynamics, which contains
the postulate that it is impossible to design a cyclic working machine, which does nothing
else, as to withdraw heat from a heat container and to convert it into mechanical work (8).
8.4 Heat energy
The discussed oscillation of contraction shows two characteristic properties, which must
be looked at separately: the amplitude and the frequency.___________________________
Temperature describes solely the amplitude of the oscillation of size.
The heat energy however is determined by both,
by the amplitude as well as by the frequency.
Consequently the ideas of temperature and heat energy should be kept strictly apart. It
therefore isn't allowed to set this oscillation equal to the electromagnetic wave in tables of
frequency.
To be correct two tables should be given, one for the wave, characterized by a propagation
with the speed of light, and another one for oscillations of contraction, thus for stationary
phenomena and phenomena bound to matter. The latter indeed can likewise propagate
relatively fast by fluctuations of pressure in the case of acoustical sound frequencies or by
free movable charge carriers in the case of heat conduction, but the velocity of
propagation for sound or heat is as is well-known still considerably smaller than the speed
of light. Thus an assignment without doubts can be made as to which kind of oscillation it
concerns.

8.5 Sound
The close relationship of longitudinal sound waves with the oscillations of contraction of
thermally heated matter becomes particularly clear for ultrasound, where the arising heat
in the inside of the body which is exposed to sound can be measured directly. The fundamental
difference consists of the fact that the produced sound waves not only have the
same frequency, but also the same phase, what needs not be the case for the temperature.
The apparently uncoordinated occurring oscillations of size of the temperature, which as a
rule occupy more space if the intensity increases, form a "thermal noise".
The oscillation of size with the same phase is not realizable at all in a spatial formation of
particles, with one exception, the case that all particles expand and afterwards again
contract simultaneously and in the same time. We can observe such a synchronization of
the pulsation oscillations of all elementary vortices in the case of a pulsar. For us a pulsar
looks like a "lighthouse" in space which shines with a fixed frequency.
In reality it as well can concern a constantly shining sun, which carries out a synchronized,
thermal oscillation of size, like a gigantic low-frequency loudspeaker. During the phase of
contraction of the star its emitted light stays back. To us the pulsar looks dark. In addition
the field strength is extremely increased and the light becomes correspondingly slow.
During the phase of expansion the conditions are reversed and we observe a light flash.
Exactly the pulsar unambiguously confirms the here presented theory of the variable, field
dependent speed of light.
The well-known fact that the microcosm represents a copy of the macrocosm, already
suggests that each atom is capable of the same oscillation of size as a pulsar: if next to the
oscillating atom a resting one is placed, then does this one see a smaller field during the
phase of contraction because of the increasing distance. It hence becomes bigger itself. If
the pulsating neighbouring atom afterwards expands, it however becomes smaller. The at
first resting atom in this way becomes a "pulsar" oscillating with opposite phase.
The oscillating atom has stimulated the neighbouring atom as well to an oscillation of size,
and this process will be repeated with the closest neighbouring atom. We speak of heat
conduction.
To which extent the average distance between neighbouring atoms is influenced while a
material is heated, solely depends on the structure of the atomic lattice. For matter with a
fixed lattice according to expectation a smaller heat expansion will occur, as for the
unordered structure of gases, in which we find confirmed well-known relations.
In a for potential vortices characteristic property sound waves and thermal waves of
contraction correspond:

8.6 Basic principle of cybernetics
Surely can be attributed also information to the potential vortex. But how should information
be formed? Is information a form of energy? Energy occurs as a consequence of
the formation of potential vortices. Without this phenomenon there wouldn't be any
energy!
Can information be described by means of a mathematical equation?
To be able to answer these questions, we subject the fundamental field equation to a
control technical analysis. If it actually concerns a world equation, then an answers should
be possible.
We again take up Ampere's law 5.1* from fig. 5.1 and remodel it according to the time
derivative (5.1**). If the equation now is integrated over the time (5.1***), a signal flow
diagram can be drawn (fig. 8.6).
The structure of a regulatory circuit is clearly visible. The individual paragraphs are
described in an analogous way as for a technical control system. The execution of the curl
operation on the field pointer of the magnetic field strength H and the multiplication with
accordingly form an adaptation of driving factors. In the comparator the difference for
control from driving factor w and controlling factor x is formed and supplied to an
integral controller. The control path has a purely proportional behaviour and consists of
the processing of the measurement value of the electric field strength E with in which
describes the relaxation time of the eddy currents.
In technical control systems such a structure is found remarkably seldom, although it has
an invaluable advantage: it possesses a stability in principle. Not a single adjustment of
the controller exists, in which the closed regulatory circuit could become unstable,
because it shows a proportionally delaying behaviour of first order. Possible changes of
the adjustment of the controller or of the control path merely take effect on the speed, with
which the regulatory circuit is able to follow changes of the driving factor.
This control technical basic principle convinces by its simplicity and efficiency. It meets
us again in identical form in the second field equation 5.4*, the extended Faraday's law of
induction. In dual formulation the electric field strength now appears as input factor and
the magnetic field strength as output factor. Both regulatory circuits are coupled and
connected with each other, by deriving their driving factor each time from the controlling
factor of their dual partner. Is this structure actually efficient and meaningful?
Every regulatory circuit needs a target value, which is dictated from the outside. Let us
think of the numerous control systems in nature. At all events a higher intelligence would
be necessary for all the target values. This problematic is comparable to the question, what
existed first: the egg from which a hen hatches or the hen without which no eggs can exist.
Without a given target, evolution would not exist.
The connected regulatory circuit structure provides the matching answer: cybernetic
systems, which usually and as is well-known strive to a state of balance, get their target
value from their dual "partner". It is crucial that correspondingly dual systems are selfsufficient
and can form and develop independently out of themselves without target values
of a third side. This basic principle of cybernetics undoubtedly is brilliant.

8.7 Adaptive regulatory circuit structure
If out of the nowhere something like the cosmos or like life on earth should form, then the
connected regulatory circuit structure basing on duality probably is the only possible and
conceivable. Thus it merely concerns the control technical representation of the fundamental
field equation.
The question for the efficiency not only concerns the stability, but equally the possibility
of both systems, to oscillate and to communicate with each other by the coupling and the
associated exchange of information.
Fig. 8.7 shows the signal flow diagram of both regulatory circuits. These are switched in
line and form a coupled circuit, which itself can be interpreted as a third regulatory circuit.
Also this one shows a change of sign in the circuit like the other two circuits.
The information technical interpretation could turn out as follows: information about a
regulatory process in the lower regulatory circuit F11 caused for instance by a disturbance
is communicated over the coupled circuit to the upper regulatory circuit FJ2. In this case
F11 acts as transmitter and F12 as receiver of the information. Afterwards both exchange
their places, because F12 for its part reacts by a regulatory process and reports to F11. The
regulatory circuits adapt to each other. Obviously it concerns the basic structure of an
adaptive regulatory circuit.
To analyse the coupled circuit the examination of individual special cases is
recommended. If the regulatory circuits F11 and F12 are opened up in the way that the time
constants tau1 and tau2 go towards infinity, then the double integral effect is left. Analyses of
technical regulatory circuit teach us that such systems always tend to instability. Because
in addition the target value is zero, an oscillation around zero will arise, which we call
electromagnetic wave.
If one of both time constants becomes finite, e.g. then damping of the waves will occur.
The "subordinate" cascade regulatory circuit F12 will adjust itself and now has a proportional
delaying behaviour of first order. Together with the integral controller of the open
F11- circuit the coupled circuit will show the typical and more or less optimal regulatory
behaviour of a damped oscillation.
These special cases correspond with the mathematical (fig. 5.2) and the physical (fig. 5.3)
interpretation of the fundamental field equation. In addition a spatial rotation, a swirling
will occur because of the double execution of the curl operation.
If interpreted control technically then vortices are the temporally stable, spatial swing of a
field pointer around a centre, the vortex centre.
Without potential vortices no stability, no matter, no energy nor information would exist!
As can be looked up in Goethe's Faust, it always has been a desire of humanity, to find
out, "what keeps the world together in the heart of hearts".

8.8 Information
The search for an answer for numerous philosophers and physicists was tantamount to the
search for a world formula. Of course mustn't be forgotten that a formula only is a
mathematical description and never the physical reality itself. It is a mathematical tool in
the hand of a person and not the world or the cosmos itself, which he tries to understand.
What keeps the world together in the heart of hearts, has to be more than only a pure
apparatus of formulas. Actually the fundamental field equation tells us more. It reveals us
a basic principle basing on duality in which the dual partners mutually dictate target
values and goals. This principle convinces by its simplicity and efficiency. Apart from the
"self regulation" it obviously also has the fundamental possibility of a "self
organization" and the "generation of information". The field equations of the
hydromagnetic field thus are the starting-point for the formation not only of matter and
energy, but also of information. Accordingly holds:
Information is nothing but a structure of electromagnetic vortex fields!
This statement is new and to a large extent incompatible with the conception world of
Norbert Wiener, who goes as the founder of cybernetics. From N. Wiener stems the
sentence: "information is information, not matter and not energy".
We hold against it that obviously a fairly direct connection exists. We have worked out
that only the vortex can show a stable adaptive regulatory circuit structure. Only the
vortex and not the wave exists in two forms of formation dual to each other, and the
principle of duality again is the prerequisite for the formation of information, of self
organization and finally for the evolution. In fig. 8.8 well-known dual partnerships are
listed. From it follows in a consistent way that for the production of information without
exception the electromagnetic vortices should be considered.
But how can this so important duality occur, how can it form? This question is closely
associated with the question of the formation of vortices. The signal flow diagram (fig.
8.7) to that says that the dual regulatory circuits F1 and F2 can only exist by the coupled
circuit, which provides them the necessary target values and at the same time forwards the
respective information. In this way of the oscillations and the more or less damped wave
F1 and F2 communicate with each other.
The electromagnetic wave serves solely the
mediation of information and energy.
With that falls a central role upon the wave, so that vice versa is valid:
Without wave no vortices, no duality and
consequently no evolution can exist.
According to the to date state of knowledge the basic principle of cybernetics forms the
basis for matter and energy as well as for information. Since the wave can only serve the
transmission of information, the principle of duality and the vortex will function as
carriers of information. We are entitled, to speak of vortex information, this by no means
is characterized by special frequencies or modulations of frequencies. This is prevented by
the property of the vortices which allows them to change the frequency. On the other hand
various configurations of vortices are possible and numerous combinations and modulations
are conceivable.
If technical apparatus generate vortices, then they produce information. Here a serious
danger with regard to the environmental compatibility can not be excluded!

8.9 Philosophy of nature
Seen in the view of the philosophy of nature now two dual points of view are possible.
The optimistic one would be:
We and our environment on the one hand are a result of the cybernetic principle and on
the other hand of our observation point of view which should be valued relativistically.
If really everything should be electromagnetism, a phenomenon which can't be grasped
directly by humans, then the pessimist would come to the conclusion: everythins is
nothing. What we observe is nothins but a deception of the senses. Perhaps therefore
famous philosophers of antiquity, like Empedokles or Demokritos have ended their life in
the crater of the Etna. According to the theory of the atom of Demokritos (470 to 380
B.C.) the formation of matter, earth and celestial bodies will occur by means of formation
of vortices!
Empedokles (482 to 420 B.C.) was the first to develop a theory basing on four elements,
which was continued and improved by Plato (428 to 348 B.C.) and Aristotle (384 to 322
B.C.). Accordingly these elements are changeable into each other and mixable with each
other. From them all bodies are build up.
The terms "air, water, fire and earth", with which the philosophers have described the four
elements, are of course not identical with the ones in our translation and conception world,
but they were used in a philosophical sense as a substitute for the description of the
respective basic principle.
There also have been different approaches, to translate these terms differently, e.g. by an
assignment to the four states of matter (solid, liquid, gaseous, plasma). But the ancient
texts don't get easier to read in that way.
Fig. 8.9 shows the obvious assignment to the four building parts of the fundamental field
equation 5.7. It would be worth an attempt, to exchange the terms in the translations of
ancient texts and to translate air with wave, water with potential vortex and fire with eddy
current. The term earth has two sides, which should be translated with potential instead of
wood and current instead of metal.
Let's try the translation this way with the theory of Plato, by correspondingly translating
anew the talk of Timaios about the formation of the world. The perception of smell then is
described as follows: "...as the potential vortex turns into waves (or) the wave into
potential vortices, the smells are formed during this transition, and smells are smoke or
fog. But fog is the transition of waves into vortices, the transition of the vortex into waves
however smoke".
Plato here provides an indisputable and conclusive interpretation of the fundamental field
equation. In this equation the potential vortex acts as damping term in the wave equation,
what in the case of waves rolling up to vortices will show to the observer in the way that
the electromagnetic waves and therefore also the light will be damped. We say, the
visibility gets worse and speak of fog. If the damping phenomenon disappears again, as
the potential vortices break up, then Plato speaks of smoke.
Numerous ancient texts, which until now only could be "interpreted" philosophically, in
this way turn out to be a rational textbook description of natural scientific phenomena.
They anyway only get readable and understandable for the general public with the modern
technical terms.

7. Proof ,first telsa physics infomation for engineers

2007-09-05T18:12:00.000+01:00
Ample evidence is available for the correctness of the theory of objectivity. The field
dependent change in length is observed and used as magnetostriction or electrostriction.
If a ferromagnetic material, e.g. a nickel rod, is brought into an alternating magnetic field,
then field dependent longitudinal length oscillations are observed. In the same manner
barium titanate or quartz crystal oscillates in the electric field if a high-frequency
alternating voltage is applied.
A practical application forms the production of ultrasound.
In this chapter are, as already announced, the quantum properties of the elementary
particles calculated and in this way is furnished perhaps the most convincing proof for the
existence of potential vortices and for the correctness of the field-theoretical approach
and the theory which is based on it.
A special challenge represents the calculation of the particle mass. This mass stretches
from 207 electron masses of the myon over 1839 of the neutron into the order of
magnitude of 18513 electron masses (Y°). Doing so not only can be tested, if the
calculated values correspond with the measured ones. Also the gaps have to correspond,
i.e. where there doesn't exist a discrete mathematical solution also no particle should exist.
The fig. 7.0 standing on the left page anticipates the result and shows that even this strict
condition is fulfilled! The agreement of the calculated with the measured results is
excellent. If in individual cases small deviations become visible, we always have to bear in
mind that the measurements as a rule are analysed statistically and the results are falsified
if small particles creep in unrecognized. Particle physics nowadays has at its disposal
extremely precise gauges, but even here remaining errors can't be excluded.
Quantum physics is occupied with further taking apart the elementary particles into
hypothetic particles, the quarks, and to sort these according to properties and symmetries.
Seen strictly causal this procedure thus corresponds to the quantum physical approach.
We however have taken the field-theoretical approach, and this excludes the introduction
of hypothetic particles from the start. It should be our goal to derive and to explain the
quantum structure as a field property. Yes, we even want to calculate it, with which we
would have overtaken quantum physics in the scientific competition with one leap!
Strong support our approach has experienced by current experiments, in which matter was
transformed in electromagnetic waves - practically the reversal of the rolling up of waves
to vortices. To do so at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (David Pritchard and
others) sodium atoms were dematerialized in waves by lattice scattering. According to
Einstein one surely could have blown the whole M.I.T. in the air with the occurring mass
defect; but don't worry, no emission of energy whatsoever has been observed, entirely as
predicted by the vortex theory.

7.1 Elementary vortices
We had derived the electron and the positron as elementary vortices (fig. 4.3). Before we
can go in the calculation, we must gain a clear picture of the possible configurations of
vortices, which for reason of the derived properties are possible. For that we start with the
elementary vortex and afterwards we predict the behaviour of interaction which can be
expected.
Actually only one single particle is really elementary. According to the realizations of the
new theory it is an elementary vortex in the form of a sphere. Its size is determined by the
speed of light and this again by the local field strength; its stability is founded in the
concentration effect of the potential vortex. The whirling takes place everywhere with the
speed of light, even in the vortex centre, where all field lines run together, where the field
increases infinitely and the speed of light goes to zero. This last circumstance owes the
elementary vortex its localization.
We can attribute a charge to this vortex for reason of the field lines which on the outside
run towards infinity and which we can measure (fig. 4.3). This is the smallest indivisible
unit, the elementary charge e. Structure and course of the field lines suggest to understand
and to calculate the elementary vortex as a spherical capacitor. By basing on the classical
radius of the electron re given in fig. 6.3 the capacity according to equation 6.4 is
calculated to be:
(6.4*)
Here the theory of objectivity has provided us the realization that even for a change of the
radius of the electron the capacity remains unchanged constant (6.30), and this entirely
corresponds to our observation.
Between the hull of the elementary vortex, measured at the radius re, and its centre,
respectively also with regard to infinity, there exists according to equation 6.31 the tension
voltage of:
Ue = e/Ce = 511 kV (6.31*)
It as well is constant and independent of the size of the elementary vortex.
Since a different solution is refused, we'll have to assume that all elementary particles
consist of an integer multiple of elementary vortices. For that the amassing, like closely
packed tennis balls, or the overlapping of individual vortices in the form of shells, like in
the case of an onion (phenomenon of transport) can be considered.
The among each other occurring forces of attraction can be traced back to the fact that
every elementary vortex is compressed by the field of its neighbour as a consequence of
the field dependent speed of light. This field as a rule is for the small distances
considerably larger than the field on the outside. Therefore do compound elementary
particles not have the twofold or triple mass, but at once the 207-fold (myon) or the 1836-
fold (proton) mass. After all there is no other explanation for the fact that there don't exist
lighter particles (with a mass less than 207 electron masses)!
a. The electron-positron pair
b. . The e- - e+ pair for a small distance:
138 matter and anti-matter
139
7.2 Matter and anti-matter
For the amassing or overlapping of elementary vortices several cases must be distinguished,
because two inverse forms of formation are possible for the elementary vortex:
the negatively charged electron and the positively charged positron. Whereas in the case
of the electron the vortex produces a component of the electric field which points from the
inside to the outside, has the field in the case of the positron the opposite direction for
reason of a reversed swirl direction.
This statement can be generalized: if we consider the elementary particles from the
outside, then we assign the particles with a swirl direction identical to that of the electron
to the world of matter and call the particles with the opposite swirl direction anti-matter. It
now is strongly recommended, to take colours to hand, in order to optically clarify the
properties of vortices. The electron will be marked as a green sphere and the antiparticle,
the positron, as a red sphere.
If we now look into the world of matter, then appears our world of matter to us "green",
the world of anti-matter however "red". The uniform green colour of all the in our world
existing elementary particles however doesn't exclude that red anti-vortices can exist
hidden in the inside of the green vortices, where we can't discover them. But they must be
completely covered, otherwise a disastrous reaction occurs, the pair annihilation, as a
consequence of the oppositely directed property of the vortices which cancel out.
By means of the pair annihilation a dematerialization can occur, because every
elementary vortex keeps in its inside the same amount of energy with opposite sign and
the fusion of two inverse particles can result in a zero sum of the energy. The best known
example is the annihilation of an electron-positron pair under emission of radiation
discovered by Klemperer in 1934. In the upper representation (fig. 7.2a) the elementary
vortices still are symmetrical, but the outside field lines already are "bent" and linked
together in such a way that, with the exception of the ones in the direction of the axis, no
interaction takes place which can be measured.
The two particles for reason of the different charge approach each other quickly, and the
closer they are, the larger the mutual force of attraction becomes; a vicious circle, which
leads to the asymmetry shown in the lower sketch (fig. 7.2b) and only comes to rest, if
both particles have destroyed themselves mutually.
The electron and the positron had the same amount of, but oppositely directed swirl
activity, so that purely arithmetically seen a zero sum of the rest energy results. But it
should be paid attention to both particles having some kinetic energy on the occasion of
the relative motion to each other and if they rotate around their own axis also rotational
energy. An emission of annihilation radiation occurs, is the explanation of particle
physics.
With the knowledge of the photon (fig. 4.6) we can interpret the annihilation radiation as a
consequence of the phenomenon of transport. The faster and consequently smaller vortex,
for instance the green one, slips into the red one and sees the green inside, which is
compatible for it. Unfortunately it only can remain there, as long as it is smaller, thus is
faster, and therefore it shoots out on the other side again. Now the electromagnetic force
of attraction fully takes effect. It is slowed down and the red vortex correspondingly
accelerates. The process is reversed.
These around each other oscillating vortices, so we had derived, have a characteristic
frequency (colour), are polarizable and are moving forward with the speed of light as a
consequence of the open vortex centre. It therefore concerns the photon.
140 Positronium
Fig. 7.3: Theoretical final state of the positronium
= static -quant (photon).
proof ______________________________________________________________ 141
7.3 Positronium
But before the two elementary vortices, the electron and the positron, are annihilated
under emission of radiation, they will for a short time take a shell-shaped, a bound state, in
which one vortex overlaps the other.
Its formation we can imagine as follows: an electron, flying past a resting positron, is
cached by this for reason of the electromagnetic attraction and spirals on an elliptic path
towards the positron. In doing so its angular velocity increases considerably. It will be
pulled apart to a flat disc for reason of the high centrifugal forces, to eventually lay itself
around the positron as a closed shell.
Now the red positron sees the electron vortex so to speak "from the inside" and doing so it
sees as well red; because the green vortex has a red centre and vice versa! The result is the
in fig. 7.3 given configuration.
The number of field lines, which run from the red border of the positron in the direction of
the centre, is identical to the number, which point towards the green border of the electron.
Here already the same state has been reached as in the centre, which corresponds to the
state at infinity. That means that no field lines point from the green border to the outside;
seen from the outside the particle behaves electrically neutral. It doesn't show any
electromagnetic interaction with its surroundings.
If the particle were long-living, then it undoubtedly would be the lightest elementary
particle besides the electron; but without stabilizing influence from the outside the
positronium can't take the in fig. 7.3 shown state at all. The positron takes up the kinetic
energy which is released if the electron becomes a shell around it. But before the bound
state can arise, which would identify the positronium as an elementary particle, the equal
rights of both vortices comes to light. With the same right, with which the electron wants
to overlap the positron, it itself vice versa could also be overlapped.
If the stabilization of the one or the other state from the outside doesn't occur, then the
stated annihilation under emission of y-quanta is the unavoidable consequence (fig. 4.6).
142 dipol moment
Fig. 7.4: Two electrons with oppositely directed spin
proof 143
7.4 Dipole moment
As electrically charged spheres elementary vortices have a magnetic dipole moment along
their axis of rotation as a consequence of the rotation of their own (fig. 7.4). This is
measurable very precisely and for the most important elementary particles also known
quantitatively. In contrast to the angular momentum the magnetic moment can't be
constant according to the here presented theory. It should slightly change, if we increase
the field strength in the laboratory.
In a particle consisting of several elementary vortices the vortices mutually increase the
local field strength. Therefore we measure at the proton, which consists of three vortices,
not the triple, but only the 2,793-fold of the nuclear magneton which can be expected for
reason of its mass. Also the neutron has instead of the double only the 1,913-fold nuclear
magneton. The deviations therefore are explicable as a consequence of the surrounding
fields.
Prerequisite for this point are two other, still unanswered, key questions of quantum
physics:
XII: Why is measured for the proton approximately the triple of the magnetic dipole
moment which can be expected for reason of the charge?
XIII: Why does the neutron, as an uncharged particle, actually have a magnetic
moment?
These questions can only be brought to a conclusive answer, if we have derived the vortex
structures of the respective particles.
The elementary vortex, as a consequence of the spin along its axis, forms a magnetic north
pole and a south pole. Another possibility to interact with an external field or with other
particles is founded on this property. This shall be studied by means of two electrons.
which form an electron pair.
For reason of the equal charge the two electrons at first will repel each other. If they rotate
of their own they however will mutually contract, which, seen from the outside, is
interpreted as a force of attraction. And in addition will they align their axes of rotation
antiparallelly. While they now rotate in the opposite direction, a magnetic force of
attraction occurs.
As is shown in fig. 7.4, the magnetic dipole field in this way is compensated towards the
outside, as is clarified by the field line (H) with a closed course. Between both electrons a
space free of E-field stretches. If both vortices are a small distance apart they lay
themselves around this space like two half-shells of a sphere. A particle forms which seen
from the outside is magnetically neutral, but it carries the double elementary charge (fig.
7.4b).
The exceptional affinity is always restricted to two vortices of equal charge with an
opposite direction of rotation. Further vortices can't be integrated anymore and are
repelled. This property of vortices covers the quantum condition (Pauli's exclusion
principle) for the spin quantum number perfectly.
144 myon
Fig. 7.5: The mvon and the electric field E(x)
of the three elementary vortices
proof 145
7.5 Myon
We now have discussed all conceivable possibilities, which two elementary vortices can
form: the creation of a pair for like charge and the annihilation under emission of photons
via the formation of the positronium as an intermediate result for unequal charge. Next
another elementary vortex shall be added and all different possibilities and configurations
will be derived, which can be formed by amassing or overlapping.
The positronium can, as said, only take the in fig. 7.3 shown bound structure, if it is
stabilized from the outside. This task now a further electron shall take over. According to
the shell model the innermost elementary vortex an electron (e-), is overlapped by a
positron (e+) and that again overlapped by an electron (e-).
With an in the sum single negative charge, a completely symmetric structure as well as a
half-integer spin this particle will show a behaviour corresponding to a large extent to that
of the electron. Merely the mass will be considerably larger, because every vortex each
time compresses the other two.
It therefore concerns the myon which also is called "heavy electron". The myon
was discovered 1937 in the cosmic radiation (Anderson and others).
In fig. 7.5 are drawn above each other the shell-shaped structure of the myon and the
electric field E(x) of the three elementary vortices.
It is visible that merely in the proximity of the particle the actual course of the field
deviates from and is smaller, than the course which theoretically can be expected for a
single negatively charged body. The difference is marked by a hatching.
We now can tackle the calculation of the myon. For that the following considerations to
begin with are useful:
Mass is an auxiliary term founded in usefulness, which describes the influence of the
electromagnetic field on the speed of light and with that on the spatial extension of the
"point mass".
Without exception the local cosmic field Eo has an effect on a free and unbound
elementary vortex, thus on an individual e- or e+, and determines so its size and its mass.
But as long as we haven't determined this field strength, the calculation of its quantum
properties won't succeed.
Instead the masses of compound particles will be compared to each other, which are so
heavy that the field strength of the neighbouring vortices is predominant over the basic
field E0, so that a neglect of Eo seems to be allowed. The course of the calculation is made
for all elementary particles in the same manner, which is explained hereafter.
146 calculation of the vortex fields
Fig. 7.6: Calculation of the electric field strength E(r) of
the myon from its dependency on radius
proof 147
7.6 Calculation of the vortex fields
The tension voltage of an elementary vortex, like for a spherical capacitor, is determined
by integrating over the electric field strength from the inner radius ri up to the outer radius
ra:
(7.1)
For the electron (ri = 0 und ra = re) we already have carried out the integration and
determined the tension voltage to be 511 kV (equation 6.31 *).
Doing so we further had discovered that it won't change, if the radius r varies. Even for a
shell configuration, in which electrons and positrons alternately overlap, the approach is
valid:
U1 = U2 = U3 = U4 = ... = Un (7.2)
At a certain radius all elementary vortices show the same density of field lines and with
that also the identical field strength, so that we can solve the integral (7.1) for the each
time neighbouring vortex shells and can compare the results:
At the radius r1 with E(r1) = E1 the agreement, according to equation 7.1* (fig. 7.6), is
valid for the innermost and the overlapped vortex shell.
At the radius r2 with E(r2) = E2 the agreement according to equation 7.1** (fig. 7.6) is
valid analogously for the 2nd and 3rd shell.
If still more shells are present, then we can arbitrarily repeat this procedure. For the radius
of each shell we always obtain relation 7.3, which, related to the innermost radius,
provides the following simple expression for the individual radii:
r 2 = 2 * r 1 ; r3 = 3 • r1; ... ; rn = n * r1 (7.4)
From the comparison of the integration results 7.1* and 7.1** follows further that all
elementary vortices produce the same field strength:
E1 = E2 = E3 = ... = En (7.5)
We infer from the transformation table (fig. 6.18, eq. 6.27) that the field strengths E and H
decrease with 1/r. In fig. 7.5 the decrease of the fields with 1/r is shown. Up to the radius
r, the field of the innermost vortex E1 has worn off to the value E31 = - E1 • (r1/r3).
This field is overlapped by E32 = E2 * (r2/r3) as well as the cosmic basic field Eo:
E(r3) = E31+ E32+ E0 = E1 • (r2 - r1)/r3 + Eo (7.6)
The local basic field Eo is not known, but it is very small with regard to the field of the
neighbouring vortex shells, so that a neglect seems to be allowed.
From equation (7.6) in this way follows with the radius relation (7.4):
(7.7)
For the shell-shaped configuration of the myon (fig. 7.5) relation (7.7) indicates, which
field the outside vortex shell is exposed to. From this can already be seen, how much it is
compressed thanks to the field dependent speed of light and how much its mass as a
consequence is increased.
148 calculation of the proton
Structure of the proton p+:
Calculation:
structure consisting of two shells, inner vortices with 2 • E1,
field strength at the outer radius r2:
E ( r 2 ) = 2 * E2 1 = 2 * E 1 ( r 1 / r 2 ) = E1 (7.8)
Comparison of p+ (7.8) with u- (7.7) (ze = number of the elementary
vortices being involved with)
in building up the structure, here each time ze = 3):
Comparison of the radii with E ~ l / r (6.27)
(7.9)
Theory of objectivity (fig. 6.18): m~l/r2 (6.34)
(7.10)
mp/me = 9 * (mu/me) = 9 * 207 = 1863 (7.11)
Measurement value, proton mass: mp = 1836 • me
Resp.:
measurement value myon mass mu = 207 * me
myon calculated value: mp = 204 * me. (error = 1,5% )
Since we, by using this calculation method, for the first time succeeded
in deriving the mass of an elementary particle from that of another
particle, the particle mass isn't a constant of nature anymore!
Fig. 7.7: Calculation of the proton
proof________________________________________________________________ 149
7.7 Calculation of the proton
If we again remember the affinity of two elementary vortices, which rotate with opposite
spin. They align their axis of rotation antiparallel and form a very probable, but not
particularly tight bound pair (fig. 7.4).
If we this time start with a positron pair, then does this pair have a double positive
elementary charge. The two e+ hence exert a particularly big force of attraction on
electrons flying past them. If they have cached one and put it round as a shell, like a coat,
then they will never again give it back! To again remove the electron, a triple positive
charge would be necessary. But such a particle can't exist at all. The new particle
therefore has an absolute stability and a very big mass, because the positron pair is
considerably compressed by its outer shell. The total charge is single positive. With these
properties it actually only can concern the proton. Its structure is shown in fig. 7.7.
We can start from the assumption that both positrons are very close together in the inside
and thus each forms the half of a sphere. For the calculation of the proton mass we then
can assume as an approximation a structure of two shells, in which the inner vortex will
have the double charge and the double field (2 * E1). With equation 7.4 the field strength at
the outer radius r2 is:
E(r2) = 2*E21 = 2*E1*(r1/r2) = E1 (7.8)
If we want to compare the results of the p+ (7.8) and the (7.7), then it should be
considered that the field of the innermost elementary vortex E1 only is equal, if the number
ze of the elementary vortices involved in building up the particle is identical. Here with
each time ze = 3 this is the case. Because of equation 6.27 (E, H ~ 1/r) now also the radii
are comparable:
(7.9)
The mass of a particle first is determined by the number of the elementary vortices ze.
According to the theory of objectivity (fig. 6.18) however also the radius has an influence
on the mass: m ~ 1/r2 (6.34)
This proportionality should be applied to the - comparison.
(7.10)
The calculation provides a nine times bigger mass for the proton with regard to the mass
of the myon. Therefore the mass of the proton related to the mass of the electron is:
mp/me = 9* = 9*207 = 1863 (7.11)
It would be favourable, to start from the with measuring techniques determined value for
the mass of the proton mp/me = 1836 and calculate backwards the related mass of the
myon.
Then we obtain 204 as the calculated value instead of the measurement value =
207.
The reason for the deviation of 1.5 percent is caused by the neglect of the cosmic field Eo
with regard to the field of the neighbouring elementary vortex. This neglect takes very
much less effect for the relatively heavy proton than for the light myon.
The cosmic field therefore will compress the myon more strongly and increase the mass
more strongly as is calculated here, in agreement with the measurement results.
Summarizing: since we, by using this calculation method, for the first time succeeded in
deriving the mass of an elementary particle from that of another particle, the particle
mass isn't a constant of nature anymore!
150 ,,strong interaction"
Fig. 7.8: The proton and the electric field of the three
elementary vortices in x-, y- and z-direction
proof 151
7.8 "Strong interaction"
A central question of nuclear physics concerns the forces which keep the atomic nucleus,
which consists of many neutrons and protons, together and give it its very good stability in
spite of the like positive charge (key question XIV fig. 7.13).
According to today's textbook opinion (course of the field indicated with a in fig. 7.8) the
forces of repulsion between the individual protons increase further as the distance gets
smaller, to obtain immense values within the nucleus. They theoretically had to be
overcome by new and unknown nuclear forces. Therefore physicists assume the
hypothesis of a "strong interaction". But they are mistaken.
The answer to this open question is provided by the course of the field (b) for the proton,
sketched in fig. 7.8. We see that the electric field at first indeed still increases if we
approach the proton, but in the proximity it contrary to all expectations decreases again
until it is zero. With that then also any force of repulsion has vanished! But the course of
the field follows without compulsion from the overlap of the three individual elementary
vortex fields.
The field direction in the z-direction even is reversed! In this topsy-turvy world, in theory,
an electromagnetic force of attraction between two like charged protons can occur. We
conclude:
A strong interaction doesn't exist at all. The usually given values for "range" and
"strength" just represent a misinterpretation. The hatched drawn area marks the difference
which is misinterpreted by quantum physics. The model concept over and above that
answers another mysterious property of the proton. As an electrically charged particle with
a spin it first of all should form a magnetic moment for reason of the rotating charge. But
until now the measurable order of magnitude couldn't be explained.
7.9 Magnetic moment of the proton
If the inner positrons rotate around each other with oppositely pointing spin, then the
magnetic field line is already closed within the particle and no effect in x- or y-direction is
observable from the outside.
As pair they however still can rotate together around the z-axis and they'll do that. The
overlapping electron for reason of its rotation of its own will likewise build up a magnetic
dipole moment along its axis of rotation. It also will align its axis in the z-direction, so that
now all three elementary vortices have one field axis. Being comparable to individually
"elementary magnets" aligned in the same direction they produce a triple magnetic
moment (key question XII fig. 7.13).
If we namely would start with a single positively charged body according to the theory of
quantum mechanics, then we would have expected the value of the nuclear magneton pm
as the magnetic moment for the proton pm = . Opposite to that provide
experiments with protons the approx. threefold value as already predictable by the new
vortex theory. In addition does the direction of the vector pmp correspond with the spinaxis,
so as if the proton were negatively charged. The reason for that is that only the
outermost elementary vortex determines the spin of the particle, and that is actually a
negatively charged electron! Also this excellent agreement in the case of the proton can be
judged as proof for the correctness of the vortex model.
: The nuclear magneton has the value of: pmk = 5,0508 • 10-27 Am2
152 structure of the neutron
Fig. 7.10: The neutron with magnetic dipole field H
proof 153
7.10 Structure of the neutron
Until now could not be solved, why despite its missing charge also the neutron n° has a
magnetic moment. The experimentally determined value is approx. the double of the
nuclear magneton. Further was with measuring techniques an only 0,14% bigger mass
with regard to the proton determined. The difference is approximately two and a half
electron masses. And how reads the answer in the view of the potential vortex theory?
It is obvious that a positively charged proton and a negatively charged electron mutually
attract and amass together (fig. 7.10a). A pair annihilation can't occur, because the
electron, which jackets both positrons, prevents this. The formation of an outer shell is not
permitted by the high stability of the proton. It would have to be a positron shell, which
instead of neutrality would produce a double positive charge. Conceivable is however the
configuration, in which one of the two e+ of the proton takes up the e- in its inside and
overlaps it (fig. 7.10b).
At first appears the amassing of p+ and e- to be the obvious answer to the structure of the
neutron also in view of the small increase in mass. Since both elementary particles (p+ and
e-) have a spin, will they align their axes of rotation antiparallelly and rotate against one
another, exactly like an electron pair. But we now have unequal conditions: the proton
brings the triple magnetic moment, the electron however only the single, and its field line
will be closed by the proton. The difference which remains is the measurable double
nuclear magneton, with which key question XIII (fig. 7.13) would be answered
exhaustively.
This structure is shown in fig. 7.10a and has as rest mass the by only one electron mass
increased proton mass, but it will deviate from this value, when the unequal partner come
closer. Doing so the electron will be more strongly compressed by the heavier proton as
vice versa.
Mass, magnetic moment and charge thus correspond to a large extent with the
measurement values. Problems are seen concerning the spin and the stability.
Set of problems concerning spin: both the e- and the p+ have a half-integer spin, for which
reason this configuration should have an integer spin.
Set of problems concerning stability: the neutron decays as is well-known in a p+ and an
e- , but this object should be shorter-lived as determined by experiments. If namely the
partner come each other very close, then the field strength of the p+, contrary to
expectation, doesn't increase but decreases, as is shown in fig. 7.8. The e- therefore can
only be bound very, very loosely; in z-direction it even will be repelled!
For these reasons is the open structure, which is shown in fig. 7.10a, not feasible as an
isolated elementary particle, but only in a spatially extended network, like it is present in
an atomic nucleus. In this case the neutron is, as is well-known, lighter by the mass defect,
which is interpreted as binding energy.
Possibly it only concerns an intermediate stage. The heavier final product of the n° then
could look like is shown in fig. 7.10b. For this version the line of the magnetic field
already is closed partly within the particle, so that also here the approx. double nuclear
magneton remains as a rest with a sense of orientation, as if the neutron were negatively
charged.
Without charge and with the 1/2 spin it in this configuration fulfils all important quantum
properties of the neutron, even that of the stability.
154 calculation of the neutron
the field of the e-: E31(-) = - E1 (r1/r3),
the field of the e+: E32 = E2 (r2/r3) = E1 (r2/r3)
and in addition the e+: E3 1 = E1 (r1/r3).
With the radius relation (eq. 7.4): r2 = 2*r1 und r3 = 3* r1
The total field is:
(7.12)
With zen = 4 elementary vortices
(7.13)
n0 is 12,5% bigger than p±
(7.14)
n0 is 5% heavier than p±
Fig. 7.11: Calculation of the mass of the neutron
proof 155
7.11 Calculation of the neutron
The calculation of the mass for the structure of the neutron according to fig. 7.10b has still
remained open.
Because in this book for the first time has been shown, how the mass can be calculated, if
the particles are understood as potential vortices, we also in this case again want to make
use of this possibility.
We have, like for the a structure of three shells with the radii r1, r2 and r3. At the outer
radius r3 the fields of the elementary vortices on the inside have an effect on the electron
On the outside: like is the case for the
the field of the e-: E31
(-) = -E1(r1/r3),
the field of the e+: E32 = E2 (r2/r3) = E1 (r2/r3)
and in addition the e+: E31 = E1 (r1/r3).
The total field is, with the radius relation equation 7.4:
(7.12)
If we compare the neutron, in which now ze = 4 elementary vortices are involved, with
the proton:
(7.13)
then we infer from the arithmetically determined result that the neutron according to the
radius is 12,5% bigger than the proton. The mass is calculated to:
(7.14)
The particle therefore has a mass which is 5% larger than for the proton, slightly more as
has been measured for the neutron. The difference is acceptable. The particle after all is
structured very asymmetrically, in which the reason is to be seen, why the uncharged
particle, looked at from close up, nevertheless shows an observable charge distribution.
156 beta-decay
Fig. 7.12: The electron-neutrino as a ring-like vortex
proof 157
7.12
In the case of the calculated quasistable particles, the and the n°, the verification by
means of the well-known decay processes is still due. Also free neutrons, those which are
not bound in an atomic nucleus, decay. But with an average life of 918 seconds they are
by far the longest living among the quasistable elementary particles.
Should the neutron decay be triggered by neutrinos, then obviously a distant flying past
does not suffice. For that the electron is bound in the proton too tight. There probably has
to occur a direct "crash", in which a neutrino is used, since the decay equation reads:
(7.15)
As could be expected a proton p+, an electron e- and the mentioned electron-antineutrino
are formed. What here is written down as the emission of an antiparticle, is equivalent
in the absorption of the particle, in this case of the neutrino. The reaction equation 7.15
can be reformulated accordingly:
(7.15*)
Also for the decay of the myon an electron-neutrino is used. In both cases it provides the
energy necessary for the decay. But we can really understand the only, after we
have got to know these particles better.
Without charge and without mass neutrinos show hardly any interactions with matter and
as a consequence they possess the enormous ability of penetration - as is well-known.
They are said to participate in the ,,weak interaction", which should trigger a conversion of
the concerned particles, which is their decay. Pauli already has postulated the neutrino
1930 theoretically, because the transition from a half-integer spin to an integer spin for the
n0 -decay otherwise wouldn't have been explicable.
If we imagine an elementary vortex is being born, but the local field strength and energy
isn't sufficient for obtaining a quantized state. The result is an incomplete potential vortex,
which has an open vortex centre and as a consequence shows no localization at all. In the
form of a vortex ring it oscillates around itself, while it continually turns its inside to the
outside and then again to the inside.
One moment the vortex ring is green, then it is red again, one moment matter, then antimatter,
one moment positively charged and the next moment negatively charged. In
contrast to the photon the number of the involved elementary vortices ze for the neutrino is
odd (for the = 1). Perpendicular to the direction of propagation the neutrino has a spin
for reason of a rotation, which overlaps the pulsating oscillation.
This vortex ring is, as said, not a member of stationary matter, because it doesn't form a
"black hole" in its centre, where the speed of light becomes zero. But it has an absolute
stability like every elementary vortex, even if it only occurs incomplete and hence not in
any quantized form,. This concept of the electron-neutrino as an open oscillating
elementary vortex in the form of a ring-like vortex covers the experimentally determined
realizations unexpectedly well.
: Kussner, H.G.: Grundlagen einer einheitlichen Theorie der physikalischen
Teilchen und Felder, Musterschmidt, Gottingen 1976, S.155
158 "weak interaction"
A strong interaction doesn't exist. The electric field in
the proximity of the proton goes to zero within the range
which is determined with measuring techniques.
A weak interaction doesn't exist. That interaction only
is a special case of the electromagnetic interaction
which appears in a weakened form. ________________
XII: Why does the proton have approximately 3
times the magnetic moment which can be
expected for reason of the only single charge?
(3 elementary vortices)
XIII: Why does the neutron as an uncharged
particle anyway have a magnetic moment?
(Structure of the n°)
XIV: What owes the atomic nucleus, which consists
of like charges, its stability?
(Course of the field of the p+, instead of "strong interaction")
XV: Why does the free neutron decay, although it
is stable as a particle of the nucleus? _________
(Interaction with neutrinos)
XVI: Why do neutrinos nevertheless participate in
the "weak interaction", although they have no
mass and no charge? ________________________
(Oscillating charge)
XVII: How can be given reasons for the finite range
______of the "weak interaction"?
(Reaction cross-section for particle decay)
Fig. 7.13: Further key questions of quantum physics
(Continuation of figures 4.4 and 6.13)
proof 159
7.13 "Weak interaction"
Let's now look again at the -decay of the neutron, in which a neutrino is used. But this
by no means will be a process of the weak interaction. Instead will neutrinos, contrary to
the textbook opinion, participate in the electromagnetic interaction. They after all are one
moment positively charged and the next moment negatively charged. With slow-acting
gauges this it is true can't be proven, because the interaction is zero on the average. But
this charged oscillating vortex ring can exert a considerable effect while approaching a
neutron, which is based solely on the electromagnetic interaction.
The neutron is stimulated to synchronous oscillations of its own by the high-frequency
alternating field of the neutrino, until it in the case of the collision releases the bound
electron, which takes up the energy provided by the neutrino and transports it away. The
interaction obviously is only very weak due to the oscillation. But a physical
independency of it has to be disputed.
The finite range, which is given in this context, indicates the reaction cross-section around
the n°-particle, within which the "crash" and as a consequence the -decay occurs. This
range is considerable larger as the particle itself. The electromagnetic interaction for such
small distances after all is so violent, even if it only occurs in pulses, that the neutrino is
thrown out of its path and can fly directly towards the neutron.
Perhaps we now understand also the -decay of the myon. It actually were to be expected
that without outside disturbance an absolute stability could exist because of the ideal
symmetry of the On our planet we however are in every second bombarded with
approx. 66 milliard (billion) neutrinos per cm2 . Obviously it takes 2,2 on the average
till a neutrino flies past a myon so close that it decays. In doing so it stimulates the
outside elementary vortex to violent oscillations by trying to synchronize it. In this case
the electron-neutrino carries away with it the two outer, and therefore weaker bound,
elementary vortices of the myon, which meanwhile are oscillating synchronously. The
innermost vortex, an electron e-, is left behind. The decay of the myon which takes place
with a probability of almost 100 % reads:
(7.16)
Thus a different neutrino is formed which can be distinguished from the ve and is
called myon-neutrino since it forms from the Actually it even has a similar structure of
three shells, as is shown in fig. 7.5. But the vortex centre is open and the particle isn't
stationary anymore. In the picture now only a momentarily state is shown, in which the
appears green on the outside and red in its open centre. As already for the oscillates also
here the inside to the outside and vice versa, this time merely as a packet of three shells, so
that also this particle shows all the typical neutrino properties discussed for the example of
the
The for potential vortices typical and already discussed phenomenon of transport here has
an effect. In particular in connexion with vortex rings this property is known from
hydrodynamics. It thus can be observed, how vortex rings bind matter and carry away with
them. Because the neutrino is not quantized, it neither is restricted with regard to its ability
to transport elementary vortices. Consequently even bigger configurations are
conceivable, like configurations of 5 shells, 7 shells etc..
: "Zeugen aus der Sonne", VDI-Nachrichten Nr. 45 vom 9.11.90, Seite 26
160 tau particle
Fig. 7.14: Tau-neutrino and tau particle
161
7.14 Tau particle
In the table of the leptons after the e- and the as the next particle the tau particle is
found with its accompanying neutrino The obvious solution for the tau particle is the
structure of five shells, as is shown in fig. 7.14a. With that the electron would have
another particularly heavy relative with otherwise very similar properties.
For the myon the neutrino was stable, the particle itself however instable. We after all
huve explained the particle decay as a consequence of an outside disturbance, and
disturbances always are based on interactions. Correspondingly should, with the small
possibility for an interaction, also the neutrino of the tau particle have a better stability
than the particle itself.
Without doubt this structure of 5 shells fulfils all known quantum properties like spin,
charge etc. Merely the check of the mass is still due. This we now want to calculate for the
structure shown in fig. 7.14a.
(7.17)
(7.17*)
But the for the tau particle measured value is considerable higher!
Even if this structure is the only possible in the case of the neutrino for reason of the
complete symmetry, will the tau particle however change its structure by itself if another
structure exists, which is more stable, thus in which the particle can take a bigger mass.
Such a maximum provides the structure shown in fig. 7.14b after checking all possible
configurations with five elementary vortices:
(7.18)
(7.18*)
This value now lies 8% above the measurement values. It would be obvious, if unbound
tau particles predominantly would take the structure shown in fig. 7.14b. The remaining
error becomes explicable, if a very small number of tau particles in the lighter structure
according to fig. 7.14a are involved with a correspondingly smaller probability.
The enormous variety of kinds of decay, and not a single one of the dominating ones has a
probability of over 50%, makes it more difficult for us, to be able to directly infer the
inner structure of a particle from the decay products. It nevertheless should be mentioned
that after all 35% of all decays take place by taking up and using a neutrino or
entirely in accordance with the model of the myon decay (equation 7.16).
162 pions
7.15 Table of vortices of the calculated leptons and mesons
compared with measurement values (Part 1).
proof 163
7.l5 Pions
Unlike the leptons, which we could derive and calculate fairly completely, the mesons
don't have a half-integer spin. With this characteristic property they therefore can't
represent an individually overlapped elementary particle and they probably will consist of
the amassing in pairs of individual configurations of potential vortices. This kind of bond
can't be particularly tight. Consequently we don't know any stable mesons.
The most important basic building part of the mesons we have got to know over the
positronium in fig. 7.3. It necessarily has to amass to another particle, otherwise it
annihilates under emission of a -quanta, as already mentioned. This particle, as it will
be named here, has the mass of:
(7.19)
which only can be determined arithmetically. As a partner, to which the -particle can
amass, first of all another -particle should be considered. Because both partner will
rotate against one another, this new particle would not have a spin and moreover would be
uncharged. The mass now would be twice as big with:
(7.19*)
But the two -particles will come very close together and mutually feel the local, in the
same direction orientated, distribution of the field, which will lead to a weakening of the
field and as a consequence to a slight reduction of the mass.
With these properties it probably concerns the uncharged pion This model concept
finds an excellent confirmation in the two possible kinds of decay, which can be regarded
as equivalent:
with a probability of 99%
and
with a probability of 1%
Also in the case of the charged pion the observable decay offers a big help, which will
take place with a frequency of almost 100 %:
The equation doesn't state anything about the fact, if a neutrino ve is used in the process.
But it points at the circumstance that the partner of the -particle for the most likely is
a myon The mass will be smaller than the sum of both building parts:
(204+136) * me = 340 * me.
164 table of vortices of the mesons
Some compound configurations
Fig. 7.16: Table of vortices of the calculated leptons and
mesons compared with measurement values (Part 2).
proof 165
7.16 Table of vortices of the mesons
The numerous kinds of decay for K-mesons suggest that these strange particles will
consist of various combinations of amassed together and in pairs rotating and
particles. The possibilities of combination now already have increased in such a way that
for every kaon and other mesons several solutions can be proposed. To avoid unfounded
speculations, only a few clues will be given.
Besides the -particles also heavier arrangements should be considered as partner for the
spin and as a building part for kaons and other mesons.
If for instance a is overlapped by a then this particle has an arithmetically
determined mass of 918 me. It therefore can concern a building part of the uncharged kaon
The likewise with three formed configuration of 6 shells however, if it actually would
staystable for the duration of a measurement, would have the mass of 3672 electron
masses.
A very much better detectability must be attributed to the configuration of 4 shells which
consists of two so to speak a heavy relative of the and the It among others should
be able to decay like a With this property and with an arithmetically determined mass
of 1088 me it actually only can concern the meson. Solely according to the numeric
value the -meson could also consist of four mesons; but the decay in only two light
quants speaks against it.
The kaon-puzzle in addition is made more difficult by the spontaneously possible ability
to change of the involved -particles during a process of decay, as is made clear by the
numerous kinds of decay. These dependent pion halves can be "swallowed" or "spit out"
by neutrinos in the process, they can form from incident light or be emitted as photons and
eventually they even can break up in their individual parts.
In fig. 7.16 the possible configurations of potential vortices are sketched and the
respective, according to the new theory calculated, mass is given. If above that the other
decay products and quantum properties, which can be given for the vortex structures, are
added, like e.g. charge, spin and if need be magnetic moment, then an assignment without
doubts to the until now only from measurements known elementary particles is possible.
In order to better be able to assess the efficiency of the potential vortex theory, the
measurement values are compared to the calculated values.
Some terms are put in brackets, because it can be assumed that the calculated part only
concerns the dominating part, to which further or other small configurations of vortices
will amass for reason of its high mass. Correspondingly should the mass in that case be
corrected slightly.
: It could e.g. concern the D°-meson.
166 table of vortices of the Baryons
Fig. 7.17: Table of vortices used for the calculation of the
most
important barvons with suggestions for the structure
(Part 3).
proof 167
7.17 Table of vortices of the baryons
The number of possibilities of combination quickly increases, if only a few elementary
vortices extend the structure of a particle. This probably is the reason for the large number
of observable hyperons, which recently have been produced artificially and observed with
the help of particle accelerators.
Both the neutron and the lambda particle can exist in a lighter and a heavier variant. At the
moment of the decay, as it for instance is observed in a bubble chamber, according to
expectation the state with the smaller mass takes the bigger probability. But in the
amassing with further particles as building part of bigger and heavier hyperons the heavier
structure is more likely. This circumstance should be considered in calculating the mass of
the hyperons.
In figures 7.17 and 7.18 the most important baryons are listed, which are characterised in
the way that one of the amassed together packets of vortices is a nucleon, thus a proton or
a neutron.
The given, from measurements known, kinds of decay are able to confirm the inner
structure pretty good. Of course an infinitely lot of combinations are conceivable and
numerous predictions are possible. But speculations are unnecessary from the time on
where we are able to calculate the particles!
The restriction to the few in the table listed particles seeming to be important hence
doesn't limit the universal importance of the theory of objectivity in any way!
168 unified theory
Fig. 7.18: Table of vortices used for the calculation of the
most
important baryons with suggestions for the structure
(Part 4).

6.Theory of objectivity ,first telsa physics infomation for engineers

2007-09-05T18:06:00.000+01:00
6.1 Proof
A new theory only has chances on acknowledgment if it is provable. For that physical
phenomena in the sense of the new theory are calculated and independently of this
experiments are being carried out. If the calculations are confirmed by reproducible
measurement results, then with that the correctness of the approach is proven.
In the here presented case we have chosen the field-theoretical approach instead of the
usual quantum physical approach. As a consequence of this we had found as a new
phenomenon the vortex of the electric field. With regard to the normally used Maxwell
theory this resulted in changed field equations in a dual formulation. If both equations,
each of which describes a source-free vortex field, are inserted into each other the result is
an only in time and space formulated, generally valid and hence fundamental field
equation (5.7, fig. 5.1).
This equation has many special cases; one of them, the Schrodinger equation, could be
derived by using an approach which was harmonic in time. We renounced to give special
solutions of the Schrodinger equation, because these are printed in numerous text books.
On the other hand experiments are known, which are capable to confirm the theoretical
solutions and thus to prove the Schrodinger equation. The eigenvalues of the equation
describe for instance the shell-shaped structure of the atoms with the by Niels Bohr given
radii.
Now this already proven equation was derived from the new field-theoretical approach.
Thus for the special case, the area where the Schrodinger equation is valid, the new theory
can be said to be proven (fig. 6.1).
We still are not content with that and put another stone on top: we will calculate the
quantum properties of the elementary particles for ourselves. These until now have only
been measured. Today is merely sought for symmetries and for models of explanation, like
e.g. the quark-hypothesis. From a calculation science is miles and miles away. We will
compare the calculation results with the measurement values. Then everyone can check
and compare for him or herself.
The conditions in an elementary particle are completely different. Here it concerns the
vortex itself, whereas the model of the atom merely describes vortex properties, so-called
actions at a distance. The differences in size and distances for an atom lie more than five
powers of ten over those of a particle!
Here a new problem of causality comes to light, at which we now must have a critical
look: the question of the by Einstein postulated constancy and universality of the speed of
light. Seen from a relativistic and subjective point of view of an observer, Einstein by all
means may be right. But may such a theory be generalized? How are the measurements
concerning the speed of light and the relativity of space and time to be judged when
looking at them objectively?
The current measurements of speeds faster than light speak a clear language and represent
a challenge (fig. 3.1, violation of the principle of causality no. 5).

6.2 Law of conservation of energy
Let the starting-point for our considerations be the electromagnetic wave in a particle-free
vacuum. Here no vortices appear, so that the plane wave can propagate undamped with the
speed of light, and in this way a transport of energy takes place. Electric and magnetic
energy each are the same magnitude.
Let's now imagine the symmetry is disturbed as the wave is "slowed down" on one side.
As a possible result the wave rolls up to a spherical vortex.
As we will see such a process is possible, for instance at impact on a strong field. Thus
part of the energy is bound in the inside. This part from now on withdraws itself from
every possibility to measure it. We can only measure the second part of the field energy,
with which the particle interacts with its neighbourhood.
We c an assume that: _______________________________________________________
The amount of energy bound in the inside of the particle is identical with the free and
measurable amount of energy on the outside of the particle.
The same energy We = 0,51 MeV, we attribute to the electron for reason of its mass with
the help of the Einstein relation (6.1), is also bound in its inside. This conclusion is also
applicable to other elementary particles and with that to all matter.
We here again recognize the principle of the duality between the to the outside striving
eddy current in the inside of the elementary vortex and the concentrating potential vortex
on the outside. Thus also seen energetically both are of the same magnitude.
Whereas in the case of the electromagnetic wave it concerns a symmetrical oscillation
around "zero", by the process of quantization, by the rolling up to a spherical vortex, there
forms an energetic state of space different from zero. The order of magnitude is
determined by the number of elementary vortices, of which the particles and all matter
consist.
Anti-matter forms the opposite energetic state and this again is for the particles of matter
available in their inside in a bound form.
As long as we do not artificially produce new elementary vortices and thus keep the
number of available vortices constant, the energetic state will not change, or as it is
formulated in text books: _____________________________________________________
In an isolated system the sum of the energy is constant.
THE law of conservation of energy is not an axiom, but follows without compulsion from
the vortex theory. It is not elementary, but a consistently derivable consequence of the
field-theoretical approach, according to which solely the field acts as cause for all other
physical phenomena, also for the conservation of energy! Because the cause of it is the
electromagnetic field, the following has to hold: ______________________________
Energy is a state description of electromagnetism.
Now we finally can explain why energy can be converted. Different forms of energy only
are different forms of formation of the same phenomenon!
Of course this statement of the field-theoretical approach does not yet explain what, for
instance, the temperature has to do with electromagnetism. I ask for some patience; no
question will be left unanswered.

6.3 Radius of the electron
For the crucial process, in which the electromagnetic wave rolls up to a vortex, it is for
reasons of continuity to be expected that the velocity of propagation remains equal that
thus for the vortex oscillation exactly like for the electromagnetic wave the speed of light
is determining. The direction of propagation in the case of the vortex takes place
perpcndicular to the in fig. 6.2 shown field direction of the electric field strength. Not even
in that both field-phenomena differ.
Summarizing: the propagation takes place with the speed of light c along a circular path
with the perimeter Therefore holds:
(6.2)
According to this equation the radius and with that the size of the electron is determined
by the speed of light. Therefore the question of the size of the electron is raised.
The energy interpretation predicts that for the theoretical case of a change of size the
energy density in the inside of the particle is influenced that however the quantity of the
included energy remains unchanged. We therefore can further proceed from the
assumption that the bound amount of energy is independent of the size of the particle!
Consequently for the elementary quantum the energy We = 0,51 MeV is assumed, which it
has acccording to the Einstein relation We = mec2. For the electron of mass me the with
measuring techniques determined value is inserted.
The spherical electrode of a spherical capacitor with the above given energy We
(according to eq. 6.1) and the capacity Ce (according to equation 6.4, fig. 6.3) represents a
very realistic model of the negatively charged particle.
In this manner the classical radius of the electron is calculated to be: re = 2,82*10 -15 m.
But in the case of Kuchling it only is half this size, what according to equation 6.2
would mean that in the case of Kuchling the light would be on the way only half this
fast . Therefore if one is careful, one prefers to be silent concerning this delicate theme
and if one is honest, one admits not to know anything exact.
Not only the electron but also all the other elementary particles are according to the fieldtheoretical
approach formed from concentrated potential vortices. For these equation 6.2
hence has to hold in the same manner, so that more generalized we can conclude:
The speed of light determines the size of the elementary particles.
This statement is incompatible with the assumption of a constant speed of light! Because
then all elementary particles would have identical size. As is known, however, are the
building parts of the atomic nucleus, the protons and neutrons very much smaller than
individual electrons. The constancy of the speed of light is to be questioned.
This question is of such an elementary importance that we are not content with these
considerations and in addition undertake a mathematical derivation in the sense of the
field approach.

6.4 The Maxwell field equations
The laws of transformation of the electromagnetic field shall form the starting-point for
the coming up considerations. To exclude any doubts with regard to the interpretation, the
equations will be derived from the Maxwell laws under the assumption that no sources or
charge carriers are present (fig. 3.2 and 3.3) and as a consequence no current density (j =
0) is to be expected.
This corresponds to the vanishing of the time independent terms, which consequently are
responsible for the occurring of force effects like e.g. the Lorentz force. Only at the end of
this derivation we can understand the sense of this assumption (with = 0 and = 0).
The procedure at first corresponds to that of fig. 5.1. Here the fundamental field equation
had been derived from Faraday's law of induction and Ampere's law. With the
assumptions made this time the in fig. 5.2 treated undamped wave equation is left (5.9,
here 5.9*). Whom the derivation is still present can go in at this point.
In a sufficiently great distance from the source we are dealing with a plane wave, in which
the field factors only depend on the direction of propagation x. The Hertz' wave is a
transverse wave, in which the field pointers oscillate perpendicular to the direction of
propagation and in addition stand perpendicular to each other:
The curl, applied to the electric field pointer, itself points in the y-direction:
rot E = - dE/dx . This for the transverse wave carried out curl operation is now
compared with Faraday's law of induction (5.4):
rot E = -dE/dx = - dB/dt (6.9)
The relation won in a mathematical way, with the speed fixed by (6.8), reads:
dE = (dx/dt) • dB = v * dB (6.9*)
The result of this derivation at first only is valid for the introduced simplification, for
instance for the case of the transverse electromagnetic wave. Better known is apart from
that the generalized formulation, which among others by G. Bosse is called law of
transformation.
(6.10)
With Ampere's law (5.1) we now should proceed in an analogous manner. The result is:
(6.10*)
This equation 6.10* is given among others by Simonyi. Now that we know, under
which circumstances these equations of transformation can be derived from the Maxwell
equations, the actual work can start.
<

6.5 Equations of transformation
As a consequence of the in fig. 6.5 again written down laws of transformation of the
electromagnetic field (6.10 and 6.10*) magnetic phenomena can be traced back to electric
phenomena and vice versa. The mathematical formulation reveals us the two sides of the
same medal and points to a perfect duality between both fields and their factors of
description.
Because a way exists, as is shown here, in which the equations of transformation can be
derived from the Maxwell field equations, the same generally valid and extensive
importance should be attributed to them. They can with the same right be called the
foundation of electromagnetism. Wherein does lie its message for physics, the always
curious researcher will ask? For that the relations of material 3.5 and 3.6 are completed:
(6.10) und . (6.10*)
The here presented equations state, that we measure an electric field strength E, if we are
moving with regard to a magnetic field H with the speed v and vice versa.
The electric and the magnetic field therefore prove to be an experience of the observing
person and we can say:
We experience the magnetic field as electric field and the electric field
as magnetic field simply and solely for reason of the relative motion!________
Let's assume, v is the component of the relative velocity (6.8), which stands perpendicular
to the area defined by the field pointers (6.8*), then the equations of transformation (6.9*
with 3.5) now read:
(6.11) and . (6.11*)
If we are moving with the velocity v in a basic field which is present with the field
strength E, then according to equation 6.11* we observe a magnetic field, which again
according to equation 6.11 is to be interpreted as an additional electric field Ez:
(6.12)
In duality equation 6.11 inserted into equation 6.11* provides for the magnetic field
strength a corresponding additional field Hz:
(6.12*)
W e obviously owe the measurable overlap fields in a laboratory simply and solely to the
relative velocity v with which the laboratory is moving. But now we must pay attention to
the fact that a terrestrial laboratory rotates along with the earth, that the earth orbits the sun
and the sun again rotates around the centre of the milky way. Eventually the whole milky
way is on the way in the cosmos with a galactic, for us hardly understandable speed. If we
further take into consideration that for every subsystem an additional field occurs as a
consequence of the relative motion with regard to the super ordinate system, then one
additonal field follows after the next and overlaps this one.
Let's imagine, the relative velocity could be reduced towards zero - and maybe we are
moving around such a cosmic point - then here no overlapping field would be measurable.

6.6 Field overlap
Field vectors can be superpositioned. In this manner the additional field Ez resp. Hz which
depends on the velocity, according to equation 6.10, overlaps the respective basic field (E
resp. H) to produce the measurable overall field (E0 resp. Ho):
(6.13)
(6.13*)
In the result something surprising the factor (l-v2/c2) appears, which is well-known from
the special theory of relativity and for instance appears in the Lorentz contraction.
If we rewrite both equations for the characteristic factor and compare with the in a purely
mathematical way, over the Lorentz transformation, won length contraction
(1 - v2/c2) = (l/l0)2 , then it becomes clear that the Lorentz contraction physically seen
should have its cause in the changed field conditions which a with relativistic speed
moving body finds with regard to a resting body.
(6.14)
The equation is a compulsionless consequence of known physical laws. In this derivation
actually no new factor was introduced and nevertheless a completely new picture for the
natural scientific reality results.
In our observer system, where the field Eo exists, a rule has its proper length l0. In another
system, which is moving with the speed v relative to the observer, as a consequence of the
here prevailing field E the corresponding rule has a length 1. In which relation the factors
stand to each other, is described by equation 6.14. Accordingly the following
proportionality holds:
and
(6.15)
If we are exterior to a very fast moving body with velocity v, we immediately can observe
how this body for reason of its relative velocity experiences the calculated additional field
and in this way experiences a length contraction. If the observer is moving along with the
body, then he purely subjective seen doesn't detect a length contraction, because he
himself and his entire measuring technique is subjected to the same length contraction.
From the axiomatic approach what would be, if the field, which itself only represents an
experience, would determine perceptible space and its dimensions, quickly a fundamental
realization can develop if the described experiences should coincide with real
observations.
: Because in this point of view the subjective status of the observer is determining,
it is not completely impossible that there is an error in the interpretation of the
equations of transformation (6.10 and 6.10*). But because we started from the same
point of view of the observer for the derivation of the length contraction from the
Lorentz transformation, here the same error is to be expected. In putting both results
equal (6.14), a like constituted error on both sides will cancel out in any case and the
result stays above all doubts!
106 field dependent curvature of space
(Model):
Two particles of matter each in the field of the other particle.
Two elementary particles or two accumulations of matter
consisting of these are able to reduce the distance to each
other for reason of their fields, which we interpret as a
force of attraction.
B: (Example): The orbits of the planets in the field of the sun.
Fig. 6.7: The influence of the field on interactions.
theory of objectivity 107
6.7 Field dependent curvature of space
Let's assume, an accumulation of matter, as big as our earth, wanted to fly past the sun in
the distance earth-sun. But it would not succeed. Because the fields arising from the sun
decreases with increasing distance and according to equation 6.15 as a consequence the
size of the particles of matter increases. The planet hence is more strongly contracted on
its side turned towards the sun, as on the turned away "night side". It bends towards the
sun and its flight path becomes a circular path around the sun. That is the interaction
known as gravitation!
To an earth inhabitant this curvature reveals itself merely in the observation that the
duration of sunshine at daytime is longer, than it would be expected to be under the
assumption of the earth as a homogeneous sphere. In this context one willingly speaks of a
curvature of space. Actually it is a curvature of matter under the influence of the field
dependent length contraction.
Exactly this contraction the planets owe their circular orbits around the sun and by no
means the equilibrium of forces between the force of attraction and the centrifugal force
(fig. 6.7 B). It obviously is a fundamental mistake to think that gravitation would causally
be connected with a force effect!
If, in this context, we speak of a force of attraction for the sake of our subjective
observation, then we must realize that it merely can concern an auxiliary term founded in
usefulness.
A thought experiment should bring us clarity (fig. 6.7 A). The field, which surrounds
every particle of matter, reaches till infinity but becomes less effective with increasing
distance. If the distance between two particles is 1, then one particle is in the field of the
other particle. As a consequence of the field the length 1 reduces and in this way the size
determining field increases, which again leads to a further reduction of length etc. As a
consequence it can be observed that both particles are moving towards each other. We
speak of a force of attraction, because we can't register the influence of the field with our
senses.
In this way the consistent result that we and our environment at daytime must be smaller
than in the night will as well remain hidden. We experience the effect only indirectly as
gravitational pull of the earth.
Because we don't see the cause of a subjectively observed force effect, for the
electromagnetic interaction, just as for the gravitation, the field dependency of the length
contraction will be responsible. Hence the following conclusion holds for both interactions
equally way.
Two elementary particles or two accumulations of matter consisting of these are able to
reduce the distance to each other for reason of their fields, which we interpret as a force
of attraction.
Now the question still is open, why gravitation only knows forces of attraction, whereas
the electromagnetic interaction also permits forces of repulsion and which are the causal
fields for each.

6.8 Electromagnetic interaction
A convincing answer to the open question provides us the analysis of the course of the
field lines, on the one hand for charged particles and on the other hand for uncharged
particles, which do not participate in the electromagnetic interaction.
If at first we consider electrically charged particles, like e.g. electrons, protons or ions.
Then all in common is that the towards infinity running field lines of the electric field are
open. With this field the particle is able to interact with its environment. We measure a
charge and an electromagnetic force effect. In the case of unequal charges, as is wellknown,
a field amplification and attractive acting forces are observed whereas for equal
charges a field reduction results and repulsion is observed.
If we make a connection between the field conditions and the electromagnetic interaction
in the sense of the proportionality (6.15), then the particle in reality is able to influence the
distance to other particles merely with the help of its electric field. For unequal charges a
compression of field lines arises, in which one particle stays in the focussed field of the
other and vice versa. In this way a contraction of all lengths occurs and the observable
attraction happens (fig. 6.8 A).
For equal charges the opposite case is present, in which even a local field freedom can
occur (fig. 6.8 B). If the field tends towards zero on the dashed line, then the distance will
go to infinity (according to eq. 6.15). Consequently, the observable effect that both bodies
go away from each other, will reach to infinity.
Actually the electromagnetic interaction proves to be a result of the field dependent length
contraction.
The electromagnetic interaction of a particle is a result of the influence of the open field
lines arising from it on the dimensions of the space, in which it is.
It is important that the field lines are open, for which reason they are bent away from like
charges and are directed towards unlike charges. Subjectively seen we find out that as a
consequence of the field reduction repulsive force effects and as a consequence of the field
compression attractive acting force effects are observed (fig. 6.8).
The consequence of is every electric field is, as is well-known, a magnetic field standing
perpendicular on it. The field lines of the magnetic field run parallel to the surface of the
particle and have a closed course (fig. 6.9 A)!
Therefore no magnetic poles form, which would be measurable. Seen from the outside the
particle behaves neutral magnetically seen, because of the closed course of the field lines.
An artificial field reduction and as a consequence observable forces of repulsion, like in
the case of the electromagnetic interaction, hence in principle are impossible.
The effect of the magnetic field thus is limited to a geometrical manipulation of the
environment, namely the curvature of space, with which we have founded the
phenomenon of the attraction of masses and of the gravitation.
110 Gravitation
A: The open field lines of the E-field and the closed field lines of
the H-field of an electrically charged particle (e.g. e-)
B: The closed field lines of the E-field and H-field of an electrically
uncharged particle (e.g. of the neutron n°).
Gravitation is a result of the influence of the field lines with a closed
course running parallel to the surface of the particles on the
dimensions of the space, in which they are.
Fig. 6.9: The influence of the closed field lines of the H-field.
theory of objectivity __________________________________________________________111
6.9 Gravitation
For uncharged, neutral particles (neutron, atom, molecule etc.) both the magnetic and the
perpendicular on them standing electric field lines have a closed course. Now both run
parallel to the surface of the particle (fig. 6.9 B).
As is said, the density of field lines with a closed course can't be influenced from the
outside. If we approach a particle, the consequence of an increase of the density without
exception is a decrease of the linear measures and thus a larger force of attraction. For this
case of field lines with a closed course, for which in general it doesn't give a field
attenuation and no forces of repulsion, there holds:
Gravitation is a result of the influence of the field lines with a closed course running
parallel to the surface of the particles on the dimensions of the space, in which they are.
Both interactions logically have an infinite range. Both form a whole in the influence of
the fields on the size conditions.
It surely is of the greatest importance that for this derivation of the field dependency of the
Lorentz contraction from the known equations of transformation of the electromagnetic
field we could do completely without the introduction of new factors of description or
neglects.
Solely by consistent derivation and interpretation of the result the unification already has
suceeded and the electromagnetic interaction and the gravitation could, with the derived
field dependent Lorentz contraction, be traced back to a single basic phenomenon. Doing
so we have to pay attention to the fact that the observer is subjected to the same Lorentz
contraction as his measuring technique and therefore he can't see the field dependency at
all. Merely as being an exterior observer it in rare cases will be possible to him to see the
curvature of space in the presence of strong fields.
From this for an astronaut practical consequences result. If he namely would land on
Jupiter, he would think flat hills to be gigantic mountains, that small he would be! Vice
versa if he landed on the moon, high mountains would appear to be insignificant hills, not
because of wrong altitude readings of the terrestrial mission control and measurement
centre, but only because of his own body size. The astronauts of the Apollo missions were
not prepared for this circumstance and after their landing on the moon were completely
surprised, how little validity learned textbook physics has, hardly has one left the earth.
They have brought photographs with them which prove the Lorentz contraction to depend
on the field and therefore on gravitation.
The fact that force effects should arise from the interactions is an auxiliary concept and
auxiliary description of the observing person founded in pure usefulness. The Lorentz
force therefore shouldn't be regarded as cause anymore. It actually appears only as
property of the field factors. Seen this way it only would be consistent to do without space
charges and currents as a result of moving charges and to assume a source-free and
quanta-free field description (fig. 6.4: j = 0).
From an unified theory it is demanded that it besides the electromagnetic interaction and
the gravitation also is able to integrate the strong and the weak interaction. We will also
solve this problem.
112 Field dependent speed of light
Fig. 6.10: Diversion of the light by a strong gravitational field.
Speed of light of the wave: c = *f (6.16)
For the wavelength holds (because of eq. 6.15):
From equation (6.16) follows (with f = constant):
E ~ 1/c2 , H ~ 1/c2
The speed of light depends on the field!
(6.17)
theory of objectivity 113
6.10 Field dependent speed of light
But not only matter is bent towards a gravitational field. If we only think of the much cited
phenomenon that the ray of light of a star is diverted towards the sun, if it passes very
close to the sun on its way to us, like this has been observed for the first time during an
eclipse of the sun in 1919 (fig. 6.10).
Quite obviously the field of the sun also slows down the speed of light. On the side of the
ray of light which is turned towards the sun, the field is somewhat larger and the speed of
light correspondingly is slower than on the side which is turned away, and with that the
ray of light changes its direction in the observable manner. Exactly this relation willingly
is interpreted as a consequence of a curvature of space.
The extremely strong field of a black hole can divert the light down to a circular path, in
order to in this way catch and bind it. The light now orbits the black hole like planets the
sun.
At this point the open-minded reader already might have tapped the confirmation of the
proportionality 6.2 (c ~ r), which has been derived from the vortex model (fig. 6.2).
The sceptic is offered still another derivation: for the borderline case that the relative
velocity v tends towards the speed of light c (fig. 6.6), according to equation 6.13 the
measurable overall field Eo (and also Ho) will go to zero and equation 6.12, with Ez. = - E
(and Hz = - H), will again turn into the wave equation (5.9*) after double differentiation
(fig. 6.4).
The speed v = c so to speak forms the escape velocity, with which the electromagnetic
wave runs away from the cosmic field. Under these circumstances of course neither an
attraction of masses nor an electromagnetic interaction can be exerted on the wave.
If E0 goes to zero at the same time l0 tends to infinity (equation 6.15, fig. 6.6): i.e. the
wave spreads all through space. This result entirely corresponds to the observations and
experiences.
For the wave length and in the end for the velocity of propagation c only the self-field of
the wave E resp. H is responsible. Because of
(6.16)
and the proportionality from equation 6.15: (6.17*)
obtain the new relation:
(6.17)
If the speed of light in the presence of matter decreases, then we now also know why. It is
the field, which surrounds matter, that slows down the speed of light. Therefore a
gravitational field is able to divert a ray of light in the same manner as matter which flies
past. Finally moves the speed of light in the proportionality 6.17 to the place of the linear
measure (in 6.15).
But if the rule fails one will try to replace by an optical measurement arrangement. In this
manner the field dependency of the Lorentz contraction should be measurable; but it isn't!
114 universality of the speed of light
From the comparison of the derived proportionalities:
follows:
1 ~ c (6.18)
The speed of light is proportional to the measurement path.
The variable speed of light is being measured with itself.
The result at all events is a constant value.
The constancy of the speed of light is based on a measurement
which is faulty from the principle!
Because of c ~ r: physical length contraction
Fig. 6.11: Derivation of the length contraction
(field dependent Lorentz contraction)
theory of objectivity 115
6.11 Universality
Why can't the rule be replaced by an optical measurement arrangement? The crucial
indication provides the comparison of both derived proportionalities 6.15 and 6.17.
According to them holds the same field dependency for both the Lorentz contraction and
the speed of light:
or 1 ~ c (6.18)
If the rule has proved to be useless, then we will experience the same disaster if we
measure optically, i.e. with the speed of light.
Obviously both, the length 1 and the speed of light c as a length per unit of time, depend in
the same manner on the respective local field strength. On the one hand do both measuring
methods lead to the same result; but on the other hand will anything which can't be
measured with one method, neither be measured with the other method.
If now the speed of light is being measured optically, then the measurement path will be
proportional to the speed of light and as a result will the unknown factor be measured with
itself. The result of this measurement, which is faulty from the principle, at all events is a
constant value, because here two variables which stand in direct proportionality to each
other are related to each other.
Was the famous experiment of Michelson and Morley unnecessary, the result trivial? And
how does it stand about the postulate of the universality of the speed of light?
If we for that consider a cube (fig. 6.11). And we assume that the speed of light is a
vectorial quantity, which in our experiment is for instance in one direction twice as large,
as in the direction of the other two space axes. By means of the mentioned influence of the
speed of light on the spatial length is, as a consistent consequence, the cube along this
edge pulled apart to a cuboid. We however register this spatial body with our eyes, which
is with the speed of light and that has increased proportionally to the length of the edges,
for which reason we as subjective observer still see a cube in front of us and not a cuboid.
If we trust an apparent objective measurement more than our sense organ and measure the
three lengths of the edges of the cuboid again with a rule then we get three times the same
length, which is a cube.
We probably are dealing with an optical deception using the true meaning of the word.
If the by Einstein postulated universality and constancy of the speed of light in reality
doesn't exist at all, we in no way would be capable to register this; neither to observe nor
to measure it!
The Galilean theorem of the addition of speeds objectively seen still is valid, even if the
fact that the speed of light apparently is independent of the speed of the source pretends us
the opposite.
If for instance a light source is moved towards a receiving device or away from it, then the
speeds will overlap, like for the passenger, who marches in a driving train against or in the
driving direction through the corridor. For the ray of light also the fields, which influence
the speed of light and the measurement equipment, overlap. As a consequence will a
measuring technician, who himself is exposed to this overlapping field, always observe
and "measure" the identical speed of light. The observer as a result imagines, there is an
universality of the speed of light.
116 aether
The field takes over the function of the aether.
Fig. 6.12: Experiment of Michelson and Morley to
detect an aetherwind
: A.P.French: Special Relativity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1966.
: Nikola Tesla: "This is the same as writing a business letter and forgetting the
subject you wish to write about". To Einstein's Theories, Rare Book and
Manuscript Library, Columbia University, 15.4.1932.
: Einstein proceeds in the same manner with the time dilatation, by assuming
a time constant by definition for the derivation to present at the end of his
derivation a variable time. And with that he presents a result which
contradicts his approach completely.
theory of objectivity 117
6.12 Aether
Important experiments like the one of Doppler concerning the redshift or the one of
Bradley concerning the aberration of the stars show only to clear, where the influence of
the speed of light subjectively still is perceptible, or for laboratory experiments like the
one of Michelson and Morley, where the influence isn't perceptible anymore, because the
length of the interferometers always changes proportionally to the speed of light.
The look in the stars at the same time is a look in cosmic areas, where completely other
field conditions prevail and as a consequence completely other values for the speed of
light and for the dimensions of space are present. The mentioned observations suggest that
we together with our measuring station are moving through the cosmos and therefore a
relative velocity has to be present with regard to an aether which determines the respective
speed of light.
If we however constrict our range of vision and retire in a laboratory, then we no longer
are capable to observe the influence of the field on the speed of light. The experiments of
Michelson which Maxwell had prompted to and which Morley with a higher precision had
repeated with the goal, to detect the aether, inevitably had to turn out negatively. The
laboratory experiments resulted in the misleading picture, as if the earth was resting in the
aether.
The not understood measurements will suggest any observer, he forms the centre of the
universe and everything rotates around him, entirely in the sense of the Ptolemean view of
life, which, although long ago abolished, here belated has experienced support.
With a Swabia caper Albert Einstein has prevented a relapse into the dark Middle Ages
and removed the open contradiction in the question of the aether, which once is measured
as moving and another time as resting, by without further ado abolishing the aether. With
that he undoubtedly has solved a central problem of physics and at the same time created a
new one. As is known does the speed of light have a certain value, and therefore the
question is raised, what determines is size. Exactly for this purpose a luminiferous aether
had been introduced, however it is constituted.
Scientifically it does make little sense, to make an assumption, if at the end of the
derivation the prerequisite is deleted without substitute. In such a case either in the
approach or in the derivation is a principal error*1"*. Nikola Tesla comments on the
working method of Einstein with the applicable comparison, as if Einstein had, while he
was writing a business letter, forgotten completely the subject he wanted to write about
(fig. 6.12).
The answer, which removes all contradictions and is entirely in accord with all
observations and measurements, is obvious. Naturally a luminiferous aether exists, which
determines the velocity of propagation and of course it by no means is bound to the
observer.
As has been derived in figures 6.5 and 6.6, will for a relative velocity v arise a field, which
according to proportionality 6.17 determines the speed of light. With that we have derived
completely.
The field takes over the function of the aether.
The equations 6.10 also answer the question, why no aetherwind is being observed,
although such a wind actually is present: we experience, as we have discovered, an E-field
with ,,head wind" as a resting H-field and vice versa and therefore we aren't capable to
detect the head wind in the aether!
118 spin and tunnel effect
Key questions of quantum physics (fig. 4.4 + continuation):
IV. Why do the particles have the form of spheres?
(with increasing E-field decreases c)
VIII. Why is the elementary quantum localized?
(in the vortex centre: c = 0, see figures 4.3 and 6.2)
IX. Why do the elementary particles have a spin?
(spherical form demands field compensation)
X. Why is the magnitude of the spin quantized?
(cosmic basic field determines the need of Ez)
XI. Why can speeds faster than light occur in a
tunnel? ___________________________________
(a reduction of the cosmic basic field can only be realized
locally in a tunnel)
to XI:
Fig. 6.13: Consequences concerning the field
dependency of the speed of light: spin effect and tunnel effect

: Nimtz,G.: Instantanes Tunneln, Tunnelexperimente mit elektromagnetischen
Wellen, Phys.B1.49, VCH Weinheim (1993) Nr.12, S. 1119-1120<*>
: Thoma, P., Weiland.T.: Wie real ist das Instantane Tunneln? Phys.Bl.50, VCH
Weinheim (1994) Nr.4, S. 359-361<*>
<*>: The measurement results are in accord with the theory of objectivity, not
however the contradictory attempts to interpret them and et al.
theory of objectivity 119
6.13 Spin and tunnel effect
Only with the field dependency of the speed of light (6.17) we can understand, why the
elementary quanta can form as spheres, like is drawn in the figs 4.3 and 6.2. In the centre
the field lines run together, i.e. the field increases and the speed of light decreases. Only
in this way it will be possible for the vortex oscillation to everywhere occur with the speed
of light, even in the inside of the particle! In the centre of the vortex particle the field in
theory will become infinitely large and the speed of light zero. This circumstance again is
the foundation why the elementary particles are localized and it answers key question
VIII of quantum physics. The absence of a speed after all is the characteristic of an
immobile thing.
The field dependency of the speed of light answers also further basic and up to today
unanswered key questions of quantum physics, like why the elementary particles have a
spin (IX) and why the magnitude of the spin is quantized (X).
A vortex particle after all does not exist alone in the world, but it is in the field of other
particles. We can call this the cosmic basic field (E resp. H). This basic field overlaps the
self-field and takes effect the strongest in the area of the spherical shell, where the selffield
is correspondingly small. In order to keep the form of a sphere, this influence of the
basic field has to be compensated. The additional field (Ez resp. Hz according to eq. 6.12)
necessary for the compensation is produced by the particle, by rotating in a spiral around
itself with a speed v which increases towards the outside of the spherical shell. Therefore
does the elementary particles have a spin. The electron spin is therefore determined by the
cosmic basic field.
Another effect of the field dependent speed of light is the tunnel effect. As an example we
consider the two differently charged particles shown in fig. 6.8 A. The open, outside of the
particles running, field lines of the electric field are predominantly bent towards the each
time oppositely charged particle. If another particle wants to pass between the two, then it
gets into an area of increased field strength. As a consequence it will be slowed down,
because here a smaller speed of light is present.
Water molecules show with their polar nature exactly this property. Water has a remarkably
high dielectricity e and slows down the speed of light correspondingly according to
equation 5.6 ( = 1/c2). The refraction of light at the water surface is an observable result
of the reduced speed of light in the presence of matter.
If we now examine the case in which the two particles have the same charge as is shown
in fig. 6.8 B (and fig. 6.13 belonging to XI). The field lines repel each other, so that
exactly in between the two particles a field free area forms, in which the speed of light
goes to infinity! This area acts like a tunnel. If we send through a particle exactly here,
then purely theoretically seen it won't need any time to run through the tunnel, and for a
short time the signal becomes infinitely fast.
If a particle hits only slightly besides the tunnel, then it will one-sidedly be slowed down
and diverted by the respective field. We call this process reflection or scattering. Only the
few particles, which exactly hit the tunnel, arrive behind the hurdle and in the ideal case
even almost without loss of time!
The current measurements of speeds faster than light demonstrate in a convincing manner
the superiority of the field-theoretical approach with regard to the nowadays normally
used quantum physical approach.

6 . 1 4 Interpretation of the measured speed faster than light
Now the attempt can be undertaken, to interpret the spectacular experiments, in which a
speed faster than light has been measured. It is reported that in experiments with
photons at the University of California in Berkeley on an average a speed of 1.7 times the
speed of light has been measured by Prof. Raymond Chiao and his co-workers. At the
Technical University of Vienna Prof. Dr. Ferenc Krausz already has obtained 2.4 times
the, according to Einstein at maximum obtainable, speed of light with tunnelling laser
light.
The first measurements of speeds faster than light have been carried out with microwaves
at the University of Cologne by Prof. Dr. Gunter Nimtz and co-workers. They at first
had published the measurement of a speed 2.5 times the speed of light. In the meantime
they even have transmitted a symphony of Mozart with a speed almost 10 times the speed
of light and with that have contradicted Einstein's hypothesis, according to which the
speed of light in vacuum would be the highest possible speed for the transmission of
signals. The different experiments only resemble each other in the point that the particles
have to tunnel, because one has put a barrier in their way. This "tunnelling" apparently is
the cause for obtaining speeds faster than light. With the prevailing physical view of life
these measurement results are incompatible.
In the measurement set up in Cologne the microwaves are sent through a wave guide,
which they pass with the speed of light. If a parts with narrowed cross-section is inserted,
where the microwaves actually don't fit through at all, then the signal gets damped
strongly. Now however arrives nevertheless a small part of the signal at the other end of
the wire, but much faster than allowed, namely with the measurable speed faster than
light.
The answer of the here presented potential vortex theory reads as follows: the waves
picked up by the wave guide run up to the entry of the tunnel, in order to find out that they
don't fit through. They are reflected or absorbed. A small part however rolls up to
potential vortices and these fit through the tunnel. They however have to be compressed
additionally. In the derivation of the photon (fig. 4.5 and 4.6) we had seen that the inner
vortex always is faster than the bigger one, through which it slips through. The
compression therefore causes an increase in speed. In flow dynamics is known an analogy:
the Venturi-tube. The flow-technical potential vortices also confirm exactly this property.
One can as well start with the Lorentz contraction (fig. 6.6, eq. 6.14*). This states that a
particle moving with a higher speed actually becomes smaller and not only appears to be
smaller as an optical deception of the observer. Because only smaller particles fit through
the tunnel, the particles, measurable at the other end, must be correspondingly faster: quod
erat demonstrandum. In the same manner also the experiments of Berkeley can be
explained physically, because here is worked with photons from the start. With that the
process of rolling up the wave can be left out. The tunnel lets pass only compressed and
therefore faster light particles.

6.15 Definition of the speed of light
If a light signal propagates in space, then as a consequence of the velocity of propagation
c, it at a certain point in time t is in a distance r of the light source:
r = c * t (6.19)
S h o u l d the speed of light become smaller for instance by then the light signal
obviously has covered a distance less by Ar or the time interval has changed by
(6.20)
This equation describes purely mathematically the most general case which can be
assumed. By writing out the multiplication and subtraction of equation 6.18 the change in
distance considered for itself is:
(6.21)
The answer of mathematics is that the change in distance can have its cause in a change in
time, in a change of speed or in both. We now want to turn to the physical interpretation
and have a closer look at the two possibilities, in which either c or t is to be taken constant
(see fig. 6.16).
In the first case the speed of light c is constant and as a consequence the change = zero.
The mathematical formulation (according to eq. 6.21) therefore reads:
case 1:
(relativity) (6.22)
If in this conception world a change in distance is observed, for instance the Lorentz
contraction, then in order to save this relation inevitably a change in time, for instance a
time dilatation, has to make the compensation. Einstein in an applicable manner speaks of
relativity, because according to his opinion in the case of both variables, the length
contraction and the time dilatation, it only concerns observed changes.
For the time dilatation experiments are given. But for the measurement of time always
only atomic clocks are available and their speed of running of course could also be
influenced by the Lorentz contraction. In any case it can't be claimed the time dilatation is
proven experimentally as long as we do not know the mechanisms of decay of atoms.
Otherwise the statements of the theory of relativity are familiar to us, for which reason
further remarks seem unnecessary.
In the second case the time t is constant and consequently the change At = zero. At a closer
look this case is much more obvious, since why should time change. After all time has
been stipulated by definition.
After all, we are the ones who tell, what simultaneity is!
The mathematical formulation for this case reads (eq. 6.21 with = 0):
case 2:
(objectivity) (6.23)
This equation does open up for us an until now completely unknown and fundamentally
other way of looking at the physical reality.
124 relativity and objectivity
Fig. 6.16: Theory of relativity and theory of objectivity,
derivation and comparison.
theory of objectivity 125
6.16 Relativity and objectivity
New to the second case (equation 6.23) is particularly the proportionality contained in it:
(6.25 = 6.2)
But to us it is not new, because we have derived the same proportionality from the model
conept (equation 6.2, fig. 6.2), in which the elementary particles are understood as
spherical vortices.
Equantion 6.25 unconcealed brings to knowledge that any change of the speed of light c
[m/s] in the same way leads to a change of the radius r [m], the distance between two
points in space or even the length of an object, e.g. a rule. Such a rule after all consists of
nothing but spherical atoms and elementary particles and for their radius r again the
proportionality 6.25 holds. Therefore it is to be set:
r ~ 1 (6.26)
and taken both together we already had derived as equation 6.18 (fig. 6.11) from the field
dependency. Here the vortex model as well finds a confirmation of its correctness, as in
the derivation from the equations of transformation of the electromagnetic field. Because
all three, the derivation according to the model, the physical and the mathematical
derivation, lead to the same result, this second case should be called "objective".
With that the first case, which describes the subjective perception of an observer, is not
supposed to be devaluated. It contains the definition of reality, according to which only is
real what also is perceptible. The theory of relativity of Poincare and Einstein is based on
this definition.
With the second case, the case with a variable speed of light, we however get serious
problems, since we observe with our eyes, and that works with the speed of light. If that
changes, we can't see it, as already said. If we could see it, then "reality" would have a
completely different face and we surely would have great difficulties, to find our way
around. In this "objective world" neither electromagnetic interactions nor gravitation
would exist, so no force effects at all. Because all distances and linear measures depend on
the speed of light, everything would look like in a distortion mirror.
The concept of an "objective world" at first has not a practical, but rather a theoretical and
mathematical sense. The distinction between an observation domain and a model domain
is founded in pure usefulness.
The observation domain should correspond to case 1 and the model domain to case 2. The
mathematical derivation tells us, how we can mediate between both domains (equation
6.21): This mediation amounts to a transformation, which provides us the instruction, how
a transition from the observation into a not perceptible model concept, from the relativity
into an objectivity has to.
126 transformation
Fig. 6.17: Model-transformation between
theory of relativity and theory of objectivity.
theory of objectivity 127
6. 17 Transformation
The observation domain is, as the name already expresses, perceptible (observable) with
the help of our sense organs and measurable with corresponding apparatus. The special
theory of relativity for the most part provides us the mathematics needed for that. And in
that is assumed a constant speed of light. Because a length contraction is being observed
and can be measured, a time dilatation must arise as a consequence. Such is the consistent
statement of this theory. Because we already could make us clear that it concerns a
subjective theory, of course caution is advisable if generalizations are being made, like the
one of the inductive conclusion of the length contraction on the time dilatation. We'll
come to speak about that in this chapter (fig. 6.20).
The model domain however is not observable to us and only accessible in a mathematical
manner. Here the time is a constant. On the other hand do the radii of the particles and all
other distances and linear measures stand in direct proportionality to the speed of light. If
that changes, then does that lead to a change in length. The length contraction occurs
physically, which means actually. We propose the name "theory of objectivity" for the
valid theory which is derivable with this prerequisite and independent of the point of view
of the observer.
The importance of this model domain and of the possible model calculations is founded in
the circumstance that many physical relations within our observation domain aren't
recognized by us and can't be mathematically derived. Besides is only all to often worked
with unallowed generalizations and with pure hypotheses. Such a thing does not even exist
in the model domain.
The model domain can be tapped over a transformation. For that we select an approach
x(r) in the to us accessible observation domain. This then is transformed into the model
domain by a calculation instruction M{x(r)}. Here we can calculate the sought-for relation
In the usual manner and transform back again the result according to the same calculation
instruction M-1{x(r)} but in the reversed direction. After being returned in our familiar
observation domain, the result can be compared and checked with measurement results
(fig. 6.17).
In this way we will derive, calculate and compare the quantum properties of the
elementary particles with the known measurement values. Here we remind you of the fact
that all attempts to calculate the quantum properties conventionally, without
transformation, until now have failed. Not even a systematization may succeed, if it
concerns for instance explanations for the order of magnitude of the mass of a particle.
A transformation at first is nothing more than an in usefulness founded mathematical
measure. But if a constant of nature, and as such the quantum properties of elementary
particles until now have to be seen, for the first time can be derived and calculated with a
transformation then this measure with that also gains its physical authorization.
We now stand for the question: how does the instruction of transformation M{x(r)} read,
with which we should transform the approach and all equations from the observation
domain into the model domain?
128 transformation table
Fig. 6.18: Transformation of the dependencies on radius
theory of objectivity 129
6.18 Transformation table
The attempt to write down at this point already a closed mathematical relation as instruction
of transformation, would be pure speculation. Such an instruction first must be
verified by means of numerous practical cases, i.e. be tested for its efficiency and
correctness. But we not even know the practical examples necessary for this purpose, if we
apply the transformation for the first time!
For his reason it unfortunately is not yet possible, to calculate absolute values in a direct
We have to be content to work with proportionalities and to carry out comparisons.
In fig. 6.18 the proportionalities are compared in the way, how they would have to be
transformed: on the left side, how they appear and can be observed in the view of the
special theory of relativity, and on the right side, how they can be represented and
calculated in the theory of objectivity.
The change, which here would have to be transformed, is the physical length contraction,
which is the change in length as it depends on the speed of light. For spherical symmetry
the length 1 becomes the radius r (eq. 6.26), of which is to be investigated the influence.
In the observation domain we had derived the proportionality (6.15 + 6.18):
E ~ 1/r2 and H ~ 1/r2.
The field of a point charge or of a spherical capacitor confirms this relation:
Because the speed of light in our observation is constant, also both constants of material
which are related to it (eq.5.6: = 1/c2), the dielectricity and the permeability are
to be taken constant.
With that the same proportionality as for the field strengths also holds for the induction B
and the dielectric displacement D:
B ~ 1/r2 and D ~ 1/r2.
In the model domain everything looks completely different. Here the radius and any length
stands in direct proportionality to the speed of light. In this way we get problems with our
usual system of units, the M-K-S-A-system (Meter-Kilogram-Second-Ampere). The basic
u n i t Meter [m] and as a consequence also the unit of mass Kilogram [kg = VAs3/m2]
appear here as variable. It would be advantageous, to introduce instead the Volt [V] as
basic unit.
But in any case does the dimension of a quantity show us, in which proportionality it
stands to the unit of length. This in the model domain then is authoritative! As an example
does the speed of light have the dimension Meter per Second. In the model domain there
consequently has to exist a proportionality to the length r [m].
The speed of light determines with equation 5.6 again the constants of material:
[Vs/Am] ~ 1/r and [As/Vm] ~ 1/r (6.28)
According to the model holds unchanged:
B [Vs/m2] ~ 1/r2 and D [As/m2] ~ 1/r2. (6.29)
But if we insert the proportionalities 6.28 and 6.29 into the equations of material 3.5 and
3.6, then holds for the field strengths:
H [A/m] ~ 1/r and E [V/m] ~ 1/r. (6.27)
Further dependencies of the radius can be read in the same manner either by inserting into
well-known laws or immediately from the dimension.

6.19 Interpretation of the transformation table
The transformation should tell us, what we would see if the variable speed of light would
be observable to us. Doing so highly interesting results come out.
The energy density of a field is as is known . (6.37)
In the observation domain will, according to fig. 6.19, decrease the energy density w
proportional to 1/r4. Multiplied with the respective volume we obtain for the energy itself
the proportionality: W ~ 1/r . (6.38)
If we make use of the Einstein relation W = m • c2
with c = constant holds also for the mass m: m ~ 1/r . (6.39)
In this manner we finally find out, why the small nucleons (protons and neutrons) subjectively
seen are heavier than the very much larger electrons. As a consequence does a relativistic
particle experience the increase of mass (with the length contraction according to
equation 6.24*):
(6.40)
This result is experimentally secured. Our considerations therefore are entirely in accord
with the Lorentz-transformation. There at least is no reason to doubt the correctness.
In the model domain we with advantage assume a spherical symmetry. As easily can be
shown with equations 6.4 and 6.31, are the capacity and charge of a spherical capacitor
independent of the radius (6.30 and 6.32). In that case also the from both values calculable
energy (6.1) must be constant. We come to the same conclusion, if take we the above
equation 6.37 for the energy density of a field or if we carry out a verification of
dimensions:
W [VAs] = konst. . (6.33)
This simple result is the physical basis for the law of conservation of energy! With that
we have eliminated an axiom.
The result states that the energy stays the same, even if the radius, the distance or the
speed of an object should change. To the subjectively observing person it shows itself
merely in various forms of expression. Consequently is the energy, as is dictated by the
here presented field theory, formed by binding in the inside of the quanta the same amount
of energy but of the opposite sign. The amount of energy therefore is bound to the number
of the present particles, as we already had derived.
Under the assumption of a constant time (6.35) there results for the electric conductivity
by calculating backwards over the equation of the relaxation time (5.3), the
proportionality: (6.36)
(6.36)
Maybe the result surprises, because it can't be observed. Actually we know that the
(microscopically observed conductivity in reality only represents an approximated
averaged measure for the mobility of free charge carriers. In a particle-free vacuum
however this well-known interpretation doesn't make sense anymore. Hence it is
recommended, to only work with the relaxation time constants. Who nevertheless wants to
eontinue to work with as a pure factor of description, can do this. But he mustn't be
surprised, if in the model domain with decreasing radius the conductivity suddenly
increases. But this is necessary, because otherwise the elementary particles would
collapse. Only by the increase of the conductivity, which is produced by the spherical
vortex itself, will the expanding eddy current build up in the inside of the particles, which
counteract the from the outside concentrating potential vortex.
132 ________________________________________________________ Particle decay
Approach:
a.The particles don't decay by themselves, but only by a
corresponding disturbance from the outside.
b.The decay time is the statistical average in which such a disturbance
can occur and take effect.
c.The elementary particles consist of an integral and finite
number of elementary vortices, which can't decay anymore for
their part.
d.If the compound particles get into the disturbing range of
influence of high-frequency alternating fields, then they are
stimulated to violent oscillations and in that way can be torn
apart into individual parts.
e.As disturbing factor the high-frequency fields of flying past
neutrinos are considered primarily.
f. Authoritative for the threshold of decay and with that also for
the rate of decay is the distance, in which the neutrinos fly past
the particle.
g.The distance becomes the larger, the smaller the particle is. If
the particle thus experiences a relativistic length contraction,
then it will, statistically seen, to the same extent become more
stable!
That has nothing to do at all with time dilatationl
We are entitled to demand a simultaneity, after all we are the ones,
who tell what that is!
Fig. 6.20: Proposal for an interpretation of the particle decay
: Walter Theimer: Die Relativitatstheorie, Seite 106,
Francke Verlag, Bern, 1977, ISBN 3-772O-126O-4
Theory of objectivity 133
6.20 Particle decay
We still have to get rid of a fundamental misunderstanding. It concerns the problem of the
time dilatation. Here the model domain doesn't give us any difficulty, because it dictates a
constant and therefore by us definable time. In the relativistic view however should in
moving systems clocks go wrong! But how does one want to explain a time dilatation
physically, if it merely represents a purely mathematical result of the actually taking place
length contraction on the one hand and the postulate of a constant speed of light on the
other hand?
Nobody has troubled more about the physical interpretation than Einstein himself. But he
had as less as we nowadays the possibility to verify the so-called phenomenon experimentally,
by accelerating a laboratory clock to values close to the speed of light.
Only atomic particles can, e.g. in accelerator systems, be brought on such high speeds and
then be observed for their properties. But also these experiments don't have any power of
proof, as long as we don't know the atomistic structure of the particles and there exists the
danger of misinterpretations.
So the slowing down of the rate of decay of instable. particles at high speeds willingly is
cited as "proof for time dilatation. "The most cited example for the time dilatation is
the "long-living" meson. The is a charged particle, which exists only 2,2 * 10-6
seconds if it is observed in rest. Then it decays ... About 10 % of the mesons reach the
earth' s surface. Even if they fly with approximately the speed of light, they at least must
have used 30 • 2,2 * 10-6 seconds, in order to reach the earth. Their "life" therefore by the
movement has been extended for a multiple... to the supporters of the theory of relativity
here the time dilatation is revealed..."
This "proof however is worthless, as long as "the structure and the mechanism of decay
of the particle are not known", like W. Theimer expresses himself.
On the basis of the new field theory the approach standing on the left page is dared (fig.
6.20). Accordingly the particles don't decay by themselves, but only by a corresponding
disturbance from the outside, which for instance is triggered by the high-frequency fields
of flying past neutrinos. The closer the neutrinos fly past the particle, the sooner it will
decay. But the distance becomes the larger, the smaller the particle is. If the particle thus
experiences a relativistic length contraction, then it will, statistically seen, to the same
extent become more stable!
That has nothing to do at all with time dilatation, as this proposal for an interpretation
shows (fig. 6.20). The same effect of course also occurs, if atomic clocks are taken for a
fly in a plane and compared to identically constructed clocks on earth.
The time was stipulated by us and therefore should be able to keep its universal validity.
We are entitled to demand a simultaneity, after all we are the ones, who tell what
simultaneity is!
An interesting technical use would be the acceleration of the rate of decay in order to
dispose of radioactively contaminated waste. For that the waste has to be irradiated by
collecting and focussing free neutrinos or with the help of a neutrino transmitter, like one
which will be discussed in chapter 9. After such a neutrino shower dangerous radioactive
waste would be reusable or at most be harmless domestic refuse.

5.Derivation and interpretation ,first telsa physics infomation for engineers

2007-09-05T18:01:00.000+01:00
5. Derivation and interpretation
Vortices cause big problems to every measuring technician. They have the unpleasant
property to whirl around the sensor even if it is as small as possible. Vortices avoid the
smallest disturbance and then can hardly be detected reproducibly.
From the well-known eddy current we know of this problematic. Instead of the vortex, we
are forced to measure and analyse any effects that arise from the vortex. These can be
measurements of the eddy losses or effects back on the stimulating field. But only
provided that the effect actually occurs.
The prerequisite for an increase in temperature by eddy losses is that the vortex falls apart.
In an ideal medium it unfortunately will not do us this pleasure.
As vrtex of the dielectric the potential vortex will find fairly ideal conditions in air or in
water. How should a vortex be detected, if it does not produce any effect? The classical
measuring technique is here at its wits' end.
From the duality to the well-known eddy current and by means of observation in the previous
chapters numerous properties of the potential vortex have been derived. But these
are not all the properties. The mathematical calculation of the electric vortex field, that we
want to turn to now, will reveal still further meaningful and highly interesting properties.
The observation is important, but it can't replace an exact calculation. A strictly mathematical
derived result has occasionally more expressiveness than a whole book full of
explanations. It will be a big help to derive and to discuss the field equation that all
considerations are based on.
We facilitate the mathematical work by vector analysis. Therefore it is useful that we
choose the differential form (equation 5.1 and 5.4) instead of the integral form (equations
3.1 and 3.2 resp. 3.8).

5.1 Fundamental field equation
We'll start from Ampere's law which provides a value for the current density at any point
pace and this value corresponds to the vortex density of the magnetic field strength

The new electric field vortices demand the introduction of a corresponding time constant
tau2 tha t should describe the decay of the potential vortices, as an extension. The extended
Faraday law of induction now provides a potential density, that at any point of space
corresponds to the vortex density of the electric field strength:

which according to the rules of vector analysis can still be further simplified:
= rot rot E = - grad div E , where we should remember that the divergence has to
vanish (div E = O. fig. 3.2, equation 3.7 ), should the corresponding field vortex be
inserted!
Furthermore the following well-known abbreviation can be inserted: = 1/c2 (5.6)
With that the relation with the speed of light c simplifies to the sought-for field equation:

This equation describes the spatial (a) and temporal (b, c, d) distribution of a field vector.
It describes the electromagnetic wave (a, b) with the influences that act damping. As
dumping terms the well-known eddy current (c) and in addition the newly introduced
potential vortex (d) appear.

5.2 Mathematical interpretation of the fundamental field equation
Every specialist will be surprised to find the Poisson equation (a, e) again as a term in the
wave equation. This circumstance forces a completely new interpretation of stationary
fields upon us. The new damping term, that is formed by the potential vortices (d), is
standing in between.
Let us start with a mathematical analysis. We have applied the curl to equation 5.4*, then
inserted equation 5.1* and obtained a determining equation for the electric field strength
E. Of course we could as well have applied the curl to equation 5.1* and inserted equation
5.4*. This would have resulted in the determining equation for the magnetic field strength
H.
If we insert Ohm's law (5.2) and cancel down the specific conductivity, or we put in the
relations of material (3.5) or (3.6) and cancel down by u respectively then the field
equation can likewise be written down for the current density j, for the induction B or for
the dielectric displacement D.
It just is phenomenal that at all events equation 5.7 doesn't change its form at all. The field
vector is thus arbitrarily interchangeable! This circumstance is the foundation for the claim
of this field equation to be called fundamental.
It does make sense to introduce a neutral descriptive vector as a substitute for the
possible field factors E, H, j, B or D.
The fundamental field equation 5.7 consists of three different types of partial differential
equations: a hyperbolic (b), a parabolic (c and d) and an elliptic (e) type. On the left-hand
side each time the Laplace operator (a) is found which describes the spatial distribution of
the field factor.
The potential equation of the elliptic type (e) is known as Poisson equation. It describes
the stationary borderline case of a worn off temporal process ( resp. = O).
With this equation potentials and voltages can be calculated exactly like stationary electric
currents (5.8).
The hyperbolic equation (b). known as wave equation, shows a second derivative to time.
which expresses an invariance with regard to time reversal; or stated otherwise: the direction
of the time axis can be reversed by a change of sign of t, without this having an influence
on the course of frequency. Wave processes hence are reversible. Equation 5.7 makes
clear that a wave without damping by no means can exist in nature. For that both time
constants would have to have an infinite value, which is not realizable in
practice. Seen purely theoretical, undamped waves could withdraw themselves from our
measuring technique (5.9).
Both vortex equations of the parabolic type (c and d) only show a first derivative to time.
With that they are no longer invariant with regard to time reversal. The processes of the
formation and the decay of vortices, the so-called diffusion, are as a consequence irreversible.
Seen this way it is understandable that the process of falling apart of the vortex,
where the vortex releases its stored energy as heat e.g. in form of eddy losses, can not take
place in reverse. This irreversible process of diffusion in the strict fhermodynamic sense
increases the entropy of the system (5.10).
Because it poses an useful simplification for mathematical calculations, often the different
types of equations are treated isolated from each other. But the physical reality looks
different.

5.3 Physical interpretation of the fundamental field equation
In nature the different types of equations always occur in a combined manner.
1. Let's take the concrete case of the particle-free vacuum. Here the specific conductivity
is zero. The relaxation time constant responsible for the decay of vortices tends
towards infinity according to equation 5.3 and the terms (c) and (e) are cancelled from the
field equation 5.7. What remains is the by potential vortices (d) damped wave equation (b)
(equation 5.12).
2. The reversed case (with ) will consequently occur in materials without
resistance, super conducting materials. We now are dealing with the well-known case of
the wave damped by eddy currents (equation 5.12*).
Vi r t u a l l y all in nature existing materials however don't fulfil these boundary conditions,
from which it follows that both damping terms always occur together and in addition the
stationary term (e) becomes active.
It is true that every antenna demonstrates that the electromagnetic wave is convertible in
high-frequency alternating currents and voltages, which then are amplified in the receiver.
But until this fundamental equation was written down it however was not understood that
this transition takes place by means of a vortex. Used are either antennas from well conducting
material, or wave guides and horn radiators, which only have a minimal conductivity,
because they are filled with air. Actually the wave can be converted in two dual
ways; by means of the rolling up to current eddies or to potential vortices (fig. 1.4).
Now we finally are capable to explain, why wave guides make possible a better degree of
effectiveness: Owing to the concentration effect of the potential vortex the HF-power is
bound in the inside and not emitted until the antenna is reached as happens for a wire for
reason of the skin effect.
Therefore, physically, one has to imagine this relation, which describes the transition of an
electromagnetic wave into a vortex, in the way that the wave spontaneously can roll up to
a vortex in case it is disturbed from the outside. The more vortices are generated, the
larger consequently is the damping of the wave (equations 5.12 and 5.12*).
3. The life span of the vortices is limited and is determined by the electric conductivity.
The at first stored vortices decay with their respective time constant This process is
described by the diffusion equation 5.12**. The final stage of the decaying vortices
finally is described by the Poisson equation (a, e: equation 5.8).
If the vortex falls apart, it converts the in the vortex stored energy in heat. These processes
are known from the eddy current. We speak of heating losses, that the stationary currents
cause in the conductor material.
But new is the concept that such vortex phenomena can occur as dielectric losses in
capacitors or in the air. The microwave oven or induction welding are good examples of
this.

5.4 Phenomenological interpretation of the fundamental field equation
How does a damping by vortices take effect in practice? First of all we notice that the
reception of broadcastings gets worse. "The information signal is neglectable regarding
the noise" explains the radio engineer and means, the number of vortices increases at the
expense of the wave intensity.
Why, does the pupil ask, is it so cold in space? There the sun shines day and night and in
addition much more intensely than on earth! The correct answer would have to read that
because of the extremely small conductivity no diffusion process can take place. We owe
the warmth on our earth solely the here taking place decay of vortices. Responsible is the
conductivity of the atmosphere.
In 60 km to 500 km height over the earth's surface, the region which is called the
ionosphere, the gases predominantly exist in ionized form. There a very good conductivity
prevails and eddy current losses are the result. Correspondingly high are the measurable
temperatures. Besides the diffusion process the eddy currents carry out a damping of the
cosmic radiation. We say the sunlight is filtered and reduced to a for nature bearable
intensity.
But not all frequencies are damped in the same way (fig. 2.8). We observe a blue shift, if
we look into the actually black sky. The blue sky doesn't show any spots or clouds. The
reason is to be sought in the skin effect of the eddy currents, which strive outwards. Since
no edge of a conductor is present here, no skin can form. The vortices spread evenly over
the ionosphere.
The potential vortex however is able to structure. It merely needs a bad conductivity and
this it finds in lower heights between 1 km and 10 km. It damps the wave and with that
also the light, for which reason we say it becomes darker, the sun disappears behind
clouds.
The clouds well visibly form the discussed vortex balls and vortex strings. Clouds can
form virtually from the nowhere during intense solar irradiation, i.e. the waves can roll up
to vortices. But as a rule this takes place above the oceans. Here also the phenomenon of
transport has an effect. Because of the high dielectricity the water surface favours the
formation of potential vortices. So the vortices bind individual water molecules and carry
them away. If a diffusion process takes place, in which the vortex decays, then it rains.
This can happen in two different ways:
1. Either the conductivity increases. If for instance during intense solar irradiation air ions
form, the sun is able to break up clouds and fog. Or when the air is raised in higher
layers with better conductivity, because a mountain forces this, then it rains at the
mountain edge.
2. For potcntial vortices the electric field is standing perpendicular to them. If at one point
an exceptionally lot of vortices join together, which let the cloud appear particularly
dark to black, then the danger exists that the ionization field strength for air is reached,
in which case a conductive air channel forms along which the stored up charges
discharge. Also lightning is a diffusion process, in which potential vortices decay and
rain can form.
In connection with the electromagnetic environmental compatibility great importance is
attributed in particular to the storage and the decay of electric vortices. There not only is
an academic-scientific interest in the question, how many potential vortices are generated,
how many are stored and how many decay, if we make a telephone call with a handy, if
we are staying under a high-tension line or if we are eating food, which has been heated
up in a microwave oven. The necessary mathematical description is provided by the
fundamental field equation 5.7.

5.5 Atomistic interpretation of the fundamental field equation
Let's again turn to the smaller, the atomistic dimensions. Here positively charged protons
and negatively charged electrons are found. Both are matter particles and that means that
seen from the outside both have the identical swirl direction. For reason of the unequal
charge conditions they attract each other mutually and according to fig. 4.9 rotate around a
common centre of mass as differently heavy pair. Chemists say: "the light electron orbits
the heavy atomic nucleus". With small balls they try to explain the atomic structure.
But the model is no good: it contradicts causality in the most elementary manner. We are
dealing with the problem that according to the laws of electrodynamics a centripetally
accelerated electron should emit electromagnetic waves and continuously lose energy, to
eventually plunge into the nucleus.
Our experience teaches that this fortunately is not true - and Niels Bohr in order to save
his model of the atom was forced to annul the laws of physics with a postulate founded in
arbitrariness.
Actually this state only exists for a very short time and then something unbelievable
happens: the electron can't be distinguished as an individual particle anymore. "It is
smeared over the electron orbit" do certain people say; "it possesses a dual nature" says
Heisenberg. Besides the corpuscular nature the electron should in case of its "second
nature" form a matter wave, "the position of the electron is to be looked at as a resonance
which is the maximum of a probability density", do explain us de Broglie and
Schrodinger.
These explanations can hardly convince. If the electron loses its particle nature in its
second nature, then it also will lose its typical properties, like for instance its mass and its
charge. but this is not the case.
THE vortex theory provides clear and causal answers: if the electron were a ball it continuosly
would lose energy, therefore another configuration forms that does not know
this problem. Here the phenomenon of transport takes an effect. The electron opens its
vortex centre and takes the tiny protons and neutrons as atomic nucleus up into itself. The
Bohr electron orbit with that is not a path anymore, but is occupied by the whole particle
as spherical shell. This is confirmed by the not understood measurements exactly like the
photos of individual atoms with the scanning electron microscope.
But now an electron does in its inside have the opposite swirl direction as the proton seen
from the outside. As a consequence a force of repulsion will occur, which can be
interpreted as the to the outside directed current eddy, the force of attraction for reason of
the opposite charge works in the opposite direction and can be interpreted as the potential
vortex effect.
If both vortices are equally powerful: (5.13)
or if both forces are balanced, as one usually would say, then the object which we call an
atom is in a stable state.
It probably will be a result of the incompatible swirl direction, why a very big distance
results, if the electron becomes an enveloping electron. On such a shell not too many
electrons have room. Because of the rotation of their own, the electron spin, they form a
magnetic dipole moment, which leads to a magnetic attraction of two electrons if they put
their spin axis antiparallelly.
As a "frictionless" against one another rotating pair they form two half-shells of a sphere
and with that occupy the innermost shell in the hull of an atom. If the positive charge of
the nucleus is still not balanced with that, then other electrons is left only the possibility to
form another shell. Now this next electron takes the whole object up into itself. The new
shell lies further on the outside and naturally offers room to more as only two vortices.

5.6 Derivation of the Klein-Gordon equation
The valid model of the atom today still raises problems of causality, as has been
explained. An improvement was provided by an equation, which was proposed by the
mathematician Schrodinger 1926 as a model description. This equation in this way missed
the physical root, but it nevertheless got international acknowledgment, because it could
be confirmed experimentally. Looking backwards from the result then the physical
interpretation of the probability density of the resonance of the waves could be pushed
afterwards.
(5.14)
The Schrodinger equation is valid for matter fields (of mass m), while the interaction
with a outside force field the energy U indicates. It can be won from a wave equation by
conversion, which possibly is the reason why it usually is called a wave equation,
although in reality it is a diffusion equation, so a vortex equation!
For the derivation Schrodinger gives the approach of a harmonic oscillation for the
complex wave function
(5.15)
if the entire time dependency can be described by one frequency f = W/h
(de-Broglie relation): (5.16)
The high-put goal is: if the structure of the atom is determined by the fundamental field
equation 5.7 then one should be able to derive the experimentally secured Schrodinger
equation and to mathematically describe the discussed special case. Also we select at first
an approach periodic in time:
(5.17)
with . (5.18)
We insert the approach 5.17 and its derivations into the field equation 5.7 and divide by
the damping term e-wt:
If as the next step the angular frequency according to equation 5.18 is inserted, then
summarized the provisional intermediate result results:
(5.20)
The derived equation 5.20 represents formally seen the Klein-Gordon equation, which is
used for the description of matter waves in quantum mechanics and which particularly in
the quantum field theory (e.g. mesons) plays an important role. Even if it often is regarded
as the relativistic invariant generalization of the Schrodinger equation, it at a closer look is
incompatible with this equation and as "genuine" wave equation it is not capable of
treating vortex problems correctly, like e.g. the with the Schrodinger equation calculable
quantization of our microcosm.

5.7 Derivation of the time dependent Schrodinger equation
With the Schrodinger approach 5.15 and its derivations the derivation is continued:

The for a harmonic oscillation won relations according to equation 5.21 and 5.22 are now
inserted into equation 5.20:

This is already the sought-for Schrodinger equation, as we will see in a moment, when
we have analysed the coefficients. Because, besides equation 5.16 for the total energy W,
also the Einstein relation is valid (with the speed of light c):

we can replace the coefficients of the imaginary part by:

To achieve that equation 5.23, as required, follows from the Schrodinger equation 5.14, a
comparison of coefficients is carried out for the real part:

If thc kinetic energy of a particle moving with the speed v is:

then acccording to De Broglie this particle has the wavelength h/mv. The consideration of
the particle as matter wave demands an agreement with the wave length c/f of an electromagnetic
wave (with the phase velocity c). The particle hence has the speed v, which
corresponds with the group velocity of the matter wave:

According to equation 5.24 on the one hand the total energy is W = w • h and on the
other hand the relation 5.28 gives resp.:
Inserted into equation 5.27* the sought-for coefficient reads (according to eq. 5.26):

5.8 Derivation of the time independent Schrodinger equation
The goal is reached if we are capable to fulfil the comparison of coefficients 5.26:
(5.30)
The angular frequency w is given by equation 5.18. Therefore has to be valid:
(5.31)
(5.32)
As is well-known the arithmetic and the geometric average only correspond in case the
variables are identical. In this case, as already required in equation 5.13:
(5.13)
has to hold.
From this we can draw the conclusion that the Schrodinger equation is just applicable to
the described special case (according to eq. 5.13), in which the eddy current, which tries
to inc rea se the particle or its circular path and the potential vortex, which keeps the atoms
together and also is responsible for the stability of the elementary particles, are of
identical order of magnitude.
As a check equation 5.23 is divided by c2 and equations 5.30 and 5.25 are inserted:
(5.14*)
This is the time dependent Schrodinger equation 5.14 resolved for
Next we replace according to equation 5.21 with acc. to equation 5.24:
(5.33)
If we separate the space variables from time by the Schrodinger approach 5.15 we
obtain:
(5.34)
This quation 5.34 for the function of space coordinates is the time independent
Schrodinger equation:
(5.35)
The solutions of this equation which fulfil all the conditions that can be asked of them (of
finiteness, steadiness, uniqueness etc.), are called eigenfunctions. The existence of
corresponding discrete values of the energy W, also called eigenvalues of the Schrodinger
equation, are the mathematical reason for the different quantum postulates.

5.9 Interpretation of the Schrodinger equation
The interpretation of the Schrodinger equation is still disputed among physicists, because
the concept of wave packets contradicts the corpuscular nature of the elementary particles.
Further the difficulty is added that wave packets at a closer look never are connected, run
apart more or less fast, and really nothing can hinder them doing that. But for a particle the
connection represents a physical fact. Then there can be no talk of causality anymore.
The monocausal division into two different levels of reality, in a space-timely localization
and in an energetic description, does not represent a solution but rather the opposite, the
abolition of the so-called dual nature. As has been shown, the potential vortex is able to
achieve this with the help of its concentration effect.
But from the introduction of this new field phenomenon arises the necessity to interpret
the causes for the calculable and with measuring techniques testable solutions of the
Schrodinger equation in a new way. Laws of nature do not know a possibility to choose! If
they have been accepted as correct, they necessarily have to be applied.
Three hundred years ago the scholars had an argument, whether a division of physical
pheomena, like Newton had proposed it, would be allowed to afterwards investigate
them in the laboratory individually and isolated from other influences or if one better
should proceed in an integrated manner, like for instance Descartes with his cartesian
vortex theory. He imagined the celestial bodies floating in ethereal vortices.
One absolutely was aware that the whole had to be more than the sum of every single
realizato n, but the since Demokrit discussed vortex idea had to make room for the
overwhelming successes of the method of Newton. And this idea after 2100 years was
stamped, to in the meantime almost have fallen into oblivion.
Today, where this recipe for success in many areas already hits the limits of the physical
possibilities, we should remember the teachings of the ancients and take up again the
vortex idea It of course is true that only details are calculable mathematically and that
nature, the big whole, stays incalculable, wherein problems can be seen.
If we consider the fundamental field equation 5.7, we find confirmed that actually no
mathematician is capable to give a generally valid solution for this four-dimensional
partial differential equation. Only restrictive special cases for a harmonic excitation or for
certain spatial boundary conditions are calculable. The derived Schrodinger equation is
such a case and for us particularly interesting, because it is an eigenvalue equation. The
eigenvalues describe in a mathematical manner the with measuring techniques testable
structures of the potential vortex .
Other eigenvalue equations are also derivable, like the Klein-Gordon equation or the
Lionville equation, which is applied successfully in chaos theories. So our view opens, if
chaotic systems like turbulences can be calculated as special cases of the same field
equation and should be derivable from this equation.
The in pictures recorded and published structures, which at night should have come into
being in corn fields, often look like the eigenvalues of a corresponding equation. The ripe
ears thereby lie in clean vortex structures flat on the soil. Possibly potential vortices have
charged the ears to such high field strength values that they have been pulled to the soil by
the Coulomb forces.

Consequences resulting from the derivation of the Schrodinger
equation from the fundamental field equation 5.7:
The relation between the energy of oscillation and the mass is
described by the relation named after Albert Einstein

4.Properties ,first telsa physics infomation for engineers

2007-09-05T17:57:00.000+01:00
4.1 Concentration effect
I t c a n be assumed that until now there does not yet exist a technical application for the
here presented potential vortex theory unless the phenomenon was used by chance and
unconsciously. About this the transmission of optical light signals over fibre optic cable
can be given as a typical example.
Compared to a transmission of energy impulses over a copper cable fibre optic cables
show a considerable better degree of effectiveness. The derived potential vortex theory
provides a conclusive explanation for this phenomenon and therefore is put here to
discussion: If we cut through a fibre optic cable and look at the distribution of a light
impulse over the cross-section, then we observe a concentration in the centre of the
conductor (fig. 4.1).
Herc the duality between the vortices of the magnetic and of the electric field comes to
light. Whereas the current eddies in a copper conductor cause the "skin effect" as is wellknown,
potential vortices show a "concentration effect" and align themselves with the
vortex centre. The measurable and in fig. 4.1 shown distribution of the light intensity in a
fibre optic cable may confirm this phenomenon, the orientation of the potential vortex on
the vortex centre.
For instance the calculation of the resistance of a copper cable provides as an important
result an apparent decrease of the resistance directed towards the conductor surface. There
the associated better conductivity as a consequence causes an increased current density. In
the reversed direction, towards the centre of the conductor, consequently a decrease of the
effective conductivity would be present, and this result is independent of the used
material. According to the rules of duality this is a condition for the formation of potential
vortices. As already said the conductivity is responsible for it, if the expanding eddy
current with its skin effect or the contracting potential vortex with its concentration effect
is predominant.
Usual fibre optic materials possess not only a small conductivity, but in addition a high
dieletricity. This additionally favours the formation of vortices of the electric field. If one
consciously or unconsciously supports the potential vortices, then there is a possibility that
the life of the fibre optic cable is negatively influenced because of the concentration effect.
Of course it can not be excluded that other effects, like e.g. reflections or the modes of the
light are involved in the concentration effect. But it should be guaranteed that this actually
concerns is causal phenomena and doesn't concern only alternative explanations out of
ignorance of the active vortex phenomenon.
The formal mathematical reason for the concentration effect provides the reverse sign in
Faraday's law of induction compared to Ampere's law

4.2 Duality of the vortex properties
The rules of duality dictate for the vortex of the electric and of the magnetic field the
following characteristics:
1. Whereas currents and eddy currents demand a good conductivity, potentials and
potential vortices can only form with bad conductivity, thus in a dielectric and best in
the vacuum.
2. Eddy currents run apart, strive towards infinity and thus show the well-known "skin
effect" with a spatially limited arrangement of the conductor. According to the rules of
duality the potential vortex will strive towards the vortex centre and in this way will
show a "concentration effect".
3. Another property of vortices is shown in fig. 4.2.
On the left side a plane eddy current is indicated. Since the discovery of Ampere's law
it is well-known to us that such a circular current (I) forms a magnetic dipole standing
perpendicular to the vortex plane.
On the right hand side the dual phenomenon is sketched. Here charges are piled up
circularly to a planar potential vortex (U). Thereby an electric dipole forms, standing
perpendicular to the vortex plane. This relation directly follows from the equations of
the field-theoretical approach.
Whereas circular currents and current eddies produce magnetic dipoles, the postulated
potential vortices will form electric dipoles.
With these three interesting properties some key questions of quantum physics, that until
now have stayed a mystery to science (fig. 4.4), can be answered conclusively and without
compulsion e.g.:
I.Why are there no magnetically charged particles?
The better the conductivity of a medium is, the higher as a consequence the number of free
charge carriers is. the more strongly eddy currents are formed. The answer to question I is
inferred from the opposite case:
In the ideal vacuum no charge carriers at all are present, why no currents, no current
eddies and consequently no magnetic poles can exist.
With this well-known fact the first question already is answered. The question why in the
microcosm there can not exist magnetically charged elementary particles, why the search
for magnetic monopoles doesn't make any sense. Let's ask further:
II. Why are there only electrically charged particles?
Let us for that consider the dual conditions. The worse the conductivity of a medium is, the
more the potential vortex -will be favoured that because of this property also can be
understood as the vortex of the dielectric.
In the mentioned extreme case of the ideal vacuum, no electric conductivity is present for
reason of the missing charge carriers. But this circumstance favours the potential vortex
and that, according to fig. 4.2, forms electric poles and with this also the second question
would be answered clearly.
It can be traced back to the boundary conditions of the microcosm that without exception
electricallv charged particles are entitled to exist; a realization derived from the fieldtheoretical
approach, that covers all experiences.

4.3 Derivation of the electron as an elementary vortex
The next key question necessarily has to be brought to a conclusive answer to save the
principle of causality, so that we no longer have to postulate an own physics with its own
laws for the microcosm:
III. Why do these particles show as monopoles?
More concrete the question has to read:
Where is the positive pole in a negatively charged electron, if it should be an electric
dipole?
The only possible answer is:
In the centre of the particle!
Thus in the centre of the electron its positive pole is hidden and in the centre of the
positron its negative pole is hidden. But we only observe these particles from the outside
and for reason of the field conditions of the electron we measure a negative charge and for
its antiparticle, the positron, a positive charge. If in each case we wanted to measure the
electric fields included in the inside, we had to destroy the particle. Then a proof would
not be possible anymore.
Here also a persistent mistake is eliminated by the for a long time known axiom that
monopoles can not exist at all if one considers continuity! By means of technical-physical
experiments this axiom is sufficiently secured.
The quantum physical approach is standing on uncertain ground if it is postulated that
other laws of nature should apply to particle physics, if a second approach, the fieldtheoretical
approach, is conceivable that does not know these problems!
The discussed concentration effect gives the potential vortex a structure shaping property.
With that also the fourth key question can be answered:
IV. Why do the particles have the form of spheres?
The potential vortex is favoured in the particle-free vacuum of the microcosm because of
the missing conductivity. In connection with the concentration effect the following
conclusion can be drawn:
The extremely mighty potential vortex exerts a high pressure on the microcosm and on
each particle.
With that also the fourth key question, why stable elementary particles are spherical, can
be answered by the potential vortex theory:
Only the sphere is able to withstand a high outside pressure.
All other forms, like e.g. dipoles formed like a rod or a club would be instable in the
presence of the extremely concentrating potential vortex. They would be immediately
destroyed by the pressure of the potential vortex.

I. Why are there no magnetically charged
particles?
(the vacuum has no conductivity!)
II. Why are there only electrically charged
particles?
(in the vacuum only potential vortices can exist!)
III. Why do these particles show as monopoles?
(the other pole is locked up in the inside of the vortex
oscillation!)
IV. Why do the particles have the form of spheres?
(for reason of the outside pressure by the concentration
effect!)
V. Why is the elementary quantum stable?
(without conductivity no decay of vortices takes place!)
VI. Why does for every particle of matter exist an antiparticle?
(there are two swirl directions with equal rights!)
VII. Why are particles and antiparticles incompatible?
(contrary swirl directions!)
Fig. 4.4: Key questions of quantum physics

4.4 Quanta as field vortices
The fied-theoretical approach demands removing the electron from the field equations
(eq. 3.7) and at the same time introducing the potential vortex of the electric field. With
this vortex phenomenon there now is a possibility that the electromagnetic wave
spontaneously rolls up to a vortex in case it is disturbed from the outside. The vortex
particle that is formed in such a way owes its physical reality on the one hand the
concentration effect of the potential vortex, that compresses this particle to the dimension
of a tiny sphere and on the other hand its localization for reason of the oscillation around
a fixed point.
The sphcrical elementary particles are being compressed to inconceivably small
dimensions. Therefore they are capable to bind a comparatively high energy in their
inside. This is confirmed by the mass-energy relation E = mc2 . (4.1)
The fact that the energy is dependent on the speed of light can be judged to be a clear
indica tion that quanta actually are nothing but oscillating electromagnetic packages,
vortical oscillations of empty space!
The next question reads:
V. Why is the elementary quantum stable?
The worse the conductivity is, the more the potential vortex will be favoured, the more
strongly the concentration effect will form, the smaller the spherical phenomena will get -
the larger the authoritative relaxation time will be, i.e. the slower the decay of vortices
and with that the more stable the vortex phenomenon will be.
In the microcosm, that comes the ideal case of a particle-free vacuum very close, the
spherical vortices because of the missing conductivity have an absolute stability.
VI. Why does for every particle of matter exist an antiparticle?
Since every vortex can also oscillate
in the opposite direction, there always exist two forms of formation of spherical vortices
with equal rights, one of them is assigned to the world of matter and the other to the world
of anti-matter.
VII. Why are particles and antiparticles incompatible?
For reason of the contrary swirl direction they are incompatible to each other. They have
the tendency to destroy each other mutually, like two trains that want in the opposite
direction on a single-tracked distance.
The quantum physical approach does not have an answer to these key questions. Until
now scientists have merely thought about to what the observable contraction in the
microcosm and the macrocosm can be traced back. Because the approach was not able to
furnish an answer, without further ado some new matter was introduced: the sluons. These
binding particles should be able to exert the necessary pressure. But until now no one has
been able to observe or detect this fabulous matter. Nobody knows its structure and its
composition. Despite missing evidence it is stated that this matter is mass less and at the
same time lumped; it is invisible because it can't interact with any other matter, not even
with the supposed building parts of the atomic nuclei, the quarks. But at the same time
there should be exerted a pressure on the quarks, for which reason quarks again should be
able to interact with gluons!

4.5 The photon
The ability to form structures as a consequence of the concentration effect gives the
potential vortex a number of highly interesting properties. To derive these properties we
can make work easier when we fall back upon the observations and experiences of flow
dynamics.
Here the vortex ring takes a special place. Its vortex centre is not closed, for which reason
it is not stationary and propagates in space with a constant speed. It can be observed that
the velocity of propagation increases with the ring diameter becoming smaller. By means
of the vortex rings, that skilful smokers can produce with pointed lips, these properties can
be made visible.
Now if two vortex rings run into each other with the same axis and direction of rotation
then both oscillate around each other, by one vortex attracting the other vortex, thereby
accelerating and thus contracting it. The second vortex then slips through the core opening
and gets again slower and larger. Now the first vortex accelerates and plays the same game
(fig. 4.5).
It would be obvious for the vortex of the electric field to have a corresponding property.
The electron e- and with the opposite swirl direction the positron e+ will form such a
potential vortex corresponding to the derivation. Two electrons, as like charged particles,
would repel each other and surely will be out of the question for such a configuration. An
electron and a positron however will attract each other and because of their
incompatibility they will mutually destroy unless they open their vortex centres to form a
vortex ring. Now the e- shows its positively charged centre that shows the same swirl
direction as the e+ seen from the outside. Therefore the vortices don't hurt each other,
when the positron slips through the opened vortex centre of the electron and vice versa.
This oscillating electron-positron pair has strange properties: seen from the outside one
moment it is negatively charged and the next moment it is positively charged. Therefore
over time on the average no charge will be measurable and no electromagnetic interaction
will take place.
One moment the particle is matter and the next moment it is anti-matter. Hence no mass at
all can be attributed to the particle. Interactions primarily takes place between both dual
vortices. We can predict, the particle has neither mass nor charge. The environment
merely sees a fast oscillating particle that only within every half cycle is capable of an
interaction.
The centre of the oscillating particle is open, for which reason it is not stationary
anymore. Instead it propagates in z-direction with the swirl velocity, which is the speed of
light, in this way preventing a rotation around the x- or y- axis (fig. 4.6). In this way a
polarizability is present.
The only possible and, as we will see, necessarily taking place rotation around the z-axis
gives the particle a spin of the magnitude of a quantum of angular momentum. After all
the rotation for e- and e+ is of the same magnitude with a spin of each time There
should be paid attention to the fact that for the case of an opposite sense of direction of the
respective rotation around the common z-axis the spin on the average will be zero.
In addition the particle is characterized by an outstanding property: a periodically taking
place oscillation with any frequency, but that frequency has to be constant.
We now only have to take a table of particles to hand. Actually we will find a corresponding
particle that has all these properties: the also called photon.

4.6 Pair creation
Proof for the correctness of the model concept provides the decay of the photon in an
electron and a positron in the presence of a strong field, as for instance in an atomic
nucleus. This observable decay is called pair creation or Bethe-Heitler process:
(4.2)
In this process the elementary vortices for a short time get back their localization and are
therefore detectable. Otherwise the electron and positron have the form of a sphere, the
photon however rather has the form of two oscillating discs.
The photon doesn't participate in the electromagnetic interaction, because the electric field
lines run from one disc to the other (from + to -). The field lines are not open as they are
for e- or e+ (fig. 4.3). To open up the field lines an energy is necessary that corresponds to
the sum of the two formed particles. But from this it by no means follows that this amount
of energy will be released in the reversed and much better known process, where matter
and anti-matter annihilate under emission of At the end of the derivation the
vortex model will provide us the desired answers on questions of the energy of photons.
Here first of all only the properties will be concerned.
Experiments, in which light shows as a particle, are the photoelectric effect, the Compton
effect and a lot more. According to the by Maxwell developed classical theory of light
however is light an electromagnetic wave that is not quantized in any way, neither as
sphere nor as disc, the wave nature of light as well has a physical reality and is secured by
experiment. This is witnessed by the interference patterns of overlapping coherent light
beams.
A concept in which light could exist at the same place and the same time both as wave and
as corpuscle could never be brought into accord with the principle of causality. Formulas
of compromise, like the uncertainty principle of Heisenberg that refers to the point of
view of the observer, can't change anything about this dilemma. The dual nature of light,
that in this context is gladly spoken of, rather consists of the fact that dependent on the
local field conditions, any time and spontaneously the wave can roll up to a vortex.
As an example of a violation of the principle of causality it has been indicated under point
3 (fig. 3.1) that both fields and quanta at the same time should be the cause of something.
This concept was formulated by Maxwell and written down in modern quantum electrodynamics
by Dirac but in the field-theoretical approach we have dropped this concept
because it violates all rules of causality in an elementary manner. Therefore it only is
consistent, if we hold the view that the light is either wave or particle but never is both at
the same time!
In the spontaneous transition of the wave to the particle all the important properties are
conserved: the propagation with the speed of light, the characteristic frequency of the
oscillation and the mentioned polarizability.
The process of rolling up possibly takes place already in the laboratory, in a bubble
chamber and at the latest in our eyes. To receive the electromagnetic wave, we had to have
antennas. We actually see the photons. It therefore would be obvious if our cells to see
only could perceive vortices, in this case photons. We don't possess a sense organ for
fields and waves.

4.7 Noise
If, according to the field-theoretical approach, there exist electric field vortices then they
will not only form the elementary particles in the vacuum, but will also macroscopically
form and have an effect in larger dimensions.
Assuming a wave that rolls up to a plane vortex it would be obvious if polarization and
velocity of propagation are conserved in the process. But how does it stand about the
frequency?
The wave now will walk round a stationary point, the vortex centre. The propagation with
the speed of light c will remain existent as the swirl velocity. For a plane circular vortex,
where the path for a revolution on the outside is very much longer than near the vortex
centre, there arises a longer wave length and as a consequence a lower frequency on the
outside as more to the inside. With this property the vortex proves to be a changer of
frequency: the vortex transforms the frequency of the causing wave in an evenly
spectrum, that starts at low frequencies and stretches to very high frequencies (fig. 1.4).
Exactly this property we observe in "white noise". The consistent conclusion would be
that this concerns the vortex of the electric field. Anyone can, without big expenses,
convince himself or herself of the localization, of the property to change the frequency and
of the circumstance that vortices can be very easily influenced, that they avoid or again
whirl about a place of disturbance, for instance an antenna. For that one only needs to tune
a radio receiver to a weak and noisy station and move oneself or some objects around,
then one is able to directly study the influences from the manipulation of the receiving
signal.
But already the fact that the using and measurability of signals is limited by noise makes
clear. which attention the potential vortex should be given.
Within a limited frequency range the power of the Nyquist or resistance noise is
independent of frequency (fig. 4.7). This should be clarified particularly by the term
"white noise" analogous to white light, where all visible spectral ranges independent of
frequency have the same energy density.
But this relation doesn't hold for high frequencies of any magnitude. Here another noiseeffect
appears, that is said to have its cause in the quantum structure of energy.
Untouched by possible interpretations an increasing power of the noise is measured, that
more and more turns into a being proportional to frequency (fig. 4.7, curve a).
Interestingly this curve shows a remarkable duality to the power curve of eddy currents,
likewise shown against the frequency, that for instance can be measured at eddy current
couplings (fig. 4.7, curve b). This circumstance suggests a dual relation of the potential
vortex of the electric field in bad conducting media on the one hand and the eddy current
in inductive materials on the other hand.

4.8 Capacitor losses
Next the dielectric losses in a capacitor fed with an alternating voltage are measured and
likewise put on against the frequency. At first the course is independent of the frequency,
but towards higher frequencies it increases and shows the same characteristic course of the
curve as the before mentioned power of the noise (fig. 4.7, curve a).
This excellent agreement suggests the assumption that the dielectric losses are nothing but
eddy losses.
These vortex phenomena, caused by time-varying fields, are not only found in ferromagnetic
and conductive materials, but equally as dual phenomena in dielectrics and nonconductors.
As examples of practical applications the induction welding or the microwave oven can be
mentioned. The process can be described in other words as follows: in both examples the
cause is posed by high-frequency alternating fields that are irradiated into a dielectric as
an electromagnetic wave, there roll up to potential vortices and eventually decay in the
vortex centre. The desired and used thermal effect arises during this diffusion process.
The striving in the direction of the vortex centre gives the potential vortex of the electric
field a structure shaping property. As a consequence of this "concentration effect"
circular vortex structures are to be expected, comparable to the visible vortices in flow
dynamics (e.g. tornados and whirlwinds). At the same time the dual anti-vortex arises, the
diverging eddy current. It takes, as is well-known, the given structure of the conductor, so
in the technical literature one correspondingly talks of a "skin effect".
Now if conductor and non-conductor meet as they do in a capacitor, then at the boundary
area visible structures will form. Circles would be expected, if the eddy current in the
inside and striving to the outside is equally powerful as the potential vortex that comes
from the outside and concentrates.
Ac tua l ly such circular structures are observed on the aluminium of high tension
capacitors, when they were in operation for a longer period of time. The formation of
these circles, the cause of which until now is considered to be unsolved, is already
experimentally investigated and discussed on an international level by scientists (fig.
4.8) .
These circular vortex structures can be seen as a visible proof for the existence of
potential vortices of the electric field.

4.9 Vortex lines and vortex streets
It can be assumed that the vortex of the electric field is relevant with regard to the
electromagnetic environmental compatibility. This then holds not only for microcosmic
and microscopic vortices, but also for macroscopic and larger dimensions. The individual
vortices can join together to balls and lines. For the study of this process it is useful to
again fall back upon experiences of flow dynamics.
The co-operation of individual point vortices has been investigated thoroughly in flow
dyamics. Without any outside manipulation an individual vortex rotates on the spot.
That changes in the case of two neighbouring vortices. Now it depends on their mutual
strength and sense of rotation. If they have the opposite sense of rotation and equal
strength then their centres of rotation move straight forward in the same direction. If
however the direction of rotation is the same then both vortices rotate around each other
(fig. 4.9).
In this way a multitude of point vortices is capable, to form in the first case whole vortex
streets and in the second case spherical vortex balls. In principle a vortex string can also
consist of a multitude of potential vortices pointing in the same direction; but it has the
tendency to roll up to a vortex ball in case it is disturbed from the outside, as can be shown
very clear by means of computer simulations.
As a starting-point for a discussion the thesis can be put forward that also electric field
vortices, in nature usually consisting of a multitude of individual point vortices, appear as
vortex strings and vortex balls.
Perhaps historians see in this property an answer to the question, how it was possible for
the Romans to build streets straight as a die in the wilderness. Their land surveyors, the
Augures, had at their disposal neither laser, nor any other suitable gauges. Their most
important tool was the Lituus, the crook, that at its upper end was rolled up like a vortex in
the sense of a flat coil shaped like a spiral.
The question poses what this strange object was used for. Perhaps the roman land
surveors tracked down any vortex lines with this crook and then used them to orientate
themselves?
History still holds a lot of secrets, but for now only this indication is given. The following
seminar will give enough opportunities for speculations and discussions.

4.10 Water colloids as vortex balls
We have to realize that in the biosphere we are staying in a relatively ideal dielectric. The
two "capacitor plates" are being formed by the ionosphere and the earth. The potential
vortex will, as said, be favoured by a bad conductivity and by a high dielectricity. Consequently
it will dominate and take effect in the biosphere. In which way it takes effect is the
central theme of the electromagnetic environmental compatibility.
Life in this world consists predominantly of water and water has a very high dielectricity!
With that the effectiveness and the long life of the potential vortex increases. The human
head for instance contains 7O% and plants contain over 90% water! But it does not
simply concern H2O, but structured water in a colloidal form. These water colloids could
be vortex balls because they consist of a large number of water molecules in a spherical
arrangement They form independent and insoluble particles with a negative electric
charge (fig. 4.11).
Water is not equal water thanks to this structure. One can buy healing water and
corresponding sources are well-known and famous. Many an effect can be explained by
means of a chemical analysis but not everything.
The highest age in this world is reached by the inhabitants of Hunza, in the mountains of
norhern India at the foothill of the Hindu Kush, at an altitude of 2500 meters. They drink
some muddy glacial water that is strongly colloidal. Hence it would be obvious that plants
and also we ourselves need such water for our physique. Processes are known with which
the advantageous vortex balls, say colloids, are produced artificially by mechanic or
chemical treatment. Levitated water, as it is called and as it is for sale nowadays, is said
to be more healthy. Unfortunately people predominantly work empiric in this area,
because science occupies itself with this topic only little or not at all.
Another problem is the fact that the colloids again fall apart quickly. The like negative
charge favours this process. The liquid crystals have to be stabilized from the outside. In
the case of the Hunza-water the colloids are surrounded by a vegetable layer of fatty acid
and are protected in this way . It possibly is very obliging to nature, if the water colloids
also in biological systems are stabilized in that way.
Everyone of us knows that fresh spring water tastes much better than stale, bottled water,
even if the chemical analysis turns out of be absolutely identical. For this fact classical
science is not able to give a cause - a further problem of causality. In any case should
potential vortices with their structure shaping property be considered as a cause for the
formation of water colloids. It surely causes no difficulties at all to interpret the colloids as
vortcx bulls.

4.11 Phenomenon of transport
The vortex principle is self-similar. This means that the properties of an individual vortex
also for the collection of numerous vortices again appear and can he observed in a similar
manner. That's why a vortex ball behaves entirely similar as an individual isolated vortex.
The same concentration effect, that keeps the vortex together, shows its effect for the
vortex ball and keeps it together also.
Something corresponding holds for a basic property of potential vortices, being of a
completely different nature. It is the property to bind matter in the vortex and carry it
away with the vortex. Well-known are the vortex rings that skilful cigarette smokers can
blow in the air. Of course also non-smokers can produce these air eddies with their mouth
but these remain invisible. Solely by the property of the vortex ring to bind the smoke it
becomes visible to the human eye.
If out potential vortex transports something then it rather should be a dielectric material,
so preferably water. Therefore if in the environmental air we are surrounded by potential
vortices that we can detect for instance as noise, then they are capable with their
"phenomenon of transport", to pick up water and to keep it in the vortex. In this way the
atmospheric humidity is explicable as the ability of the air particles to bind comparatively
heavy water molecules. If the vortex falls apart then it inevitably releases the water
particles and it rains. This is merely a charming alternative for the classical representation
without claim to completeness.
Already the Romans have made use of this phenomenon to find water and sources. About
this Vitruv (from 23 BC) in his 8th book about architecture writes: "Before sunrise one
has to lie down on the earth at the places, where to search for water,... and one has to look
at the area... Then one has to dig at the place where there appears curling and in the air
rising moist steam. Because this characteristic can not occur at a place where there is no
water". The at a certain time of day and in certain seasons occasional in meadows and corn
fields observable streaks or circular mostly moist places with differing vegetation, have to
be judged as an infallible sign for the existence of this phenomenon.
This phenomenon of transport again appears for the discussed water colloids. The
involved water molecules form a spherical object with a negative charge. They turn their
negatively charged side to the outside and point with the positively charged end in the
direction of the middle of the sphere. There, no longer discernible from the outside, a
negatively charged ion can be, that is stuck, that no longer can escape and that gives the
whole colloid a characteristic property. In this way nature knows various water colloids
that constitute plants and animals. But starting at a temperature of 41°C the liquid crystals
fall apart. This not by chance is the temperature at which a person dies.
Already 10 millivolts per liquid crystal suffice for the electrically induced death.
The to a colloid identical structure we find in the structure of the atoms. Here the atomic
nucleus is held in the inside of a vortex-like cloud of electrons, the atomic hull. We'll hit
the phenomenon of transport a last time, when we derive the elementary particles. For the
photon is already discernible the tendency of an elementary vortex, to take another vortex
in its inside. Merely because the electron and positron are evenly matched a stable
configuration is prevented for the photon.

3.Approach ,first telsa physics infomation for engineers

2007-09-05T17:53:00.000+01:00
3. Approach
In the question, if there exists a still unknown phenomenon that influences the
electromagnetic environmental compatibility, we must fall back far until upon the roots of
our physical understanding. Here we find a fundamental principle that until today is not
doubted and that is regarded as elementary, the principle of causality. Every result of a
measurement, every interpretation is checked for causality and only after passing this
examination it is accepted and published.
This principle of cause and effect has established, not only in physics but also in many
other disciplines of science. Is an effect observed, so there immediately is asked for the
cause. This principle encounters us in daily life.
When all observable and measurable effects ever can be assigned to a cause without force
and without exceptional regulations then the logical result is a pyramid of causality. On
top a fundamental physical principle is found, that is regarded as given by nature or as
given by god and that with its properties is responsible as the cause for different effects.
These effects again appear as the cause for new effects and so on (Fig. 3.0).
Sometime we have removed us so far from the top of the pyramid that a direct reference to
the describable effects can't be made anymore, so the impression could arise that it
concerns an isolated and independent discipline. We should take care not to think in such
a monocausal way, because both delimitation and avoidance of interdisciplinary working
methods will inevitably steer us into a dead end!
This pyramid of causality stands for the vision of a "unified theory", like it is demanded
and sought-after by numerous research scientists. But as long as it is not found, we'll have
to do with unsolved problems of causality. About this any number of examples can be
given.
A physical principle based on the principle of causality is the vortex. This the eddy current
demonstrates us clearly. The cause for its origin is an alternating field. According to
Faraday's law of induction this induces a voltage that in a conducting medium results in a
current according to Ohm's law. Around this current according to Ampere's law an
alternating field forms, that points perpendicular to the current and overlaps the original
alternafing field. This induced field first of all is an effect that overlaps the cause and itself
becomes the cause. The effect that follows from that further overlaps and forms a new
cause etc. In this way vortices form.
Vortices quasi represent the principle of causality.

Principle of Causality:

violations of the principle of causality:
1. monopoles exist
2. starting point for the strong interaction
3. fields and quanta are a cause at the same time
4. hypothetical particles (gluons, quarks, etc.)
5. transmission of information with speeds faster than
light • with photons (University of Berkeley)
• with microwaves (University of Cologne)
• with laser beams (Technical Univ. of Vienna)
6. transmission of energy with speeds faster than light
• with scalar waves (Nicola Tesla)
Fig. 3.1: Causality or the principle of cause and effect

3.1 Principle of causality
Our physical view of life strictly obeys the rules of causality, the principle of cause and
effect. But there are numerous cases, where causality at first could not be fulfilled
anymore. Here alternate solutions had to be found to not endanger this very successful
principle. A few examples should clarify this:
1. Technically it is impossible to produce a magnetic monopole. When a north pole is
produced then the accompanying south pole is also formed. In the same way only the
positive and negative pole can be assembled as the so called dipole. In the microcosm
however we find monopoles. Electrons are such particles. To restore causality we must
grant the microcosm its own laws that are not valid in the macrocosm! But this
monocausal hypothesis contradicts the observation that the microcosm represents an
image of the macrocosm and vice versa. Doubts if this assertion is allowed are
reasonable.
2. Like charges repel each other and that the more the smaller the distance gets. In an
atomic nucleus positively like charged protons are together at the smallest possible
room without any repulsion happening. Arithmetically seen all atomic nuclei would
have to explosively fly to pieces. But because this doesn't happen, shortly a new and
supposedly fundamental interaction, the strong interaction, was introduced to save
causality. Nevertheless this interaction now holds the like particles in a not explained
manner together. Causality could be obtained only by the introduction of a new
fundamental phenomenon.
3. When causality should hold as the supreme principle, it should be demanded with
priority for the fundamental phenomena of physics. Instead, in quantum
electrodynamics the particle is attributed the same physical reality as the field. With the
wave-particle duality Heisenberg has given out the corresponding formula of
compromise. This slaps the face of the principle of cause and effect.
Causality on principle allows only two approaches for a solution: the quantum physical
approach. which holds the quanta as the cause for the fields, and the field-theoretical
ašproach. wherein only the fields act as the cause. For both approaches there are good
arguments. The field theorists cite that fields can exist also in the vacuum, so that there
exist fields without particles but never particles without fields. Against that the quantum
physicists hold that somewhere, even when quite far away, there exist particles and that
the measurable fields merely are their action at a distance.
Both approaches first arouse the impression to be fully equal. In the course of the
discoveries in the area of quantum physics, the corresponding approach has been able to
establish. But it demands that all phenomena have to be understood as a consequence of
particles. So should gravitons make gravitation possible, should gluons hold everything
together and the quarks form the basic building parts. Meanwhile there is only worked
with hypotheses. Out of poverty quantum physics meanwhile has said goodbye to strict
causality, after the number of the violations of causality has risen that much and in every
respect there is a lack of models of explanation. It seems as if the end is reached, as if the
quantum physical approach to a large extend is exhausted.

3.2 Field-theoretical approach
The field-theoretical approach is the very much older one. Until the last turn of the century
the world in this respect still was in order. Max Planck, by the discovery of quanta, has
plunged physics into a crisis.
Albert Einstein, who, apart from his lightquanta hypothesis, in his soul actually was a field
theorist, writes: ,,Is it feasible that a field theory allows us to understand the atomistic and
quantum structure of reality?". This question by almost all is answered with No. But I
believe that at present nobody knows anything reliable about it".
By the way the "No" can be justified by the fact that the field description after Maxwell is
by no means able to the formation of structure so that it is not possible for quanta to
appear as a consequence. The field-theoretical approach could, obstructed by Maxwell's
field theory, not further be pursued and to this until today nothing has changed.
Nevertheless it would be an omission to not at least have tried this approach and have it
examined for its efficiency. Maybe the above mentioned problems of causality let
themselves be solved much more elegantly. For this however the Maxwell theory must be
reworked to a pure field theory. With the well-known formulation it offends against the
claim of causality, since it is field theory and quantum theory at the same time. To
Maxwell himself the quanta were still unknown, but today we know that the fourth
Maxwell equation is a quantum equation:
(3.4)
After this the electric field is a source field whereby the individual charge carriers, like
e.g. electrons, act as sources to form in their sum the space charge density pel. The other
three Maxwell equations are pure wave equations. In this way the third equation identifies
the magnetic field as source free:
div B = O . (3.3)
This for Pauli probably was the reason to call, "the electric elementary quantum e- a
stranger in Maxwell-Lorentz' electrodynamics".
Let's return to the principle of causality according to which in the field-theoretical
approach the fields should act as a cause and not the particles. In a corresponding field
description quanta logically have not lost anything. It is only consistent to likewise
demand freedom of sources of the electric field:
Div D = O . (3.7)
When the electric field is not a source field, then what is it? The magnetic field is a vortex
field. Hence it would be obvious to also conceive the electric field as a vortex field.
Numerous reasons speak for it:
1. A non-vortical gradient field, like it is formed by charge carriers, merely represents a
special case of the general vortex field. Only by the generation of quanta a source field
can form as a special case.
2. The electromagnetic wave teaches us the duality between the E- and the H-field that
are directed perpendicular to each other and are in a fixed relation to each other. If one
of them is a vortex field then also the dual field must be a vortex field.

3.3 Duality
Duality is a fundamental physical principle. Opposite, but one another complementing
phenomena can be assigned to each other in pairs, like e.g.

Fi r s t of all we find the duality confirmed in the case of the electromagnetic wave
spreading in a homogeneous medium. Here the field pointers of E and H are directed
perpendicular to each other and are in a fixed relation to each other. But if the wave is
damped in the presence of matter, for instance by eddy currents, then by basing on
Maxwell's field theory the duality will vanish.
A good example for perfect duality provides the integral of a field strength vector along
the path from a to b:

Urn if the integration takes place along a closed path then the circulation yields

According to Ampere's law (3.1) the magnetic field can thus form enclosed currents and
spatially spreading eddy currents. The electric field on the other hand should be
irrotational (3.2).
Let's take the case that the electromagnetic wave is damped by eddy currents and the
magnetic field in this way becomes a vortex field. The electric field itself that, as said, is
in a fixed relation and perpendicular to the vortex field H, will show all the vortex-typical
properties. Hence nothing would be more obvious as to also grant the electric field a
formation of vortices:

Critics of this dual approach, like for instance Jackson or Lehner, point out that with
reference to the fourth Maxwell equation the electric field should be understood as a
source field:

For a complete duality from the existence of electric monopoles, individual in the space
charge density contained charge carriers, the claim for magnetic monopoles is derived.
In spite of intensive search such north or south pole particles however until now could not
be found. Herein from the sight of criticism is seen a confirmation for the assumption that
Maxwell's field theory is self-contained and hence in principle may not be extended. The
critics have a problem of causality: They postulate source fields that at the same time
should be vortex fields. But if one asks how one should imagine such a field that is scalar
and at the same time vectorial, then it looks as if no one has ever made any thoughts about
it.
The from causality derived solution of the problem of lacking duality requires to extend
the Maxwell theory in one point, by introducing the potential vortex of the electric field
here and at the same time make a cut in another place:
div D = O (3.7)
With this formulation, the assumption of a freedom of sources in principle, the complete
duality already is reached: Now neither magnetic nor electric monopoles exist (Fig. 3.3)!
At first we have to accept the loss of the electron hoping that the calculation in the end
works out: the "exchange" vortices against particles, by which the quanta can be banned
from the field theory, suggests that the elementary particles themselves are nothing else as
spherical vortices that have found to an own physical reality.
3.4 Flow vortices
In fluid engineering convincing and strong indications for the correctness of the chosen
approach can be found. It benefits us that hydrodynamic vortices are visible or can be the
injection of smoke, e.g. in a wind-tunnel.
Already Leonardo da Vinci had observed at liquids that there exist two dual basic types
of plane vortices: "Among the vortices one is slower at the centre than at the sides, another
is faster at the centre than at the sides."
A vortex of the first type, also called "vortex with rigid-body rotation", is formed for
instance by a liquid in a centrifuge that due to its inertia of mass is pressed to the edge
because there the largest velocity exists. In an analogous way the electromagnetic vortex
in electrically conductive material shows the well-known "skin effect" (Fig. 3.4a).
To explain the other vortex Newton describes the experiment where a rod is dipped into a
liquid as viscous as possible and then is turned. In this potential vortex the velocity of the
particle increases the closer to the rod it is (Fig. 3.4b).
The duality of both vortex phenomena becomes obvious when we make ourselves clear
that in the experiment with the centrifuge the more liquid presses to the edge the less
viscous the medium is. And that on the other hand the potential vortex forms the stronger
the more viscous the medium is. As conclusion we read in text books that the viscosity of
the liquid decides whether a vortex with rigid-body rotation or a potential vortex is
formed.

3.5 Rankine vortex
When we, in a third experiment, immerse the centrifuge filled with water into a tough
medium and let the centrifuge rotate, then inside the centrifuge a vortex with rigid-body
rotation forms and outside the centrifuge a potential vortex forms (Fig. 3.5).
It is obvious that one vortex always causes the other vortex with the opposite properties
and so the existence of one causes that of the other. So in the first case, that of the vortex
with rigid-body rotation, outside the centrifuge potential vortices will form in the
surrounding air, whereas in the second case, that of the potential vortices, the turning rod
itself can be interpreted as a special case of a vortex with rigid-body rotation.
Hence in all conceivable experiments the condition always is fulfilled that in the centre of
the vortex the same state of "peace", that we can fix as "zero", prevails as in infinity.
When we take a tornado as an example, thus a whirlwind. In the "eye of the cyclone"
there's no wind at all. But when I go away from this spot, then I'm blown to the outside. I
can really feel the vortex with rigid-body rotation in the inside. If. however, I am standing
on the outside, then the potential vortex tries to pull me into the vortex. This potential
vortex is responsible for the structure and in the end also for the size of the tornado.
At the radius of the vortex, the place with the largest speed of the wind, an equilibrium
prevails. The vortex with rigid-body rotation and the potential vortex at this point are
equally powerful. Their power again is determined by the viscosity, which thereby fixes
the radius of the vortex!
Therefore meteorologists pursue with interest whether a tornado forms over land or over
water. Over the ocean for instance it sucks itself full with water. In that way the potential
vortex increases in power, the radius of the vortex gets smaller and the energy density
increases dangerously.
If the knowledge from hydrodynamics is transferred to the area of electromagnetism, then
the role of the viscosity is taken over by the electric conductivity. The well-known current
eddy occurs in the conductor, whereas its counterpart, the postulated potential vortex,
forms in the bad-conducting medium, with preference in the dielectric. The duality of both
vortices is expressed by the fact that the electric conductivity of the medium decides
whether current eddies or potential vortices can form and how fast they decay, i.e. convert
their energy into heat.

3.6 Vortex and anti-vortex
Fig. 3.5 shows that vortex and dual anti-vortex mutually cause each other. In high tension
transmission lines we find a striking example for the combination of current eddy and
potential vortex. Within the conductor current eddies are formed. Thus the current density
increases towards the surface of the conductor (skin effect). Outside of the conductor, in
the air, the alternating fields find a very bad conducting medium. If one follows the text
book opinion, then the field outside the conductor should be an irrotational gradient field!
But this statement causes unsolvable problems.
When vortices occur inside the conductor, then for reasons of a detachment of the vortices
without jumps at the interface to the dielectric, also the fields in the air surrounding the
conductor must have the form and the properties of vortices. Nothing would be more
obvious as to also mathematically describe and interpret these so-called gradient fields as
vortex fields. When looking exact this argument even is mandatory!
The as laws of field refraction known boundary conditions in addition demand
steadiness at the interface of the conductor to the dielectric and don't leave us any other
choice. If there is a vortex field on one side, then also the field on the other side is a vortex
field, otherwise we offend against the law! Here an obvious failure of the Maxwell theory
is present.
Outside the conductor, in the air, where the alternating fields find a very bad conducting
medium the potential vortex not only exists theoretical; it even shows itself. Dependent
among others on the frequency and the composition of the surface of the conductor, the
potenial vortices form around the conductor. When the thereby induced potentials exceed
the initial voltage, then impact ionisation takes place and the well-known corona
discharge is produced. Everyone of us can hear this as crackling and see the sparkling
skin with which high tension transmission lines cover themselves.
In accordance with the text books also a gradient field increases towards the surface of the
conductor, but an even shining would be expected and not a crackling. Without potential
vortices the observable structure of the corona would remain an unsolved phenomenon of
physics (Fig. 3.6).
But even without knowing the structure-shaping property of the potential vortices, that in
addition acts supporting and that we'll have to derive, it can be observed well that
especially roughness on the surface of the conductor stimulate the formation of vortices
and can produce vortices. If one is looking for a reason why with large frequency the very
short impulses of discharge always emerge from roughness, then very probable
potential vortices are responsible for it. By means of a Kirlian photograph it can be
shown that the corona consists of structured separate discharges (Fig. 3.6).
With this the approach is motivated, formulated and given reasons for. The expositions
can't replace a proof, but they should stand a critical examination. Mathematical and
physical evidence will be furnished later.

2. tasks,first telsa physics infomation for engineers

2007-09-05T17:48:00.000+01:00
2.1 Tasks of the electromagnetic environmental compatibility
The environmental compatibility (EC) forms the generalization that includes both the
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and the biological compatibility (BC). Besides the
technical and functional goals of an undisturbed functional course it also pursues ethical
and moral goals.
Technology should benefit to humanity and at the same time be in accord with nature.
This goal will not be reached when this technology directly or indirectly is endangering
humanity.
A direct attack on the health of people poses for instance the military usage of technical
apparatus or the negligent usage, by pretended ignorance and unsuspicion.
Is a technology posing a danger to the environment so humanity endangers itself indirectly
with this technology. After all are human beings a product of their environment. We
always should reckon on the environmental sins taking revenge on us sooner or later.
In fig. 2.1 a formal definition is given that in particular concerns the claims for an
undisturbed functional course: it concerns the compatibility aspects of unallowed emitted
and irradiated interference radiations, the reliability and quality safety with which a
function and task is fulfilled and finally the questions of the protection of health and the
safety at work.
Moreover fig. 2.1 provides an overview and the structure of the 2nd chapter. First we'll
treat the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) that first of all deals with the influence of
artificial but also natural interference sources on technical apparatus.
After that we'll throw a glance at the appearing fields in nature. The biological
compatibility (BC) deals with the influence on biological systems.
An especially sensitive area of the environmental compatibility (EC) than describes the
with a cross-link hinted influence of artificial interference sources on biological systems
that is popularly described as ,,electro smog".
The numerous aspects of the environmental compatibility for instance in the areas of
chemistry and biology that certainly are important, but do not fall in the area of
electromagnetism, can't be treated in the here marked framework.

2.2 Tasks of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
First of all the EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) is concerned with the function of
technical apparatus. Correspondingly rational and dry sounds the official definition:
"electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) describes the ability of an electrical setting-up (i.e.
of a construction element, of a construction group, of an apparatus or of an installation) to
function in an electromagnetic environment without stressing this environment by
electromagnetic effects in an unallowed fashion ".
Actually it concerns an old need for protection that should be as old as the usage of electro
technical apparatus. But in the beginning no one cared about it. The spark gaps with which
Heinrich Hertz 1888 in Karlsruhe has carried out the first radio technical experiments
were genuine ,,polluters", that would have been detectible at several hundreds of
kilometres distance with modern receivers. For these installations that he had assembled in
the lecture room with his students, today he would hardly get a permission of operation
and the since 1996 required declaration of conformity he would get not at all.
1925, as in Germany the number of radio listeners had exceeded the limit of one million,
for the first time a need for protection appears in the certificate of approval for radio
receivers: "The public telegraphs and telephone installations must not be disturbed by the
radio receiver".
Later on every backside of the good old steam radios there was found the following hint
(translated): "This apparatus meets the interference radiation regulations of the German
Post Office". So the manufacturers were urged to measure the emission of their apparatus
and in particular to screen the HF-oscillators in the superhet-receivers.
Since the fifties, in the VDE-institute EMC-examinations in the present day sense are
taken. The main point of the measurements and the by the VDE recommended limits,
however is about interferences bound to a circuit. On the supply lines of the network the
prevailing conditions are reproducible so that standards can be put through (Fig. 2.2).
For measurements of interference radiation maybe the time was not ripe enough or the
necessity was not big enough. The usual argumentation was: what we can't measure
reproducibly, can not be forbidden and certainly not be put under punishment. Therefore
merely recommendations were issued or impositions weak as wax were made like: "the
interference field strength ... must be so small that an undisturbed reception is guaranteed
as soon as the minimum field strength for utilization exists at the place where the antenna
is mounted".
In common parlance that means something like: "as long as no one bleats, everything is
allowed". Within a connected industrial area there even existed an officially legitimized
fools freedom. Merely at the fence of the industrial area limits had to be fulfilled.
Specially for the line-frequency of the screen one has decided to build a loophole in the
law so that one didn't have to throw the TV sets, that so successfully had conquered the
living rooms, out of the window. Of course the flickering screens did interfere exactly as
before but this EMC-interference now was officially approved.

2.3 Declaration of conformity
In the EMC times seem to have gone as the standardizers had to fit in with the insufficiencies
of technology. Meanwhile the conditions have turned up. We owe this circumstance
first of all the EMC-law of 1992 that doesn't name any limits but it states the
political intention to demand from technical apparatus and installations an appropriate
stability against interference and at the same time limit the sent out interference.
As a consequence of this law the measurement facilities and measurement processes had
to be standardized to get reproducible measurement results that are not influenced by the
electromagnetic environment. That goes so far that even the floor covering of a
measurement hall is dictated because the conductivity of the floor influences the degree of
reflexion. Normally the examinee is situated on a revolving plate that is turned around for
360° during the measurement of the radio interference field strength. Is it however not
possible to turn the examinee than the antenna has to be led around it, thereby again
increasing the dimensions of the measurement hall. The distance to the antenna should be
up to 10 meters. Moreover it must be possible to move the antenna, up till a height of 4
meters to register the influence of the reflexions on the floor.
Moreover there is to plan a reflexion free zone around the measurement track (in elliptical
form) that depends on the reachable damping of reflexions of the used absorber. Used are
pyramids of foam material soaked with carbon and increasingly tiles of ferrite or
shieldings of wallpaper.
Taken all together for a measurement hall doing justice to standards there result
considerable measurements of for instance 18 m length x 10 m width x 7 m height.
Let's again come to talk about the EMC-law with which only the intention but not the way
is fixed. To form the claims catalogue in a way that is fulfillable in general, some concrete
prescriptions, the so called standards, have to be worked out. This task was transferred to
the European committee for electro technical standardization CENELEC, which has
established the workgroup TC 110 to at first work out some standards:
The basic standards deal independent of product with general questions of the EMC, of
the testing process and of the measurement environment.
The generic standards likewise deal independent of product with the so called
fundamental technical standards for apparatus in their dependence of the respective
electromagnetic environment (protected computer room or medical room, environment of
the house, office or industry).
The product standards concern the EMC-standards referring to products (7 product
families / approx. 50 products).
In Fig. 2.3 the arduous way through the jungle of paragraphs for a technical apparatus is
outlined. Corresponding to the requirements of use, first the relating ES-standards for the
apparatus have to be determined and than have to be measured according to own test
standards based on the fundamental technical standards. When the allowed limits for
stability against interference and for sending out interferences are not exceeded, the ECdeclaration
of conformity is handed out. Since 1.1.96 that declaration is needed when
apparatus are commercialized or - stated more exactly - "put in circulation" and operated.
When still further EC-guidelines are met in the end the CE-hallmark is awarded. Since
1.1.96 only with this hallmark the access to the common market of the EC is possible.
Violations can be punished with fines and if need be with imprisonment. But there are
great national differences in the EC. The Federal Republic of Germany with fines of up to
50.000 Euro counts as expensive for criminals.

2.4 EMC-techniques to measure the emission of interference
Actually we already can be glad that it came to an europe-wide agreement for the
regulation of the EMC-set of problems. But the question if we can be satisfied with what
we have reached is still outstanding. All too often the lowest common denominator of the
measurable and checkable was sought and not so much the technical possible was taken
into consideration.
The main emphasis is put on the measurement of the emission of interferences.
Traditionally the interferences bound to a circuit are registered in a frequency range up
to 30 MHz. The corresponding wavelengths thereby can correspond with the length of the
supply lines and form standing interference waves. Primarily the spectrum of the
interference currents is measured e.g. over a HF-current converter. These currents
produce a voltage drop over the internal resistance of the feeding network. Because the
properties of the networks can vary very strong, a standardized end-resistor is required for
the measurement of the interference voltage. For this purpose an imitation of the network
is switched between the network and the examinee. This imitation in addition has the task
to keep away the interference signals that come from the supplying network with the help
of filter-elements (Fig. 2.4).
The measurement of the interference radiation, the field-bound interference emission,
lakes place between 30 MHz and 1 GHz. For that a free field or an absorber-hall with
little or no reflexions is required. The standardized distances of measurement are 3, 10 and
30 meters. The electric field strength is determined with dipole broadband antennas, the
magnetic field strength with frame antennas. It must be possible to both vary the receiving
antenna between horizontal and vertical polarization and to adjust the receiving antenna in
the height and the position to the test object.

2.5 Electro-Smog
There is almost no end to the possibilities of variation and one needs already a lot of
overview and experience to determine the field strength maximum. Nevertheless we have
to ask ourselves if in this way really all emissions of interference are understandable, that
popularly are described as ,,electro smog".
Smog is the combination of the terms Smoke and Fog. It therefore describes a pressure on
the environment with fog like smoke. When for instance in the case of smog alarm all
interference sources are switched off, which means all kilns are brought to a stop and all
automobiles are stopped, than the fog like smoke therefore still is not vanished from the
air. It just distributes itself and dissolves only very slowly.
The transfer of the smog idea on the electromagnetic interference radiation is bound to fail
because, when the test object is switched off no emission of interference at all is detectable
with the usual measurement means. Nevertheless the rainbow-press is trying to enumerate
almost all electromagnetic field phenomena under the term ,,electro smog" without
consideration of the fact that this term is not at all a collection term.
From the sight of an expert one can only speak of smog when something like smog
remains and stays active further after the switching off of an electro technical apparatus. It
should be a phenomenon that is not understandable by the standardized measurements of
interference radiation. Such a phenomenon would be e.g. the vortex of the electric field.
However vortices are virtually not measurable in a direct way because they have the
unpleasant property to whirl about around the measurement probe. But they will be
detectable by their eddy losses and in the case of the electric field vortex appear as noise.
Until now the standardizer however haven't planned to investigate the influence of an
apparatus on the noise in the environment. Here we still grope in the dark.
At least the vortex shows a storing property that would justify the use of the idea "smog".
We'll have to investigate the phenomenon.

2.6 EMC-techniques to measure the stability against interference
The question is: what kind and what intensity of an electromagnetic interference can an
apparatus cope with without limiting it regarding its technical function.
For that test generators are used and with their help interference signals are produced in
the test object. Fig. 2.6 shows the possibilities of a symmetrical, of an unsymmetrical and
of an asymmetrical production of interference voltage signals in the power supply lines of
an examinee. Over and above that the testing possibilities and testing methods are
numerous. In principle the following processes are used:
1. The simulation and production of interference factors typical for the network like
harmonic waves on network voltages, overlapping signal voltages, changes of network
voltage, decrease of network voltage, network interruptions, network unsymmetries and
network frequency changes.
2. The production of both energy-poorer and energy-richer interference impulses like they
can form in energy-networks by switching acts or by the effect of lightning (burst).
3. The simulation of the course of events when static electricity discharges.
4. Low-frequency magnetic fields like those that can form by network frequency operating
and loading currents or by short-circuit and lightning currents in the form of a pulse.
5. The stability against interference against the influence of an electromagnetic field also
called radio interference firmness. For this purpose high-frequency generators and
broadband antennas are used to expose the examinee to electromagnetic fields in a
frequency range between 10 kHz and 18 GHz. At the moment tests are only performed
between 27 and 500 MHz. The modulation of the carrier wave should be possible to be
able to imitate the interferences by radio technology as realistic as possible. Thereby
the field strength values can by all means reach up to several 100 V/m.
In accordance with expectation the result of this irradiation with an outside field is that
every conduction path and every wire can act as an antenna and therefore can produce
high-frequency currents and measurable potentials. Building parts of the analog technology
as a consequence battle with problems of drift whereas with digital logic parts and
computer parts the danger exists that switching states change unintentionally. Let us
remember again the overlap effect of fig. 1.4. The electromagnetic wave itself marches
wi t h the speed of light through the examinee. When a small part of the wave finds an
object that it can use as an antenna than the localized overlap comes into play. This than as
a cause is responsible for the effective and measurable antenna currents. Until here the text
books help us to explain the problems that happen and to remove them logically.
However time and again cases are reported where textbook physics can't help us any
further. Spectacular cases even came to court like e.g. the ABS (Antilock Braking System)
of a truck that had failed due to EMC-interference radiation. As a consequence the brakes
had failed. When after that the local radiation pollution is measured no anomaly at all can
be discovered. The measurable field strength is not higher as is usual in the whole area.
Maybe you also have made the experience that often the causes can't be found when your
computer suddenly "crashes" out of the blue.
Here the mentioned vortex of the electric field is capable to deliver plausible explanations
because it is not bound to the geometry of an antenna and in addition is highly active
without being detectable with the usual EMC measurement methods of the interference
radiation measurement!

2.7 Tasks of the biological compatibility
The second leg of the environmental compatibility (EC) forms the biological compatibility
(BC) besides the electromagnetic environmental compatibility. Whereas the interests of
the EMC are looked after by electrotechnical engineers and electrophysicists, with the BC
also doctors, biologists and architects are addressed.
Moreover this leg is already very old and already existed long before artificial interference
sources could be created by mankind. The interaction between the arising interference
sources in nature and the biological systems in general and specially men always
interested the doctors, the priests, the druids and geomants, that not seldom looked after
several functions in personal union equally. Unfortunately they as a rule have kept their
knowledge and capabilities as secret knowledge, didn't make any recordings and merely
initiated and trained their respective successors. Through that a great deal got lost and
today non-medical practitioners, homeopaths and esoterics trouble themselves to take up
to the far-reaching buried knowledge.
Because this concerns pure knowledge by experience, often the with the topic occupied
persons themselves are not capable to say anything about the physical backgrounds and
causes. One concentrates entirely on the under certain circumstances reachable results and
only in rare cases on reproducable effects. In some areas the scientific assignment already
has succeeded, have parascientific phenomena managed their admission in the so called
"exact sciences", but in most experience disciplines the assignment is still due. There still
is a lot to do here.
In the time as there not yet were operated any artificial interference sources on our planet,
the senses of man naturally were a whole lot sharper for his electromagnetic environment
as today. Today, where there scarcely is a place on earth where we are not irradiated by
terrestrial transmitters, by satellites or by the netfrequency that is measurable everywhere.
In the bluntness of our senses perhaps the hybris of modern man is founded, with which he
wants to rise himself above esotericism, geomancy and other sciences of experience and
thereby dispute the electric and magnetic fields their biological effectiveness.
The fields of natural origin form an electromagnetic environment for men, that they have
adapted to and that they probably need for a life in accord with nature. The evolution has
taken care for a corresponding adaptation.
In fig. 2.7 in addition to the limits from fig. 1.1 the intensities of natural electromagnetic
fields are registered. They lie clearly lower as the recommended limits but exactly in the
area wherein the first reactions of living beings are observable.
When we ask us how much electromagnetism is good for us and how much harms us so
the obvious answer is: exactly as much radiation as nature dictates in the fluctuations
between day and night, between the months, years and in the end between the cycles of
sunspots of 11 years. Here the guide value is found that man and nature have adapted
themselves to. In fig. 2.7 the corresponding area between the natural minimum and
maximum values is given.

2.8 Natural fields
Our electromagnetic environment has something to offer:
From the magnetic north pole to the magnetic south pole of the earth run the field lines of
the earth's magnetic field that we are exposed to. With a compass we use the vector
character of the magnetic field to fix our position. The induction averaged over time is
approx. 50 uT. But it is overlapped by short-time fluctuations caused by geomagnetic
storms in the ionosphere.
These storms again are caused by the eddy currents and the currents of charged particles
that come from the sun. At the same time these eddy currents in the ionosphere together
with the earth's magnetic field form a protective shield with a excellent screening effect
for us inhabitants of earth.
In several layers like for instance the ozone and Heaviside layers a filtering and damping
until the complete suppression of the very broad cosmic spectrum is caused. This
extraterrestrial spectrum of radiation doesn't leave a single frequency out and has a lethal
intensity for us.
Only for a little window in the frequency spectrum, radiation can pass almost undamped,
as can be seen in fig. 2.8: the light with the spectrum of the colors. For this nature has
donated man a sense organ so that man can protect himself against too high dose values.
After all, who will look voluntarily into the sun? We only get into trouble when our sense
organ doesn't function any more (for instance in the fringe range of the visible spectrum,
the UV-range).
For other frequencies of electromagnetic radiation man neither has a sense organ but that
doesn't mean that he is not influenced by these. Here, as in the UV-range he only
indirectly notices that he has got too high a dose when he has to discover some influences
on his well-being and his health. Without the help of neutral measurement apparatus he
himself by no means is in a position to make a connection between an excessive
exposition to radiation and his health problems.
When natural field strengths should be used as a measure for technical limits, so there
should be paid attention to the fact that nature doesn't know intense continuous
irradiation. The values are subject to powerful fluctuations that leave men and nature the
chance to regenerate.
The television stations not even think it is necessary to reduce their broadcasting power
after the end of broadcasts and further sprinkle the sleeping population with test signals,
with senseless pictures of going by underground or nonstop program advertisements.
People need the intermissions. That again shows how good nature means it with us.

2.9 Electricity of the air
The electrostatic field strength of the earth lies between 50 and 500 V/m. That is a whole
lot considering that voltages off 60 Volts can be lethal for man. But a living person
distorts the terrestrial E-field for reason of his own field and his electric conductivity, so
that there exists no danger for him as long as he doesn't grow into the sky.
Maybe the dinosaurs had to become extinct because they were to big and for instance the
E-field near the ground had risen with a jump by a meteorite that brought a high charge
from the cosmos. That would explain why the smaller living beings could survive the
natural disaster.
Also the thunderstorm electricity can become life-threatening. Burns, heart and brain
failures are the most common consequences. After all the probability to be struck by
lightning is four times higher as to have six right ones in the lottery.
Over the lightning channel of approx. 1 meter in diameter charges between 10 and 200 C
are transported what results in current strengths of 2000 up to 200,000 A. The main
discharge lasts between 10 and 50 usec. With the preceding and all the following
discharges it lasts over a second.
Field strengths on the scale of 4,000 V/m are typical but in a distance of 5 km these wear
off to 8 V/m. The frequency spectrum of a lightning reaches 4 powers of ten into the range
of the radio waves. In fig. 2.9 is shown the field strength measured in a distance of 1.6 km
from the place of origin.
The origin of lightnings is still an unsolved problem after the well-known models (Wilson)
arc not in a position to explain the reason for the origin of the potential difference of more
than 100 million Volts required for the ionization of the air. Also the lightnings that struck
in the direction of the ionosphere still are mysterious.
We'll have to come back to this.

2.10 Biological effects
The in fig. 2.1 indicated connection between the EMC and the BC, by some authors
inofficially described as EMC-environment (EMCE), describes the effect of artificial
fields on biological systems. This concerns the sensitive range of tasks that is discussed
extremely controversially in the public. The problem thereby is that the artificially
produced field strengths lie above the natural field strengths for several scales.
In the thirties first reports about troubles were provided by navy radio operators that
complained about headache, dizzyness, concentration failure and indisposition. Besides
these negative reports concerning the so called "radio operator disease" at the same time
medical usages concerning high-frequency therapy were tested. In the beginning this
diathermy called healing method still was a short wave irradiation. Today it is extended
into the microwave range and uses the thermal effect of electromagnetic rays. The
increased temperature of the tissue causes an increased local blood flow. This supports
healing processes, loosens cramped muscles and can help in case of rheumatic fever.
The advantage of the HF-irradiation compared to contact heat by a hot-water bottle or by
infrared rays is the higher penetration depth. Herein short waves are superior to
microwaves. But microwaves can be better focussed on a certain part of the body.
Is the temperature further increased, so the tissue is damaged. This is used for the
treatment of cancer and is called hyperthermy. Because cancer cells as a rule are flowed
wi t h blood worse than healthy cells, they are more sensitive to heat and therefore are faster
destroyed than healthy cells at a correspondingly increased temperature. In this way for
Instance in the USA cattle with a so called cancer eye are treated. For that the spot
suffering from cancer is irradiated with 2MHz-waves for 30 seconds with a handheld
apparatus of 10 Watts broadcasting power. The rate of succes is given to be 90%!
The method of hyperthermy has not yet been able to establish in the area of the medicine
for humans. Also at our college corresponding research work is carried out in co-operation
with the radiological clinic of the university of Freiburg (Germany ).
T he thermal effects of high-frequency fields are therefore well-known and subject of
scientific research. On the other hand and in spite of numerous publications, non-thermal
effects even today are denied by some scientists as non-existent. Here only a few
counter-examples will be listed.
Fig. 2.10 A shows the effect of a static magnetic field of 0.12 Tesla on the root (1) and on
thc plant (II) of barley seeds. The readable effect is an acceleration of the growth of the
treated seeds (dotted line) compared to the plants for checking (drawn line).

A static field naturally produces no induction and hence no heating will arise. In the case
of alternating fields the thermal effect in experiments is excluded by working with
cxtremly low stimulations. The example after fig. 2.10 B shows the measured increase in
the production (K) of colicin by colibacteria at only 0.01 mW/cm2 microwave power.
In addition the example provides the interesting information that obviously only a certain
frequency and it's harmonic waves increase the production, other frequencies on the other
hand remain inactive. Because only minimal field strengths are used it more likely
concerns an information-technical as an energetic effect (curve a). This statement is
supported by the observation that an increase of the intensity not at all necessarily as a
consequence also increases the production (curve b). What the colibakteria need is
obviously neither energy nor heat but only a certain frequency that stimulates the colicin
production or the growth.
Should it really be confirmed that biological effects of electric and magnetic fields can be
produced by certain frequencies and can't happen by an energy transition so the
discussions about limits must seem ample meaningless.
Maybe the one or the other in thought already draws a connection to the acceleration, the
acclerated growth of kids, which is observed world-wide and stronger in cities than in the
country. It started for approx. 100 years simultaneous with the electrification of the homes
in the towns. In Asia the acceleration and also the electrification have started later.
Other growth stimulating effects like radio waves, X-ray examinations, atomic tests and
provable also the nourishment with vitamin B6 happened only until much later and at the
most could support the actual effect.
But how should a proof be offered when anyway the field strength not at all can have a
decisive influence on the growth of man after the statement of fig. 2.10 B? Which
information is authorative? Where lies the responsible frequency window? Does the
information actually manifest as frequency? Is the authorative influential factor also in this
case not at all noticed and measured?
A lot of pressing questions are still outstanding. But in any case the numerous influential
factors detected in experiments do not at all let themselves reduce to a sole factor, for
instance the nourishment. For a family doctor it may be comfortable to be able to give an
easy explanation: ,,Cause is the nourishment!" With such a reductionism on the other hand
the actual cause stays in the dark and the asked questions in this way won't let themselves
be answered.

2.11 Artificial fields
The scepticism of people feeling close to nature is especially directed against artificial
fields that man can't see nor hear nor smell. Objects of doubt are first of all the
installations for the creation, distribution and conversion of electric energy.
An essential role plays the fact how close the supplying and the draining conductors are to
each other, so that the respective fields can compensate each other. The worst solution one
can think of is realized at the electrified railway. Here the rails and the earth are used as
the draining conductor for the current while there exists an ample large distance to the
supplying conductor. A compensation is almost impossible thus causing gigantic
interference fields that are detectable even at a distance of 10 kilometers. The increased
putting on of railway engines feeded by rectified current is likely to aggravate the set of
problems because the non-sinusoidal absorption of current is strongly afflicted with
harmonic waves.
With high tension transmission lines (fig. 2.11) the interference field strength is reduced
when the three cables are suspended with only little distance between them. But even the
selected phase order can play a role. Of course the optimal compensation effect is
guaranteed with cables in the earth. But these are expensive and technically not realizable
for such high voltage levels.
In the eighties also the computer screens got in the headlines. The terminals are furnished
with a cathode ray tube and have a very broad radiation spectrum that already starts at 0
Hz. Here already static maximum values of 64 kV/m are measured!
I'requency range Measured maximum 30 cm in front of
values Emax resp. Hmax the screen
static field (0 Hz) 64 kV/m
30 Hz. 60 Hz 10 V/m and
0.2 - 1 A/m
5 Hz - 1 kHz 1800 V/m and 10 V/m and
4 A/m 0,6 A/m
50 Hz - 0,5 MHz 1 A/m
15 kHz-220 kHz 50 V/m and 15 V/m and
1.1 A/m 0,17 A/m
3 MHz -300 MHz < 0,2 V/m

system used frequency
about
measured
value
radio broadcasting station
(MW 2O kW)
6OO kHz 2...17 V/m
radio broadcasting station
(SW 1OO kW)
15 MHz 1...25 V/m
SOS-transmitter
on a ship (1OO W)
41O kHz 1...3 V/m
Epitaxiedevice
(induction oven)
45O kHz 37...4OO V/m
HF-welting press
(welding of plastic foils)
27,12 MHz 70...85 V/m
radar on a ship
(TRN 311)
9,3 GHz 1...3O uW/cm2
radar of an airplane 9,2 GHz 45O...
28OO uW/cm2
domestic appliances measured in a distance of 3O cm:
hand mixer
refrigerator
5O Hz
5O Hz
5O V/m
6O V/m
Fig. 2.12: ____ the electric field strength resp. Power density
in our environment.

2.12 Protection against artificial fields
Artificial fields more or less always occur in the neighbourhood of electric apparatus and
installations. Especially problematic are those that work with the free radiation of
electromagnetic fields, that is all the radio broadcasting stations, handheld and radar
transmitters.
Herewith it is important that not needed parts of the antennas are shielded, that antennas
with little close by field pollution are used and that the stand should be situated at least 3
km remote from inhabited areas. For instance at radar installations damping values of 10
dB and more can be obtained only by using a corresponding tree growth.
This obviously concerns a damping of the waves in a dielectric manner. We'll have to
come back to this because textbook physics does not know a corresponding damping term
in the wave equation.
The radiation leaking out in case of the high-frequency welding of plastic foils and of the
microwave oven should be minimized.
In the case of induction ovens or of motors an active shielding often causes problems so
that for simple domestic appliances like a hand mixer and especially for the electric hairdryer
non proportionally high field strength values are measured. Fig. 2.12 informs about
it.
Protective measures for the operator are hardly possible. To protect uninvolved people not
only the apparatus but also the rooms and eventually whole parts of buildings had to be
shielded and grounded.
Sometimes also fairly simple possibilities are helpful like e.g. the usage of a remote
control. By clearing away the cable salat at the workplace and at the sleeping place
induction loops can be removed. Alarm-clocks operated by batteries should have
preference over those operated by the network. Mattresses with metal in them and springbeds
which clearly act as an antenna should be avoided. In extreme cases even so called
"current-free switches" and shielded network lines are recommended (fig. 2.13).
In the area of the network supply lines a choking coil can help decrease the spreading of
high-frequency interference radiation. It is especially important that all the conducting
metallic objects like e.g. water pipes, heatings, steel racks, machines, switching racks,
steel armaments and metallic windows should be grounded properly, because otherwise
extremly high static charges could result instead of a shielding. Construction biologists
recommend to when possible do without metals when building houses and furnishing,
what of course is only realizable with limitation.
In any case numerous measures are known that to a lesser extent find their legitimation in
classical physics, but more likely in precaution. As long as we do not know which
phenomenon causes the electrosmog and we don't have a measuring-instrument at our
disposal, precaution is really the only thing we can do irrespective of the effectiveness of
the measures and of the arising costs!

2.13 Unsolved tasks
The report concerning the actual state of research could be continued at will. But the
expositions should suffice, to understand what are the tasks of the electromagnetic
environmental compatibility (fig. 2.1) and which questions still have to be supplied with a
solution. One can get deeper into every of the addressed points and then discover that
some questions can be expressed sharper and maybe conceivable answers can be found,
but at the same time and unavoidable the number of new questions increases faster.
Let us again take up the example of the handheld wireless telephones (chapter 1.2). At
least it now is clear to us that the usage of the built-in microwave antenna of a handy is
problematic. In the interior of an automobile it never should be used. If, however, one uses
the antenna installed on the outside on the sheet metal then the damping and screening
effect of the sheet metal chassis is advantageous at least for the handy user.
With that of course the central question is not answered. The question of what the cause is
for the interfering and at worst health endangering effect of the HF-radiation. Field
freedom we can't find anywhere on this world. Possibly we even need the fields. But then
the question is how much is necessary, how much is healthy and how much makes us ill.
The gap of explanation especially gets clear in the case of the static or of the lowfrequency
magnetic field: away from technical interference sources normally fields on the
scale of 10 nT are measurable. Construction biologists say that 20 nT, so twice that value,
should not be exceeded at the sleeping place and maybe 50 nT at the desk. These values
however are determined purely empirical.
When a person is examined in a nuclear magnetic resonance tomograph that person is
exposed to a field that lies between 0.2 and 1.5 Tesla. that is a value 7 till 8 powers often
higher than before mentioned without this leading to the death of that person. Entirely on
the contrary this method is regarded as especially caring and safe compared to the X-ray
examination.
Here again the legitimation of the thesis put forward is entirely comfirmed. The thesis that
the well-known physically measurable and controllable phenomena can not be considered
as a cause and that possibly a until now undiscovered field phenomenon should be called
to account.
Should such a phenomenon exist it should be derived, calculated and proved. We must go
to endless troubles and try everything. The actual difficulties wherein the electromagnetic
environmental compatibility is stuck are a challenge.

1. Introduction,first telsa physics infomation for engineers

2007-09-05T17:41:00.000+01:00
1.1 Discussion about limits
Whoever follows the public discussions concerning electro smog always sees two arguing
parties, whose standpoints lie so far apart that they inevitably talk at cross purposes and
there can be found no consensus.
On one side the "affected" find together who maintain to have found the electromagnetic
radiation as the damaging cause for their problems. They are to be taken serious, even
when only their personal sensitivity serves as means of measurement and proof and a more
or less distinct sensitivity against electromagnetic phenomena. This group occasionally
finds support of homeopaths who can base on reproducible laboratory results that fit as
few into the view of life of science as the empirical statements of affected and possibly
hurt people.
On the other side stand the representatives of the energy-supply companies and the
runners of radio networks who argue with the needs of our modern industrial society and
give "limits" prescribed to them by scientists. These, for their part, proceed according to
strictly scientific methods. Their presented results are reproducible and there's no doubt
about them.
The limits after all are fixed far below those that are recommended from a scientific
viewpoint. Nevertheless both groups are separated from consensus by powers of ten.
When we want to know how deep the ditch is we want to bridge, we should take a look at
the determined limits (Fig. 1.1).
The limits stem from the 1RPA (International Radiation Protection Association) an organ
of the World Health Organization that in turn has appointed the INIRC (International Non
Ionizing Radiation Committee). These now state to have used all available scientific
research results as basis for the given guidelines.
Moreover a safety range was worked into them. So the limits were fixed at substantially
lower levels to guarantee that no health damage arises. In this way first the limits were
determined for the people who for reasons of profession are exposed to electromagnetic
fields.
For the population in general the limits for the so called non-professional exposition were
reduced further to one half till one fifth for reasons of caution and care. In Fig. 1.1 these
limits are registered. Thereby is distinguished between magnetic fields and electric fields
that appear stationary or at extremely low frequencies (ELF describes frequencies between
1 Hz and 100 Hz). Moreover limits for low-frequency (1-10 kHz) and high-frequency (1-
10 MHz) alternating electromagnetic fields are given.
The graph should serve as a rough orientation and show us the proportion of scale. As
further information some thresholds of measured reactions of biological systems are
registered (after Konig*1*). Because a logarithmic scale was chosen to fit all the values on
one graph it becomes clear that between the first reactions and the recommended limits
there lie up to five powers often. The ditch seems to be insurmountable.

1.2 Wireless telephones
Measuring technical surveys with regard to the influence of brain currents by digital radio
signals by the university hospital in Lubeck have startled handy manufacturers and users
equally . Although in this case measurement errors could be detected, the ,,bugaboo on
the wall" remains that we are sitting unsuspecting in a restaurant and a neighbour draws
his handy out of his pocket to make a digital telephone call. Thereby synchronizing the
brain currents within a radius of 100 meters on the broadcasting signal and occupying our
brain useless with technical signals. The derivation will show that from the start this can't
happen to all visitors, because as a prerequisite conditions of resonance must be fulfilled.
But would there be an affected, he or she for sure would have considerable problems,
because informations that are not picked up over the sense organs can neither be classified
timely nor as regards content.
An affected whose brain has picked up technical signals not even is able to register by
itself that it was fed with incorrect informations. It would be reasonable when the visitors
of the restaurant would defend themselves and put the radio operator on the doorstep. The
number of restaurants where apart from cats and dogs also handy's have to stay outside is
increasing. How should we keep out of the way of electromagnetic fields? Should we walk
around permanently with a steel helmet or even better in a knight's armour and even go to
bed with them? It would be worse than in the dark middle ages.
Summarizing: it should be guaranteed that the operation of electro technical apparatus
causes neither health damage nor unintentional influence or irritation. A systematic and
scientific procedure should investigate in the laboratory all relevant physical phenomena
individually for their interaction. Electro physics bases on two phenomena in connexion
with electro-smog: on the one hand the radiation and on the other hand the thermal effect,
but at a close look both factors prove to be of only little importance!
In radiation measurements the intensity of the electromagnetic wave at a certain place is
determined. In laboratory experiments the field strength is increased so long till biological
reactions are observed. Thermal limits are determined in a similar way. As said, the values
lie about powers of ten above those that possibly bother you when you hold a handy to
your ear. It is true that the microwave radiation penetrates into your head but we also
know that it marches out again on the other side and this visit in your head happens with
the speed of light.
Exactly like this are guest in your body constantly your local radio station, your local
television station the satellites with hundreds of programs and anyway the whole radio
technical world even when you did not invite them.
For an electromagnetic wave to become receivable, the field strength must lie clearly
above the common noise signal and this can only be achieved by a permanent overlap, by
standing waves, like in a cavity tuned to a specific frequency or an antenna. As long as
people don't let themselves grow antennas on their heads they hardly have to fear direct
biological effects of electromagnetic waves.
That leaves as the second phenomenon the thermal effect. With a handy held to your
cheek there comes into being a local fever in your head. But that is not at all unusual or
unnatural for the human body. Something like that happens to a far greater degree when
you take a hot foot bath or let yourself be irradiated at one side from the sun at a tourist
grill.

1.3 Absorption of waves
The with the theme dealing physicians logically have to put up with criticism that they
work only with two phenomena that not at all can be involved authoritative in the causes
for biological effects. A third factor can be considered, a field phenomenon until now
stayed unnoticed by science: the vortex of the electric field, the so called potential vortex.
A vortex is to be considered as an oscillation around a fixed point. Through that a
permanent overlap is caused, like what happens at an antenna only that the vortex is not
bound to the dimension of an antenna. The potential vortex is contracting and in this way
reaches extremely high energy densities at very little spatial measurement, densities that
lie far above those that field strength measurements are pretending to us [Al].
When again you take the handy at hand with which you ,,blow" the pulsed microwaves
into your head. Don't worry, because with the speed of light and without provable damage
almost everything comes out again on the other side, but only almost everything. A little
damping of the wave has taken place and your head has absorbed this part of the irradiated
wave (Fig. 1.3). Who claims this is already the thermal factor actually should realize that
there exists no corresponding term in the wave equation. Here there are found merely two
dual vortex phenomena as a possible damping term: the eddy current and the potential
vortex. An eddy current damping is ruled out because of the bad conductivity of the head.
But this favours his dual anti-vortex, the potential vortex [A1].
Seen physically the following is taking place in your head: the absorbed waves roll
themselves up to vortices and through that become localized and overlap themselves
permanently (Fig. 1.4b). In the course of time the vortices decay and produce the wellknown
eddy losses that lead to the measurable increase in temperature. When reactions or
biological effects arise, simply and solely the vortex can be considered as the possible
cause. Thereby play two points an important role: the number of the generated vortices
and their lifetime that is determined by the time of decay.
In anticipation of the mathematical calculation of the potential vortices it is pointed out
here that these are favoured not only by a low conductivity, but also by a high
dielectricity. Because water has an unusual high dielectricity ( = 80) and our head
consists predominantly of water doubts in dealing with handy's are reasonable.
Also the relaxation time constant representative for the lifetime can be calculated [A2].
We must proceed from the assumption that both the number of the vortices and their
lifetime, that is all the at a fixed point in time in our head existing and effective vortices,
can be a cause and therefore have to be considered and investigated scientifically.

1.4 Overlap effect
The graph at the left (Fig. 1.4) should clarify once more that only the in space localized
and permanently overlapping field appearances can be considered as a cause for biological
effects. This can concern an over an antenna standing wave (a) or a vortex (b) which is to
be taken as localized by nature.
It would be allowed to in general speak only of a vortex because the standing wave can by
all means be understood as a special case of the vortex. The essential difference is that the
vortex is not bound to the size of a fixed antenna and can contract itself at any time to
achieve in this way a substantial higher energy density. As a result this than will lead to an
increased biological effectiveness.
It should be pointed at a further omission. In the discussion about limits, without
exception, the absolute field strength of the broadcasting signal is valued and not the type
of modulation. The last mentioned should actually not at all play a role according to the
prevailing scientific opinion.
Totally different is the case with a vortex that acts damping. Such a vortex shows near it's
centre a considerable smaller wavelength than more to the outside and through that it has a
big frequency bandwidth [A5]. It is to be expected that in the extremely broadband
pulsed signals of the digital networks the creation of vortices (or eddies) will be favoured
considerably stronger than in amplitude- or frequency-modulated signals (AM/FM/Cnetwork).
In connexion with analog modulated radio- or handy-signals until now there
never has been reported of any synchronization of the brain currents with handy-signals
from a comparison of the EEG with the broadcasting signal.
Interestingly the for EMC-measurements usual stepped broadband antennas have exactly
the construction that certainly would be favourable to the measuring technical registration
of vortex phenomena (Fig. 1.4c).
With the dipole antennas of different lengths for different wavelengths there still are
measured waves and not vortices but these measuring techniques is certainly
accommodating to the until now unnoticed and stayed undiscovered vortex phenomenon.
So there are some good reasons that the vortex is a dominating influential factor for EMCproblems.
By means of the example of the handheld wireless telephones can be studied and
discussed with which set of problems the very young discipline of science of the
environmental compatibility has to fight in the future. And in which ways there can be
found approaches towards a solution of the problem. When the comfortable and trodden
out ways of textbook physics do not lead to the goal than we will have to force our own
way through the jungle of science.
At first we'll have to obtain a short overview of the actual level of research and
knowledge. From the criticism to this we than can derive the tasks of the electromagnetic
environmental compatibility and in particular the unsolved tasks.

Vibrations that Split Molecules

2007-09-05T17:34:00.000+01:00
Seawater - or even dirty rainwater - could be transmuted into fuel through a new technique serendipitously discovered by a researcher in medical electronics.

Dr. Andrija Puharich has found a way to split water molecules by tuning in on the vibrations of their atoms and breaking the molecules into hydrogen, which could become fuel, and oxygen.

Alternating-current impulses augment naturally occurring vibrations in the H2O molecules. By boosting the vibrations out of control, Puharich makes the molecules fly apart into the component atoms.

He likens the water-splitting effect to the way soldiers marching in step across a bridge risk damaging the structure by making it vibrate at a critical, stress-producing rate.

Electrolysis by simple direct current would create hydrogen and oxygen with a net energy efficiency of only 54 percent, according to Puharich, a Virginia-based inventor. But he says his alternating-current system reaches better than 90 per cent efficiency.

A former physician, Puharich discovered the water-splitting technique a dozen years ago but has only recently presented his findings publicly.

Originally, he was investigating the DISRUPTIVE EFFECT of electrical resonances on blood clots and noticed a peculiar thing: in dilute blood, a SPECIFIC FREQUENCY made bubbles appear in the liquid.

Lab analysis showed that the bubbles were composed of oxygen and hydrogen.

A barrel-shaped cavity contains the water in Puharich's recently refined system. He introduces alternating current at A KEY FREQUENCY of 600 cycles per second.

The cavity resonates with the impulses in somewhat the same way the body of a violin resonates with the sound of one string, ADDING HIGHER AND LOWER HARMONICS TO THE PRINCIPAL TONE.

The additional harmonics, Puharich says, cause the proton in the hydrogen atom TO ROTATE, further forcing the hydrogen to split from the oxygen.

Puharich suggests that the splitting energy could be provided by solar or wind generators. The hydrogen could then be stored and used conveniently in fuel cells or hydrogen-powered cars.

------------------------------------------------------------------

Vangard notes...

This paper is quite astounding in that it correlates with Keelys' claim that water can be progressively dissociated at 620, 630 and 12,000 cycles per second. These are on the molecular, atomic and etheric levels respectively.

It is interesting that the etheric level of 12,000 / 20 = 600 (Puharich's frequency) found by original experimentation. This 600 cps frequency is therefore a harmonic of the 12,000 cps frequency which Puharich discovered.

Keely also claims that the disruption of water occurs at 42,800 cycles per second.

The direct quote from the book "Keely and His Discoveries" by Bloomfield Moore, published in 1893 ;

"The orders of intensification for accelerating dissociation would not be understood by any explanations that could be made, if unaccompanied by the demonstrations witnessed by the late Professor Leidy, Dr. Brinton, and others.

"When the ether flows from a tube, its negative centre represents molecular sub-division carrying interstitially (or between its molecules) the lowest order of liberated ozone.

"This is the first order of ozone and its wonderfully refreshing and vitalizing to those who breathe it.

"The second order, or atomic separation, releases a much higher grade of ozone; in fact, too pure for inhalation, is the one that has been (though attended withe much danger to the operator) utilized by Keely in his carbon register to produce the circuit of high vibration that breaks up the molecular magnetism which is recognized as cohesion.

"The acceleration of these orders is governed by the introductory impulse on a certain combination of vibratory chords, arranged for this purpose in the instrument, with which Keely dissociates the elements of water, and which he calls a Liberator.

"In molecular dissociation one fork of 620 is used, setting the chords on the first octave.

"In atomic separation two forks, one of 620 and one of 630 per second; setting the chords on the second octave.

"In the etheric three forks; one of 620, one of 630, and one of 12,000, setting the chords on the third octave.

As a matter of further clarification, Keely states that you cannot DIRECTLY dissociate a single level of aggregation due to the shell structure of matter.

In other words, if you wish to dissociate the Atomic level, you must first dissociate the molecular to be able to get to the atomic. That follows also if you wish to dissociate the etheric, you must disrupt the molecular AND the atomic, THEN the etheric.

Keely refers to this technique as progressive dissociation.

In 1988, we had Andrija Puharich in Dallas for about 4 days as a joint speaker for Vangard Sciences and MUFON Metroplex. We spent many hours with Andrija and discussed a wide variety of subjects.

At that time, I asked him about this experiment and he said the original research was done in the late 50's, early 60's by him in a dual attempt. One was to selectively remove gases from the blood and the other to dissolve clots.

Andrija had not heard of Keely or his work with dissociation or disruption of matter with acoustic frequencies. He was quite interested that the work had been done almost 100 years ago and wanted to know more about Keely.

Dr. Puharich has dropped out of sight over the last few years, so we have lost contact with him. He was at that time (1988) very concerned about the ecology and was working on some type of retreat for future hard times.

They were re-building an old hydro-electric power system fed by a small lake on the land they had in Virginia. Puharich at that time was living on land donated by R. J. Reynolds.

We heard recently that Reynolds was attempting to get the land back. Since we have not seen or heard from Andrija in about 2 years, we don't know what is going on with him.

We hope this information is of use in your researches.

As with all Vangard information and KeelyNet text files, you are free to reproduce or distribute as you wish.

Alternative Energy Institute: Dr. Thomas Henry Moray

2007-09-05T17:32:00.000+01:00

Dr. Thomas Henry Moray, like Nikola Tesla, believed that the earth is enveloped in an electrical energy zone that was free to be harnessed with the right equipment. Anyone who has witnessed the electrical phenomenon of the aurora borealis can attest to the energy streaming around us. The problem is how can that free energy be reliably and safely tapped. For thirty-four years, from 1909 to 1943, Dr. Moray, an electrical engineer and inventor, worked on the development of what he called "Radiant Energy." Dr. Moray invented the Moray Radiant Energy device. The whole apparatus was enclosed in a small box less than three feet square. One wire led from the box to a special balanced antenna and another wire was simply a ground connection. Apparently, the device siphoned energy directly from the air. Moray used a specially constructed high frequency transformer to control the voltage so that any desired level of power could be obtained.
Dr. Moray's invention allegedly worked similar to how a radio receives radio waves. In fact, it was stated that it should be as easy to accept the fact that a solid-state device had been constructed for the purpose of receiving energy waves from the Universe as it is to accept a radio that receives radio frequencies. If one transposes electrical waves to sound while another transposes energy waves into heat, light or power, the fundamentals are the same in both radio receiving and the "radiant-energy" device (1). Moray's circuit of inductors, capacitors and oscillators were tuned to respond to the oscillating wave frequency emitted by the Universe. High frequency currents are especially difficult to insulate, but this problem was avoided by the ingenious operation of the oscillator tubes, which reduced the frequency on the output side. Dr. Moray demonstrated his invention many times in the presence of hundreds of reliable men and women, many of whom were highly trained physicists and electrical engineers.
Research compiled by the technical staff of the Chicago Institute of Technology states that planet Earth receives energy from the sun continuously at the rate of nearly 160,000 horse power per inhabitant at the present time. In 1939, Dr. Gunn of the U.S. Navy Research Laboratories stated that the earth itself is a huge dynamo, producing 200,000 amperes of electrical current. There is little doubt that free energy is all around us. The conversion of matter to energy in the stars and the energy emitted during radioactive disintegration are well understood. Our planet is bombarded every minute by high frequency energy pulsing from our sun. Dr. Moray intended to tap this free energy and many believe that he succeeded. Tesla said, "Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by power obtainable at any point in the Universe � Is this energy Static or Kinetic? If Static, our hopes are in vain; if Kinetic, and this we know it is for certain, then it is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature."
Did Dr. Moray achieve Tesla's dream in the Utah desert? Scientists and scholars frequently visited Dr. Moray's laboratory in Salt Lake City, Utah. On October 29,1926, the Mormon inventor agreed to demonstrate his Radiant Energy device for a small group of potential investors. Dr. Moray packed his device into the trunk of the car. In order to make the test completely legitimate, the men drove 52 miles past the nearest power line and 26 miles from the nearest one-wire rural telephone line. In his letter of affidavit, eyewitness E.C. Johnson wrote, "Moray requested that we select a place near a stream of water so that the ground pipe could be sunk in its bed and be more effective, as the ground in the mountain was frozen. The antenna wire was put up without any aid or instructions whatever from Moray, as it had [already] been "balanced," except that Moray suggested that the wire be stretched tighter to prevent so much sag at the center. The antenna wire was insulated from the poles with two quartz glass insulators about six inches long. A piece of wire about two feet long connected each insulator with the pole. The lead-in wire was fastened to the antenna wire at a point about 10 or 15 feet from the east pole. I helped Moray solder the connection where the lead-in wire fastened on to the antenna wire and also helped him solder the ground wire to the rod. I stepped the distance between the two antenna poles and estimated it to be 87 feet as I took 29 steps intended to be three feet each."
Dr. Moray removed his equipment from the automobile and set it on a seat cushion that they had placed on the ground. As a precaution against electric shocks, the inventor stood on a rubber mat that was supported by two dry boards. Johnson continued with his observations; "Very light snowflakes fell occasionally and a tarpaulin was hung over the top of the opened auto doors to protect the equipment from getting wet. When all of the wire connections were made, and the device synchronized in resonance by Moray, it was just 1:05 p.m. by my watch. After "tuning in" for slightly more than 10 minutes the key or switch was put on the operating post and the light appeared immediately. While the lights were burning, the antenna lead-in wire was disconnected from the apparatus and the lights went out. Connected again and the light re-appeared. Moray disconnected the "ground wire" and the lights went out. He then re-connected it and the lights appeared again." (2)

Another testimonial, dated February 21, 1927, apparently written by then Secretary of the State of Utah, Nilton H. Welling, is very persuasive. He wrote, "I first witnessed a demonstration of this device three months ago. The cabinet containing the machine has been simplified and improved. It was quite apparent there was no possible faking of the power produced. The tuning in device was improved and the time required to bring in the energy was shortened from five minutes to less than a minute. The operation was as simple as 'tuning in' a well-equipped radio set. This was shown by a lady who was witnessing the demonstration for the first time operating the device as easily as Dr. Moray himself, after she had seen him 'tune in' the energy. A pilot light on the cabinet first became illuminated. The switch was then moved connecting a light rack with the current. Instantly, thirty 50-watt lamps and five 100-watt lamps were brilliantly lighted. A regular Hot Point flat iron was then connected without [dimming] the lights in the least. The inventor asserted that the result would have been the same had one hundred lights been used in place of the 35 on the light rack. The lights and iron together were consuming more than four-horse power of electric energy. On account of the brilliancy of the light it was apparent that much more than the ordinary voltage was going into these lamps and when excessive heat developed in one spot, it made me feel that they would soon burn out, but they did not. I confidently believe that Dr. Moray is on the threshold of perfecting one of the most amazing fundamental inventions in history."

Dr. Moray once described the operation of his device as follows: "Oscillations by synchronization are started in the first stage of the circuit of the device by exciting it with an external power source such as a potential difference between two points. The circuit is then balanced through synchronization until the oscillations are sustained by harmonic coupling with the energies of the universe. The reinforcing action of the harmonic coupling increases the amplitude of the oscillations until the peak pulses spill over into the next stage through special valves which then prevent the energy from the proceeding section from returning." (3)

According to Who's Who in Engineering, Thomas Henry Moray was born and raised in Salt Lake City where he graduated from The Latter Day Saint's Business College. He completed an Electrical Engineering course with the International Correspondence School. He later earned his E.E. degree at the University of Upsala. In his professional career, Dr. Moray held the following positions: Electrical Engineer and Designer with the Utah Power & Light Co., he was Assistant Chief Engineer with the Arastard Construction & Engineering Co. and Division Electrical Engineer with Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co. (4)

Like many inventors, Dr. Moray's insistence on absolute secrecy regarding the inner workings of his Radiant Energy device was part of his undoing. His demonstrations had led to widespread interest by outsiders but it ultimately resulted in harassment and deception. In 1940, Dr. Moray was shot in his laboratory and was repeatedly threatened until he stopped his active research three years later. Attempts to interest the U.S. government in funding his project during the 1950's and 60's failed, mostly due to his insistence upon complete secrecy. Since Dr. Moray's death, the Cosray Research Institute located in Salt Lake City, Utah, has been attempting to collect his papers on Radiant Energy in order to reproduce the original device. The principle objective of the Cosray Research Institute is to eventually develop a practical radiant energy system and a theory to explain its operation. Dr. Moray's 1930 book, "Sea of Energy" is also available from the Cosray Research Institute.

Not a believer in "perpetual motion, perpetual light or perpetual power," Dr. Moray did think, however, that the supply of radiant energy is ample for all mankind's power needs indefinitely. The history of the work done with radiant energy conversion seems to have been suppressed. T.H. Moray may have built a device capable of producing usable watts of energy, which if rebuilt, could be capable of answering the world's needs with a non-polluting form of energy. With good research and a little luck, maybe the question to the world's energy problems will be answered by tapping into radiant energy.
Here are the footnotes (in parentheses and red above) for this page. They are hyperlinked when possible.

(1) www.cyberportal.net/nuenergy.moray2.html Short article on the operation of the Moray Radiant Energy device and a photograph of Dr. Moray and his invention lighting a rack of electric lightbulbs.

(2) www.cyberportal.net/nuenergy/manuscript.html [Note: This link is broken and will be updated in the near future.] The Moray Valve Manuscript. An account and brief explanation of the Moray Radiant Energy device which reportedly utilizes the vast store of energy throughout the universe through ionic oscillations.

(3) www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/5971/moray.html [Note: This link is broken and will be updated in the near future.] Twenty-eight page document offering a supportive overview of the life and times of Dr. T. Henry Moray. Includes address for the Cosray Research Institute which is engaging outside consultants on a contract basis. If you feel you are qualified by virtue of a background in physics or engineering, you are encouraged to write for an application. Each consultant hired will be leased a complete set of Dr. Moray's notes and diagrams as well as any surviving equipment.

(4) www.twelvestar.com/Sourceworks/Thomas%20Moray.html Article reprint from the September 1956 issue of Fate Magazine, published when Moray was still living. It entails some of the work that Dr. Thomas Henry Moray was doing as he attempted to tap into cosmic energy.

Viktor Schauberger - Man who Gazed at Rivers

2007-09-05T17:31:00.000+01:00
Viktor Schauberger (1885 – 1958), though little known, is one of the great geniuses of this or any century.

In an attempt to, as he put it, "build a better mousetrap," Frank Germano — a former aerospace engineer, professional musician, and president of a company that made Tesla-design turbine engines — became aware of Schauberger's work.

"It was," Germano says, "stuff I was never taught in college. I never even knew it existed."

Susan: How did Viktor Schauberger make his discoveries about water?

Germano: Schauberger was not technically educated. He was a naturalist, a forester. He observed nature. He watched rivers. He watched the way water flowed. He wondered how it was that fish, with very little exertion of energy, could be moving upstream in a fast-flowing river, and he started to put things together in his head. That was how he discovered the principle of implosion and the energy of the vortex.

Susan: Could you explain how that works and why it's important?

Germano: Vortexes exist throughout the natural world — tornados, hurricanes, whirlpools. If you look at a vortex of water, you see that when water is forced to spiral in this way there is an imploding effect at the center of the flow. And, when water is put into a spiral vortex pipe, for some peculiar reason, this effect actually eliminates the effect of friction on the wall of the pipe.

But what Schauberger saw was that the implosion effect not only negates friction, it actually adds energy. In other words, the water picks up speed.

So if you put into a pipe certain kinds of guides that force the water into a spiral vortex, the water flows faster. This "whirling spiral" shape is found throughout nature.

Susan: What does implosion mean?

Germano: Basically, it's inward movement. At the center of a vortex, things are imploding — cooling and condensing. It's nature's natural functioning. Everywhere you look, you see examples of implosion.

Water meanders like a snake. In a river, it hits the left bank, rolls inward, forms a clockwise spiral vortex, then starts straightening out, releasing energy. Then it hits the other bank and starts spiraling counter-clockwise. And it's because of temperature variations that we have this movement of water. Water seeks to be at 4 degrees Celsius (about 39.4 degrees Fahrenheit). It's called the "anomaly point." At 4 degrees Celsius, water is at its most dense state. So whenever the water is cooler or warmer than that, energy is created as it seeks to reach that point of stability, the point where it's the most dense.

This is why one of the worst things you can do is to deforest the banks of a river. It's not just because this causes erosion. If trees are there, then each bank receives the sun's rays part of the day. So there is a balance. The heat shifts back and forth because of the trees, and the energy differential creates the energy of the river.

When you look at the mechanics of the Earth, isn't it amazing how balanced it is? The ocean contains moving currents. Rivers flow. This marvelous machinery is all at work because water is continually seeking to be at its anomaly point.

So it's the differences in temperature, the implosion effect, that creates the vortex energy. If you kept those differences in balance in a tornado, for example, the tornado would go on forever. The shifting of the sun's energy from side to side in a river keeps the river in balance.

Observing all this, Schauberger advocated "putting a tornado in a box." Sustaining this implosion effect. To quote Schauberger: "I must furnish those, who would protect or save life, with an energy source, which produces energy so cheaply that nuclear fission will not only be uneconomical, but ridiculous, This is the task I have set myself in what little life I have left."[1] If we could actually get to the point of sustaining that implosion effect, you would see engines that just continuously run, using the wheelworks of nature itself.

Susan: And I understand that you've created a super-efficient engine that makes use of this idea.

Germano: Yes. It started with a turbine engine built according to the patent of Nikola Tesla. As a boy, I was fascinated by Tesla, and later, while working as an engineer, I decided to build the Tesla Bladeless Disk Turbine, which involves an engine that's much more elegant and efficient than standard engines in current use.

The Tesla design worked! I now had a product that investors considered marketable, and this led to the formation of my company, International Turbine and Power, LLC.

So then I found Schauberger's implosion and vortex energy ideas, and used them to make the Tesla turbine even more efficient.

Susan: Could you discuss some of the other applications for this technology?

Germano: The most obvious application is to use flowing water to power the turbine. When I say "flowing water" I am not talking about using current technology that requires building a dam, where the hydroelectric energy comes from gravity. Schauberger's work proved that there is more energy available by forcing water to flow into a spiral vortex than is available by free-fall of comparable footage. The technology is very simple and can be implemented today. We can supply industrial quantities of electricity to any community simply by using water power from rivers — without a dam — and it is totally ecologically sensible and sustainable.

Another application would be to get power from the Earth's oceans. For example, if you were to sink a deep well in the middle of the ocean, putting a pipe down to the level where it meets the 4-degree anomaly point, the water below that point would be relatively deoxygenated. So then if you were to pump water down into that pipe, water that was highly oxygenated, the water below it, which was "starved" for oxygen, would seek that level. And as this oxygen-starved water sought the oxygenated water, it would be forcefully "ejected" back up the pipe to the surface level, under great pressure and velocity. A device like our Bladeless Disk Turbine would easily capture that energy from the flowing water and, through a generator, convert it to electricity. Again, this is ecologically sensible power generation.

This principle can be used in air conditioning and heating systems. The temperature differential creates energy, and this energy not only can be used, but it's very efficient. A home or building that was temperature controlled with this type of technology would use only about one-third of the electricity of standard systems currently in general use.

Susan: Does your company carry these kinds of systems?

Germano: Yes, we've got all that ready to go.

Susan: I guess I just don't understand. If there are engines out there that are three times more effective than the kind we are using, why doesn't everybody have one? If there are heating and air conditioning systems that could save people so much money and energy, why doesn't everybody know about this?

Germano: This is the problem we're facing. I don't really have the answer. We're not going to run out of fossil fuels. What we're going to run out of is our ability to live on the planet. The misuse of fossil fuels is a worldwide problem. For whatever reason, we're treating energy the wrong way. And we do have the technology to change this. What we don't have is the infrastructure. It would take billions of dollars.

Susan: My guess is that the fossil fuel industry doesn't want this to change. It wants us to consume more and more fossil fuels.

Germano: Just to begin with, we never, ever needed to use fossil fuels in the first place. We could have used water all along and not had this pollution problem.

Once a water-power driven plant is built, the energy is now "free" from nature. It's non-polluting, and it lasts as long as the river lasts. You get ecologically sensible alternative energy. If you were using the river's energy correctly, you could easily power the entire United States on just the Mississippi.

The cost of solar and wind energy is still too high. But water power is right there, readily available. Our Tesla Turbine engine simply carries that energy. It's basically a "better mousetrap": a bladeless disk engine, very simple, very easy to understand, and we took that a little further by forcing the water into a spiral vortex.

Susan: We've talked a lot in the Spirit of Ma'at about water-powered cars...

Germano: We should have had a hybrid electric drive vehicle a long, long time ago. It is simply a better way to use our technology. Electric powered cars are much more efficient.

We are just now seeing hybrid drive cars coming out from the auto manufacturers. The problem is that the infrastructure does not exist to supply hydrogen for alternative energy vehicles.

But yes, water itself can be used as a fuel. For example, there is the Hunt Hydrogen Thermolysis Reactor. We've had extensive negotiations with them. The Hunt Reactor is simply a technology that liberates hydrogen from water for use as fuel. It splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. Run that through a turbine and what are the "pollutants" that come out the tailpipe? Water vapor!

So it's not just about using implosion technology to make more efficient fossil-fuel engines. It's also about using water, including the power of flowing water, to create energy in the first place. I sometimes wish I could go back in time and talk to Henry Ford.

Susan: Let's talk about drinking water, now. I understand that Schauberger had very definite ideas on that subject.

Germano: Schauberger said that if you took the most absolutely pure water you could find, that water would literally rob you of vital nutrients, because that type of water is absorbing.

Susan: You mean, instead of giving, it takes.

Germano: Yes. According to Schauberger, that is the worst water we can possibly drink. Surface water soaks up nutrients from our bodies. It has nothing to offer us. And yet we drink mainly surface water: water from lakes and reservoirs.

For drinking, we need mature, vitalized water. Water does have a memory (see Digital Biology and the Memory Effect of Water); it gains properties as part of its "history," and we receive those properties when we drink it.

Water rises in a vapor, condenses in a cloud, and falls down to the ground as rainwater, and that water is not good to drink. It has few of the possible life-giving "properties" that water can possess. It's not until water's gone through a natural process that it begins to carry the strengthening and healing characteristics of the Earth.

It's also important how we store water. Way back in the earliest civilizations, they stored water in egg-shaped clay pots. The ancients knew about water. They knew that the water could actually "breathe" in that clay. When you look at the outside of a clay pot that's storing water, you can see the condensation. And based on implosion dynamics, the egg shape of the old water jars caused a kind of spiraling, so that the water was continually moving in the pot.

So we store water wrong, we move it wrong, where we're getting it is wrong, and we're totally destroying all the health benefits that water can give us.

Susan: You talk about water's gaining "properties" in its journey through the Earth and into our groundwater. What exactly are these properties?

Germano: That's the subject of a lot of research, and much more is needed. It needs real scientific study. Our bodies are made mostly of water, so why wouldn't we just want to investigate what kind of water is healthy and what kind is of most benefit to us?

If someone told us we couldn't eat meat or drive our cars, people would be screaming. But our water supply is not healthy and it's dwindling and nobody seems interested.

If you dumped an eight-ounce cup of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool, you could taste it. You would not want to drink that water. Yet we dump oil into the ground and it goes into our drinking water supply, and nobody cares.

We take water for granted. We go, "Yup, there's water."

But water is a mysterious substance. Our planet and our bodies are mostly water. It amazes me as a scientist that people do not want to investigate how we can make our water the best it can be.

Tesla - Schauberger Vortex/Implosion connection

2007-09-05T17:29:00.000+01:00

There must be a connection?

http://www.shout.net/~bigred/UnlimEng.html "...Tesla was sure he could devise an engine which was turned not through oil combustion nor through stored electricity, but by magnetic field actions alone. His "magnetic vortex motors" baffled electrical engineers. ..."

"...Tesla also pioneered "broadcast electricity," a way to send electricity through space without wires. He challenged prevailing notions of electricity, defining space as "that which conducts electricity" and claiming that "space flowing electricity" is the real electricity and that it is not made of electrons. Space-flowing electricity fills all of "space" ("that which conducts electricity") and is a vast reservoir of unsurpassed power. [1]..."

http://www.luminet.net/~wenonah/new/tesla.htm

Tesla's life came into a new focus while walking in a park with some friends, the year 1881. It was late afternoon, and Tesla became entranced with the sight of a glorious sunset. Moved to indescribable emotions, he began quoting a verse from Goethe's "Faust";

"The glow retreats, done is our day of toil; it yonder hastes, new fields of life exploring, ah, can no wing lift me from this soil... upon his track to follow, follow soaring?"

As he reached this last line of verse, Tesla was suddenly seized by an overwhelming vision. In it, he beheld a great vortex, whirling eternally in the sun and driving across the earth with its infinite power. Completely absorbed in this glory, he became catatonic and irresponsive ... to the great fear of his companions. His mind and body buzzing with the power of the vision, he suddenly blurted out, "see my motor here ... watch me reverse it". They shook him, believing he had lost his mind completely.

Rigid and resisting all of their efforts, he would not move until the vision subsided. When he was finally led to a bench, he seemed completely transformed. The remainder of the day was spent in a grand and joyous celebration, Tesla's remaining funds supplying the feast. Throughout the long hours of that night he shared with his friends the great sight he had beheld. They spoke of the sure implications portended for the world's future, and departed with very great expectations.

Moving to Strassburg, he was employed as an engineer in a telephone subsidiary of the Continental Edison Company. It was in a small machine shop that he constructed the world's first brush less motors. He called them "magnetic vortex motors". Their whirling magnetic fields baffled electrical engineers. Now, Tesla's professors were studying his work. Goethe was absolute in his judgment of science and human nature: nature leads humanity to "follow, follow soaring".

Tesla's strange whirling devices worked on their very first trial. There were no connections between the rotors and stators, no sparking, lousy brushes. The motion was smooth and efficient. Numerous alternating current generators, transformers, and "brush less" motors, all were developed by Tesla in quick succession. The vision in material form. Himself a professional draftsman, he mapped out his entire Polyphase System. Tesla immigrated to America with a full portfolio of plans. America would be the place where his dreams would find fulfillment...."

http://www.ultralightamerica.com/edav.htm
"...Another man by the name of Victor Schauberger who had met with Mr. Tesla several times on fluid dynamic problems, begins his research on the “Repulsin”. It is my belief that Victor was designing the air vehicle Tesla had dreamed about. Although there is no hard evidence to link this assumption between them, I’ll let the history speak for itself. Victor was quoted once as saying “levitation devices will go six times faster than the Boeing 747 (3900 mph) at a fraction of the running costs without pollution or any noise, the possible size being unlimited.” The Repulsin used Tesla’s high-speed turbine design to get the air movement required to lift the vehicle into the air. Victor went one step further with his design of the wave plate to push the limits of air movements to its ultimate speed. Victor once said that the wave plate was a geometrical nightmare to build. I totally agree with his assumption...."

Man Ahead Of His Time; Tesla's Flying Machine

2007-09-05T17:24:00.000+01:00

Nikola Tesla, inventor of alternating current motors, did the basic research for constructing electromagnetic field lift-and-drive aircraft and spacecraft. From 1891 to 1893, he gave a set of lectures and demonstrations to groups of electrical engineers. As part of each show, Tesla stood in the middle of the stage, using his 6' 6" height, with an assistant on either side, each 7 feet away. All 3 men wore thick cork or rubber shoe soles to avoid being electrically grounded. Each assistant held a wire, part of a high voltage, low current circuit. When Tesla raised his arms to each side, violet colored electricity jumped harmlessly across the gaps between the men. At high voltage and frequency in this arrangement, electricity flows over a surface, even the skin, rather than into it. This is a basic circuit which could be used by aircraft and/or spacecraft. It's time to see what Tesla really had envisioned. Let's go to the source - Nikola Tesla, himself, shall we? According to Tesla:

"I am now planning aerial machines devoid of sustaining planes, ailerons, propellers, and other external attachments, which will be capable of immense speeds" - "My Inventions" - Tesla's autobiography. To a Westinghouse manager, Tesla wrote, "You should not be at all surprised, if some day you see me fly from New York to Colorado Springs in a contrivance which will resemble a gas stove and weigh as much. ... and could, if necessary, enter and depart through a window." - "Tesla: Man Out of Time," by Margaret Chaney, pg.198. Tesla intended the world to have a free, wireless, source of power "My power generator will be of the simplest kind - just a big mass of steel, copper and aluminum comprising a stationary and rotating part, peculiarly assembled." Further, according to museum officials at The Nikola Tesla museum in Belgrade, "he left sketches of interplanetary ships. This information, however, has not been made available to western scholars." Telsa: Man Out Of Time, pg. 203.

This all sound fantastic. We have Tesla, himself, vividly describing a new type of Flying Machine. Presented with those statements, perhaps we can find out just what Tesla envisioned. We have now something confronting us which, has up until now, been misunderstood. Let's take a look at some quotes from Tesla in the "New York Herald Tribune" on October 15th, 1911, entitled "Tesla's Monarch Of Machines" -

"And it makes the airplane practical," I suggested.

"Not the airplane, the flying machine," responded Dr. Tesla. "Now you have struck the point in which I am most deeply interested--the object toward which I have been devoting my energies for more than twenty years - the dream of my life. It was in seeking the means of making the perfect flying machine that I developed this engine."

"Twenty years ago I believed that I would be the first man to fly; that I was on the track of accomplishing what no one else was anywhere near reaching. I was working entirely in electricity then and did not realize that the gasoline engine was approaching a perfection that was going to make the airplane feasible. There is nothing new about the airplane but its engine, you know. What I was working on twenty years ago was the wireless transmission of electric power. My idea was a flying machine propelled by an electric motor, with power supplied from stations on the earth. I have not accomplished this as yet, but am confident that I will in time. When I found that I had been anticipated as to the flying machine, by men working in a different field I began to study the problem from other angles, to regard it as a mechanical rather than an electrical problem. I felt certain there must be some means of obtaining power that was better than any now in use, and by vigorous use of my gray matter for a number of years I grasped the possibilities of the principle of the viscosity and adhesion of fluids and conceived the mechanism of my engine."

"Now that I have it, my next step will be the perfect flying machine." "An airplane driven by your engine?" I asked. "Not at all," said Dr. Tesla. "The airplane is fatally defective. It is merely a toy, a sporting plaything. It can never become commercially practical. It has fatal defects. One is the fact that when it encounters a downward current of air it is helpless. The 'hole in the air' of which aviators speak is simply a downward current, and unless the airplane is high enough above the earth to move laterally but can do nothing but fall. There is no way of detecting these downward currents, no way of avoiding them, and therefore the airplane must always be subject to chance and its operator to the risk of fatal accident. Sportsmen will always take these chances, but as a business proposition the risk is too great."

"The flying machine of the future - my flying machine - will be heavier than air, but it will not be an airplane. It will have no wings. It will be substantial, solid, stable. You cannot have a stable airplane. The gyroscope can never be successfully applied to the airplane, for it would give a stability that would result in the machine being torn to pieces by the wind, just as the unprotected airplane on the ground is torn to pieces by a high wind. My flying machine will have neither wings nor propellers. You might see it on the ground and you would never guess that it was a flying machine. Yet it will be able to move at will through the air in any direction with perfect safety, higher speeds than have yet been reached, regardless of weather and oblivious of 'holes in the air' or downward currents. It will ascend in such currents if desired. It can remain absolutely stationary in the air even in a wind for great length of time. Its lifting power will not depend upon any such delicate devices as the bird has to employ, but upon positive mechanical action."

"You will get stability through gyroscopes?" I asked. "Through gyroscopic action of my engine, assisted by some devices I am not yet prepared to talk about," he replied. "Powerful air currents that may be deflected at will, if produced by engines and compressors sufficiently light and powerful, might lift a heavy body off the ground and propel it through the air," I ventured, wondering if I had grasped the inventor's secret.

Dr. Tesla smiled an inscrutable smile. "All I have to say on that point is that my airship will have neither gas bag, wings nor propellers," he said. "It is the child of my dreams, the product of years of intense and painful toil and research. I am not going to talk about it any further. But whatever my airship may be, here at least is an engine that will do things that no other engine ever has done, and that is something tangible." END.

Further, from Nikola Tesla's autobiography, "My Inventions" we have this quote - "As stated on a previous occasion, when I was a student at college I conceived a flying machine quite unlike the present ones. The underlying principle was sound, but could not be carried into practice for want of a prime-mover of sufficiently great activity. In recent years, I have successfully solved this problem and am now planning aerial machines devoid of sustaining planes, ailerons, propellers, and other external attachments, which will be capable of immense speeds and are very likely to furnish powerful arguments for peace in the near future. Such a machine, sustained and propelled entirely by reaction, is shown on one of the pages of my lectures, and is supposed to be controlled either mechanically, or by wireless energy. By installing proper plants, it will be practicable to project a missile of this kind into the air and drop it almost on the very spot designated, which may be thousands of miles away..." See artist illustration, right.

Tesla's Flying Machine:

Firstly, compliments to Bill Smith, through Keely-Net (2001) for the basis of this article, below. The artist illustrations (below and right) best describe the remainder of the article. How could we identify the shape, and then the operation of Tesla's Flying Machine? Let us also make no mistake; although Tesla did patent (#'s - 0165513, and 0165514; Method Of Aerial Transportation) a type of Flying Machine, and both powered by his amazing Tesla Turbine, this craft is certainly not what he is referring to in these writings. Note, in every case, Tesla states that his craft would not have wings, propellers, nor gas bags. With this behind us, let's dive into some thought on what this new type of Flying Machine might be. Here, in Part One, we will delve into the eclectically powered version of the flying machine. In Part Two, we will explore yet another possibility, entirely.

Let's begin with the hull for this version. The hull is best made of a twin (double sided) thin, machine-able, slightly flexible ceramic. This becomes a good electrical insulator, has no fire danger, resists any damaging effects of severe heat and cold, and has the hardness of armor. Besides being easy for magnetic fields to pass through, with our modern Ceramics, it is also easy to mass-produce. The inner hull is covered on it's outside by wedge-shaped, thin metal sheets of copper or aluminum, bonded to the ceramic. Each sheet is 3 to 4 feet wide at the horizontal rim of the hull and tapers to a few inches wide at the top of the hull for the top set of metal sheets, or at the bottom for the bottom set of sheets. Each sheet is separated on either side from the next sheet by 1 or 2 inches of uncovered ceramic hull. The top set of sheets and bottom set of sheets are separated by about 6 inches of uncovered ceramic hull around the horizontal rim of the hull.

The outer hull protects these sheets from being short-circuited by wind blown metal foil (Air Force radar confusing chaff), heavy rain or concentrations of gasoline or kerosene fumes. If unshielded, fuel fumes could be electro-statically attracted to the hull sheets, burn and form carbon deposits across the insulating gaps between the sheets, causing a short-circuit. The space, the outer hull with a slight negative charge, would absorb hits from micro-meteorites and cosmic rays (protons moving at near the speed of light). Any danger of this type that doesn't already have a negative electric charge would get a negative charge in hitting the outer hull, and be repelled by the metal sheets before it could hit the inner hull. This wouldn't work well on a very big meteor, I might add. The hull can be made in a variety of shapes; sphere, football, disc, or streamlined rectangle or triangle, as long as these metal sheets, "are of considerable area and arranged along ideal enveloping surfaces of very large radii of curvature," (p. 85. "My Inventions" , by Nikola Tesla.)

The power plant for this machine can be a standard diesel electric for long range and long-term use, or, as Tesla my have envisioned - his Tesla Turbine, running on either steam, or combustibles, which turns the generators. A short range machine can use a hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell to run a low-voltage motor to turn the generators, occasionally recharging by hovering next to high voltage power lines and using antennas mounted on the outer hull to take in the electricity. The short-range machine can also have electricity beamed to it from a generating plan on a long-range aircraft / spacecraft or on the ground. Reference: St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Nov. 24, 1987, Vol 109, No. 328, "The Forever Plane" by Geoffrey Rowan, (p.D1, D7 and "Popular Science", Vol 232, No. 1, Jan. 1988, "Secret of Perpetual Flight? Beam Power Plane," by Arthur Fisher, (p. 62-65, 106).

Another fascinating concept would be through the use of Tesla's Magnifying Transmitter, to "beam" the power directly to the craft from bases on the ground. From my perspective, this option is quite probably what Tesla had in mind all the time. Lastly, it is also quite possible that Tesla had envisioned his aerial machine to draw its power directly from the Ether, powering the craft directly from the wheel-works of nature itself. See my page, "Tesla's Black Box" for yet another theory regarding the use of a smaller transmitter, that purportedly powered the infamous 1933 Pearce Arrow car. Time will tell. See artist sketch, below, right.

One standard for the generators is to have the same number of magnets as field coils. Tesla's preferred design was a thin disc holding 480 magnets with 480 field coils wired in series surrounding it in close tolerance; at 50 revolutions per minute, it produces 19,400 cycles per second. The electricity is fed into a number of large capacitors, one for each metal sheet. An automatic switch, adjustable in timing by the pilot, closes, and as the electricity jumps across the switch, back and forth, it raises it's own frequency; a switch being used for each capacitor.

The electricity goes into a Tesla transformer; again, one transformer for each capacitor. In an oil tank to insulate the windings and for cooling, and supported internally by wood, or plastic, pipe and fittings, each Tesla transformer looks like a short wider pipe that is moved along a longer, narrower pipe by an insulated non-electric cable handle. The short pipe, the primary, is 6 to 10 windings (loops) of wire connected in series to the long pipe. The secondary is 460 to 600 windings, at the low voltage and frequency end. The insulated non-electric cable handle is used through a set of automatic controls to move the primary coil to various places on the secondary coil. This is the frequency control. The secondary coil has a low frequency and voltage end and a maximum voltage and frequency end. The greater the frequency the electricity, the more it pushes against the earth's electrostatic and electromagnetic fields.

The electricity comes out of the transformer at the high voltage end and goes by wire through the ceramic hull to the wide end of the metal sheet. The electricity jumps out on and flows over the metal sheet, giving off a very strong electromagnetic field, controlled by the transformer. At the narrow end of the metal sheet, most of the high-voltage push having been given off, the electricity goes back by wire through the hull to a circuit breaker box (emergency shut off), then to the other side of the generators. In bright sunlight, the aircraft / spacecraft may seem surrounded by hot air, a slight magnetic distortion of the light. In semi-darkness and night, the metal sheets glow, even through the thin ceramic outer hull, with different colors. The visible light is a by-product of the electricity flowing over the metal sheets, according to the frequencies used.

Descending, landing or just starting to lift from the ground, the transformer primaries are near the secondary weak ends and therefore, the bottom set of sheets glow a misty red. Red may also appear at the front of the machine when it is moving forward fast, lessening resistance up front. Orange appears for slow speed. Orange-yellow are for airplane-type speeds. Green and blue are for higher speeds. With a capacitor addition, making it oversized for the circuit, the blue becomes bright white, like a searchlight, with possible risk of damaging the metal sheets involved. The highest visible frequency is violet, like Tesla's stage demonstrations, used for the highest speed along with the bright white. The colors are nearly coherent, of a single frequency, like a laser.

A machine built with a set of super conducting magnets would simplify and reduce electricity needs from a vehicle's transformer circuits to the point of flying along efficiently and hovering with little electricity. When Tesla was developing arc lights to run on alternating current, there was a bothersome high-pitched whine, whistle, or buzz, due to the electrodes rapidly heating and cooling. Tesla put this noise in the ultrasonic range with the special transformer already mentioned. The aircraft / spacecraft gives off such noises when working at low frequencies.

Timing is important in the operation of this machine. For every 3 metal sheets, when the middle one is briefly turned off, the sheet on either side is energized, giving off the magnetic field. The next instant, the middle sheet is energized, while the sheet on either side is briefly turned off. There is a time delay in the capacitors recharging themselves, so at any time, half of all the metal sheets are energized and the other half are recharging, alternating all around the inner hull. This balances the machine, giving it very good stability. This balance is less when fewer of the circuits are in use.

Fairly close, the aircraft / spacecraft produces heating of persons and objects on the ground; but by hovering over an area at low altitude for maybe 5 or 10 minutes, the machine also produces a column of very cold air down to the ground. As air molecules get into the strong magnetic fields that the machine is transmitting out, the air molecules become polarized and from lines, or strings, of air molecules. The normal movement of the air is stopped, and there is suddenly a lot more room for air molecules in this area, so more air pours in. This expansion and the lack of normal air motion make the area intensely cold. This is also the reason that the aircraft / spacecraft can fly at supersonic speeds without making sonic booms. As air flows over the hull, top and bottom, the air molecules form lines as they go through the magnetic fields of the metal sheet circuits. As the air molecules are left behind, they keep their line arrangements for a short time, long enough to cancel out the sonic boom shock waves.

Outside the earth's magnetic field, another propulsion system must be used, which relies on the first. You may have read of particle accelerators, or cyclotrons, or atom-smashers. A particle accelerator is a circular loop of pipe that, in cross-section, is oval. In a physics laboratory, most of the air in it is pumped out. The pipe loop is given a static electric charge, a small amount of hydrogen or other gas is given the same electric charge so the particles won't stick to the pipe. A set of electromagnets all around the pipe loop turn on and off, one after the other, pushing with one magnetic pole and pulling with the next, until those gas particles are racing around the pipe loop at nearly the speed of light. Centrifugal force makes the particles speed closer to the outside edge of the pipe loop, still within the pipe. The particles break down into electrons, or light and other wavelengths, protons or cosmic rays, and neutrons if more than hydrogen is put in the accelerator. At least 2 particle accelerators are used to balance each other and counter each other's tendency to make the craft spin. Otherwise, the machine would tend to want to start spinning, following the direction of the force being applied to the particles. The accelerators push in opposite directions.

As the pilot and crew travel in space, outside the magnetic field of a world, water from a tank is electrically separated into oxygen and hydrogen. Waste carbon dioxide that isn't used for the onboard garden, and hydrogen (helium if the machine is using a fusion reactor) is slowly, constantly fed into the inside curves of both accelerators. The high speed particles go out through straight lengths of pipe, charged like the loops and in speeding out into space, push the machine along. Doors control which pips the particles leave from. This allows very long range acceleration and later deceleration at normal (earth) gravity. This avoids the severe problems of weightlessness, including lowered physical abilities of the crew. It is possible to use straight-line particle accelerators, even as few as one per machine, but these don't seem as able to get the best machine speed for the least amount of particles pushed out.

Using a constant acceleration of 32.2 feet per second per second provides earth normal gravity in deep space and only 2 gravities of stress in leaving the earth's gravity field. It takes, not counting air resistance, 18 minutes, 58.9521636 seconds to reach the 25,000 miles per hour speed to leave the earth's gravity field. It takes about 354 days, 12 hours, 53 minutes and 40 seconds (about) to reach the speed of light - 672,487,072.7 miles per hour. It takes the same distance to decelerate as it does to speed up, but this cuts down the time delay that one would have in conventional chemical rocketry enormously, for a long journey. A set of superconducting magnets can be charged by metal sheet circuits, within limits, to whatever frequency is needed and will continue to transmit that magnetic field frequency almost indefinitely.

A shortwave radio can be used to find the exact frequencies that an aircraft / spacecraft is using, for each of the colors it may show whole a color television can show the same overall color frequency that the nearby, but not extremely close, craft is using This is limited, as a machine traveling at the speed of a jet airliner may broadcast in a frequency range usually used for radar sets. The craft circuits override lower frequency, lower voltage electric circuits within and near their electromagnetic fields. One source briefly mentioned a 1941 incident, where a shortwave radio was used to override automobile ignition systems, up to 3 miles away. When the shortwave radio was turned off, the cars could work again.

One construction arrangement for this craft to avoid such interference is for the metal sheet circuits to be more sharply tuned. Quartz or other crystals can be used in capacitors; in a very large number of low-powered, single frequency circuits, or as part of a frequency control for the metal sheet circuits. The aircraft / spacecraft easily overrides lower frequency and lower voltage electric circuits up to a 6 mile wide circle around it, but the effect is usually not tuned for such a drastic show. It can be used for fire fighting: by hovering at a medium-low height at low frequency, it forms a double negative pole magnet of itself and the ground, the sides being a rotation of positive magnetic pole. It polarizes the column of air in this field. The air becomes icy cold. If it wouldn't put the fire out, it would slow it down. Tesla went broke in the early 1900's building a combination radio and electric power broadcasting station. The theory and experiments were correct but the financiers didn't want peace and prosperity for all.

The Japanese physicist who developed superconducting material with strong magnetism allows for a simplified construction of the aircraft / spacecraft. Blocks of this material can be used in place of the inner hull metal sheets. By putting electricity in each block, the pilot can control the strength of the magnetic field it gives off and can reduce the field strength by draining some of the electric charge. This allows the same amount of work to be done with vastly less electricity used to do it. It is surprising that Jonathan Swift, in his "Gulliver's Travels", 1726, third book, "A Voyage to Laputa", described an imagined magnetic flying island that comes close to being what a large superconducting aircraft / spacecraft can be build as, using little or no electric power to hover and mover around. Compliments: Bill Smith, Keely-Net, 2001. Used by permission.

If you enjoyed this read...take some time to look over the book, "Wonder Of The Worlds" By author Sesh Heri. Author Sesh Heri has done a brilliant job taking historical and highly accurate scientific facts from Tesla's life, and interweaving them into a story that will keep you reading till the very end. It has great characters, such as Nikola Tesla, Mark Twain, Harry Houdini, and of coarse, those darn Martian villains. Tesla's Flying Machine literally jumps out of the pages at you! Heri maintains Tesla's characteristic wit, and the entire book is extremely sound from a scientific basis. You may be interested in looking at something brilliant from turn of the century multi-millionaire, John Jacob Astor - "A Journey In Other Worlds" - Absolutely fantastic and two years in the writing. Buy the way, you may remember that the unfortunate Astor was on the maiden voyage of the Titanic and went down with the ship. Had he lived, and used his unlimited wealth to pursue the ideas presented in this book, we may have had Tesla's Flying Machine, and a few others, already! Buy the books from Amazon.com, below. To continue with our exploration of Tesla's Flying Machine with a different version..

The Tesla "flying stove" Space Drive

"I am now planning aerial machines devoid of sustaining planes, ailerons, propellers, and other external attachments, which will be capable of immense speeds" - Tesla's autobiography, "My Inventions." To a Westinghouse manager, Tesla wrote "You should not be at all surprised, if some day you see me fly from New York to Colorado Springs in a contrivance which will resemble a gas stove and weigh as much. ...and could, if necessary enter and depart through a window." - TESLA: Man Out of Time, by Margaret Chenney, pg.198

Tesla intended the world to have a free, wireless, source of power "My power generator will be of the simplest kind - just a big mass of steel, copper and aluminum comprising a stationary and rotating part, peculiarly assembled."

According to museum officials at The Nikola Tesla museum in Belgrade, "he left sketches of interplanetary ships. This information, however, has not been made available to western scholars." - again, TESLA: Man Out of Time, pg. 203

From my previous section in "Part One," and from trying our best to figure out what Tesla was trying to create, we know he intended to build a Flying Machine. It was the product of his dreams, and, his life-long passion. We know that Tesla invented many things which no one else has been able to duplicate since. He spoke of even more which he intended to do but never got around to. There are many books written by people claiming to have some of this, and or other, information. "Tesla, Man of Mystery" is one of those books. Along with general information on Tesla and a few fables, there is one diagram and enough information about it, for us to duplicate the device. They call it the "Tesla space Drive". It may be the heart of what Tesla said would look like flying on "a gas stove" and is "peculiarly assembled." (above): The Tesla Space Drive - click to enlarge image. Here comes fellow engineer Greg Smith's take on Tesla's Flying Machine...this is one of the most original, brilliant pieces of work that we have seen in our twenty plus years at reverse-engineering of the Tesla systems.

Diagram from page 31 of Tesla, Man of Mystery © 1992
Chapter 4: "The Tesla Space Drive"

According to Greg: I found the machine easy to build, the rotational speed needed was not so easy. "The first step in developing this system is to cause a counter-clockwise (sense chosen arbitrarily) acceleration of the center of mass of the four eccentrics (refer to diagram) in a circular orbit about the X axis... there is a common point about which the center of mass of the eccentrics and the center of mass of the device as a whole gyrate." pg.32, "Tesla, Man Of Mystery."

"The reaction to this angular acceleration is a linear acceleration along the system axis (X) and directed outward from the page. ...this system functions in accordance with the right-hand rule. ...[ It will ] wobble noticeably at low thrust levels. This effect fades out, however, as the thrust is increased." pg.34-35

Compliments: Greg Smith, Pompano Beach, Florida. To continue; My first observation is that it is a set of 4 spinning weights arranged on a frame "peculiarly assembled" as Tesla said. It is so simple (easy & cheap!) to build, and yet, it does something Phenomenal. The object is not spinning nor do any one of the spinning weights match the orbit of the object (frame) and yet, the mass of the object is in orbit. Like electrons in orbit in a stationary coil - an area in which Tesla is already famous. Instead of acceleration by the left hand rule, now it is by the right hand rule. Even that makes sense. No one seriously interested in a new, cheap, source of propulsion need question or dispute anything, just build it and see what happens. If you can put enough speed into it.

Collectively, the center of orbit of the four "eccentrics" defines a circle for which the center point is the center of mass for the frame the eccentrics are built on. The direct approach is to build the device symmetrically about the center point: with a top as well as a bottom. Nothing is mounted on the base. The 4 eccentrics must be able to spin. They are mounted above the base. Everything is mounted between the top and base plates: "...there is a common point..." which won't exist unless the unit is symmetrical. It needs a top plate to keep it as rigid and as light weight as possible as well as symmetrical. I believe whoever wrote this chapter in this book, did not have a clear picture of Tesla's intentions, directions, for the building of this device-motor and, who but Tesla would think of this novel, phenomenal, assembly. (Pictured below is Tesla's "Flying Stove")

An issue not mentioned is the speed requirement. The necessary speed is going to make things a little difficult. A significant motor (always a pair) will be required. I started out using a 1,000 rpm, 1/6 hp, electric motor, upgraded to a 1/4th hp 10,000 rpm electric motor, then, lastly, to a 1/2 hp 22,000 rpm air motor. It was not till the 2nd set of motors that I figured out the required speed and only with the last motors that I realized just how far short I was from producing enough power to get there. However, just for demonstration purposes, I may not have been too far short. The air motors were light-weight enough and powerful enough to see a reaction occurring (at only 300 to 400 rpm) but, no forward, up, motion. None of the motors would get the system "up to speed" which was in the neighborhood of 2,000 to 10,000 rpm - depending on the amount of weight I put on the eccentrics (see below). Because the motors did not have the power to handle the inertia and weight of the "eccentrics". I started looking at some hydraulic motors, one of which only weighed 2 or 3 pounds and developed 25 hp. (If this was Tesla's intent, ie. higher HP motors, it seems obvious that from his statements - the Tesla Bladeless Disk Turbine was probably intended to power this machine.) To continue:

"We recently received a set of plans from a former pupil* of Nikola Tesla who believes that a space ship, ...can actually be constructed." "He bases his plans, he told us, upon existing files he secretly obtained shortly before Tesla's death, and before these could be seized by the authorities. He and Tesla had been very close friends and had worked together on a number of projects." pg.30

*Bloyce D. Fitzgerald is virtually the only person that this could refer to. He was the one of two who worked with Tesla daily during the few weeks before his death. He studied Tesla's papers, carrying them home to study every night and took them back the next day. He had never met Tesla before and he was the one who called the authorities upon Tesla's death and then tried to view the sealed papers two years later. See TESLA: Man Out of Time by Margaret Cheney; pages 270-277. Bloyce must now be 70+ (or more) years old and among the few surviving to have studied under Tesla - over 50 years ago. Surely he did not want his name given out because he is an old man and wants to be left alone. In any case, anything that has been dormant for 50 years is not likely to change now, unless it changes hands. It is likely that he realizes it will go with him to his grave if he does not "give it to the public" before it is too late, which he has just done. If he no longer felt any reason to hide anything, then, what is not mentioned, is not known.

The Tesla Space Drive

The Flying Stove Aerial Machine; Tesla's Invention: what it is, what it does, and how it works

This device converts inertial energy into centrifugal acceleration which, according to the right-hand rule, generates linear acceleration. The principal is the same for the way that the centrifugal acceleration of electrons, in a coil, exert linear acceleration on a metal rod placed in the center of the coil. Here, the acceleration is exerted on the frame. An electric motor is the result of electrons in orbit; this (protonian) motor is the result of protons, entire atoms, in orbit.
The rotation (rpm) necessary to generate acceleration depends upon:

1. the mass of the entire device
2. the mass of the 4 rotating inertial loads, (4 masses),
3. the radius of those 4 loads (aka 4 eccentrics, 4 masses)
4. and, gravity

1st: If the mass of the 4 inertial loads totals 1/10th the total mass of the entire device, then the radius of rotation of the center of mass of the system (the entire device) is 1/20th that of the radius of any one of the rotating loads, not 1/10th. This is just geometry but, I overlooked it for a time (only 2 of 4 weights going left to right and only 2 of 4 going front to back.)

2nd: It is the rotation of the entire system (device) that must get up enough centrifugal acceleration to defeat gravity.

3rd: Examples of that speed are: On a 50 inch radius, something in the range of 40 to 50 rpm are necessary, (this can be observed with a weight on a string; less than 30 rpm and it just hangs at your feet, the same as it would if it were not spinning at all). A 1/2 inch radius requires 4,000 to 5,000 rpm, a 1/4 inch radius requires 8,000 to 10,000 rpm, etc.

4th: Example system: If the mass of the 4 inertial loads totals 1/10th the total mass of the entire device, and the center of mass of each of the 4 masses is out 5" from its shaft, then the net radius for the system is 1/4" and the needed speed is 8 to 10,000 rpm. Also, the force exerted by each mass on each shaft (in pounds) is: the rotating mass (in pounds) times the radius in inches times the RPM's squared ( rpm x rpm ) times 0.0000284 = "X" pounds of force exerted on each shaft.
1. Four identical Inertial Loads (weights, masses) (labeled 1 through 4) are mounted on 4 shafts arranged on a square, with the center of mass of each inertial load out at some same measurable radius from the center point of each side of the square (labeled 2R). Each one, or more, is mounted, progressively, at a 90 degree angle to the previous one with respect to the center: that is, if one is mounted pointing DOWN, the next one, traversing one way (arbitrarily) around the square, will be pointing horizontally IN, toward the center, the next will be pointing UP, the next will be pointing OUT, away from the center, and the next will be pointing DOWN, again, and is where we started.

The shafts are driven (geared) so that they stay synchronized: 1:1 ratio rt. angle drives ("miter" gears). This unique arrangement for the 4 inertial loads is such that, as they revolve about their axes, their collective center of mass (center of gravity) takes on a circular orbit where the center of the orbit is also the center of mass of the rest of the device. This aggregate circular orbit is the first necessary condition and is labeled ILCoM (the orbit of the 4 Inertial Loads Center of Mass). (See note #1, below for detailed exposition) It is the induced orbit in the center of gravity of the stationary object, the frame, which forces a reaction from the object, a linear acceleration according to the right-hand-rule.

2. Whatever collection of materials is used to mount and rotate the shafts, for an initial point of reference, the center of mass of the frame (the entire device minus the 4 weights) is at the center of the square array of shafts (labeled C in the drawing).

3. If ILCoM is the orbit of the 4 Inertial Loads' (weights) Center of Mass and if the weight of the entire system (device), the 4 loads included, is 5 times the weight of the 4 loads by themselves, then the radius of orbit of the System's Center of Mass ( SCoM ) will be 1/5th of ILCoM which is 1/10th the radius of orbit of any one of the 4 Inertial Loads (weights, masses) Center of Mass ( ILCoM ), as drawn in the diagram. (see note #2, below)

Click on each picture below to enlarge to full size. These picture depict the actual machine that was constructed. Fig 1- first build; Fig 2- stronger frame; Fig 3- Side view with additional weighting; Fig 4- Top, Side, and Front views; and Fig 5- Close-up of mechanism; Fig 6- combined views.
NOTE #1: In the drawing (Fig.1) the centers of mass (aka gravity) of loads 1 and 2 are each marked with a '+'. As shown, the center of mass for load #1 is at 'A'. The center of mass for #1 and #2 combined is exactly halfway between their 2 individual centers, at point 'B'. The center of mass for #3 and #4 combined is halfway between their 2 individual centers, at point 'C' (since load 3 is the same distance down (2R) that load 4 is up, 'C' is at the center of the frame with respect to all 3 coordinates). The center of mass for all 4 combined, is halfway between 'B' and 'C', at point 'D' and that Radius, from C to D, is labeled R. Since 'B' is the midpoint between #1 and #2 and is also always at the '2R' distance (the radius of each individual mass) from the center 'C', 'R' (the radius of ILCoM) is always 1/2 the radius of the individual weights. (because only 2 out of 4 are shifting in each direction - front to back or side to side)

NOTE #2: Example: If the total system weight, the 4 inertial loads included, is 10 times the sum of the weight of the 4 inertial loads, by themselves, then the ratio of the SCoM to ILCoM is 1:10 and the ratio of the SCoM to the radius of any one of the loads, weights, is 1:20. If the arm, rod, holding any one of the weights is about 3cm long, then the orbit of the center of mass is 1/10 of 1/2 of that or, about 0.15cm

GENERAL NOTES

The 4 weights are not the only loads on the system, the gears constitute an overhung load on the system and if the 4 weights revolve fast enough, and they may, the air resistance will become an overhung load also. However, the greatest problem is that, if the rpm of the weights is doubled, the radial load on the shafts is quadrupled (mass x radius x rpm x rpm x K = force).

If the mph of the 4 weights reaches or exceeds the speed of sound, a shock wave will be created (the sound barrier), which will quickly escalate and break apart the weights and their mountings and risk damage to anything and everything around it. In production, creating a partial vacuum will help eliminate this issue and reduce part of the load on the system. A minor issue: If the speed reached, matches the resonance of the shafts, the resulting vibration will tear everything apart.

footnote: Tesla intended the world to have a free, wireless, source of power, as quoted, "My power generator will be of the simplest kind -- just a big mass of steel, copper and aluminum comprising a stationary and rotating part, peculiarly assembled," and further, "this device is...peculiarly assembled." By changing the orientation of the weights so that energy is produced without producing thrust (?), one might have the heart of the "wireless source of power" system that Tesla built but was unable to see commercialized???

Ending notes from Greg Smith. Greg is a programmer with a degree in Math and Physical Science (+ 2 years work on a 4 year Master of Theology degree) ...There were a couple inventions mentioned in the book, one in particular, where I could visualize the one drawing provided and it seemed simple enough that it could easily be built and either prove or disprove the books claims. I did build it and, though I did not get it "up to speed", the speed that we did achieve was enough that a friend, with some of the equipment that I needed to use, was even more impressed than I was that "Something is going on here". With lighter weights and higher speeds, the vibrations should have diminished but, they intensified.

In the process, I figured out the necessary speed required, not mentioned in the book, and that, became my stumbling block - inadequate motors to drive it. I then found Tesla's biography, Man Out Of Time, by Margaret Cheney, a thick, well received, book with lots of reliable information on the man. There I found how Tesla had contracted with both Allis Chalmers and with Westinghouse's railway and lighting division to build a 35,000 rpm turbine to "fly from New York to Colorado Springs in a contrivance which will resemble a gas stove" - July 7th 1912. If the turbine was to be a, relatively, lightweight power source to drive it, then that was what stopped Tesla (we may possibly be talking - again - about the use of the Bladeless Boundary Disk Turbine). The metals of his day stretched under the centrifugal forces and he got no further, publicly. Today, "The turbine is inexpensive and easily machined." - SunWind Ltd. 3-12-79. In addition to weak metal alloys, Tesla had to contend with "negative reports" from engineers who did not understand his designs "claiming they would not build it as he wished...They said Tesla refused to supply enough information."

Maybe, again, they just could not understand something from Tesla "which had no theoretical precedent". Talking to an engineer, it took undue effort on my part to convince him that the center of gravity of the device, does travel in a circle. How could I explain that a force is generated "according to the right hand rule" (as opposed to the left hand rule for electricity)? How did Tesla know that? And, even if sliding the motor a little off-center, in different directions, could control speed and direction, how did Tesla know how much movement is needed? How did he "SEE" that in his mind, the way he seemed to see everything that he intended to build?

Definitions of a Motor are: 1. anything that produces or imparts motion. 2. an engine for propelling a vehicle 3. Elec.: a machine for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. Definitions of an Engine are: 1. any machine that uses energy to develop mechanical power - especially for transmitting motion to another machine.

An electrical coil sends electrons flying in a circle, in orbit about a center-point that is not the nucleus of the atom. The coil is sitting there, going nowhere, but its electrons are flying around in orbit and that paradox sets up a magnetic force-field. The coil is just sitting there; nothing is seen to be moving. But a voltage is applied and suddenly a magnetic force field appears and things do visibly start moving! Here we have a frame with some weights flying around in circles, going nowhere, just spinning, but it is "peculiarly assembled" and the net result is that the center of gravity of the entire device, still just sitting there, is in orbit - now we have the same paradox but the center of mass of the entire object is in orbit, not just the electrons.

Now, we have the potential for an atomic force field - the entire atoms are generating an orbital force field instead of just the electrons. Atoms being about 2,000 times more massive than their combined electrons, the force being generated here could be a few thousand times stronger. Because the protons are the charged particles doing the work, instead of the electrons, the force operates by the right-hand rule. However, even the 1/2 hp air motors were not powerful enough to handle the weight and the inertia of the "eccentrics". A more powerful motor is needed - and still keep the weight to a minimum The two air motors were great. They totaled only 24 oz. The massive air compressor was not part of the "system". Knowing that when it takes off, it will break loose from the air hoses and fall back down is no problem. Just proving that it works is enough to "turn heads" and start things rolling.

Next: Hydraulic motors? I am just experimenting. I don't know. I have been told by an engineer that slight imperfections in the balance and geometry of the system are nothing compared to the imbalances caused by the rotating weights. So that is a minor issue. Get "close enough" and we should be fine. From experience, I can tell you that the electric motors I used, started up so fast that 1 or more weights often came loose. The air motors gave more control - and so should hydraulics. END.

Greg Smith's original site - http://www.pwsdb.com/Tesla-force-field-motor/Tesla-Flying-Stove-motor.php. Used by permission.

So, what we have are the following: It would seem that Tesla envisioned, and I'm sure built - three, perhaps four, distinctly different types of Flying Machines. One type was the cylindrical type (pictured in the artist's illustrations in Part One, which was powered either directly from the Ether, or from his Magnifying Transmitter. The Second type was again cylindrical in shape, and was probably powered by his bladeless disk turbine. The Third type is the one augmented on in this Part Two section, being mechanically derived, and controlled as if by the wheel-works of nature (taking the atom as its motive force, and re-creating it in a mechanical, oscillating form, as described above). The Fourth version was what we see in Tesla's patent regarding "Flying Machine Of Novel Principals" and is coined "the Fliver." All I can say is we've got to build them all and see what happens!
Frank Germano, Global Energy Technologies.